語音學honetics外語系張Andy

ChapterⅡ

Phonetics外語系張Andy1/28/20241ChapterⅡ

Phonetics

1.Definition

2.Branches

3.PhoneticDescription

4.PhoneticTranscription5.PhoneticClassification

1/28/202421.Definition

Phoneticsisthestudyofspeechsoundsastheyareandmethodsfortheirdescription,transcriptionandclassification.1/28/202432.BranchesThestudyfallsintothreemainareas:articulatoryphonetics,acousticphoneticsandauditoryphonetics.SpeechproductionSpeechperceptionSpeechtransmissionFigure1Theprocessofspeechtransmission1/28/202443.PhoneticDescription

Lips,teeth,tongue(tip,blade,front,back,root)teethridge(alveolus),hardpalate,softpalate,uvula,pharynx,larynx,vocalfold(cords),trachea(windpipe),lung.Figure2Speechorgans1/28/202454.PhoneticTranscriptionSegmentanddivergenceInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA)Coarticulation1/28/202464.1SegmentanddivergenceSegment:anylinguisticunitinasequencewhichmaybeisolatedfromtherestofthesequence,e.g.asoundinanutteranceoraletterinawrittentext.(Feasibility)Divergence:betweensoundsandsymbols(necessity)1/28/202474.2InternationalPhonetic

Alphabet(IPA)Historyanddevelopment:1886,1888,1897,1920s,1993,1996.Mainprinciple:thereshouldbeaseparateletterforeachdistinctivesound,andthesamesymbolshouldbeusedforthatsoundinanylanguageinwhichitappears.TableofIPA(onPage38ofthetextbook)1/28/202484.3CoarticulationCoarticulation:theinfluenceonasoundbyitsneighborse.g.cap[kap]can[kan]Thevowelinthesecondwordisnasalized,thusmarkedwith“”above.Broadandnarrowtranscriptions:withoutorwithdiacriticse.g.can[kan](broad)can[kan](narrow)_

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1/28/202495.PhoneticClassificationVowelsandconsonantsClassificationofconsonantsClassificationofvowels1/28/202410Placemanner

Bilabial

Labiodental

DentalAlveolarPostalveolarPalatalVelarGlottalStoppb

td

kg

Nasalm

n

η

Fricativefv

θe

sz

∫3

h

Approximantw

r

j

Laterall

Affricatet∫d3

5.2Classificationofconsonants

Table1AchartofEnglishconsonants1/28/2024115.3ClassificationofvowelsMonophthongs(purevowels)anddiphthongs(vowelglides)Tonguerising:open(low),half-open(mid-low),half-close(mid-high),closeRaisedpart:front,central,backTenseness(length):tense(long),lax(short)Liprounding:rounded,unrounded1/28/2024125.3Classificationofvowels1/28/202413ReferencesRoach,P.EnglishPhoneticsandPhonology.2nded.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1991.Robins,R.H.GeneralLinguistics.4thed.London:Longman,1989.Saussure.F.de.CourseinGeneralLinguistics.(tr.W.Baskin)Glasgow:Collins,