what引導(dǎo)的主語從句

Languagepoints1.Whatitwastobecomewasuncertainuntilbetween4.5and3.8billionyearsagowhenthedustsettledintoasolidglobe.Whatisevenmoreimportantisthatastheearthcooleddown,waterbegantoappearonitssurface.[考點(diǎn)]what引導(dǎo)的主語從句，第一句what在從句中作become的賓語，第二句what在從句中作主語。[考例1]_____wasmostimportanttoher,shetoldme,washerfamily.（山東2008）A.It B.This C.What D.As[點(diǎn)撥]選C。what引導(dǎo)主語從句，并在從句中作主語。若選it則應(yīng)去掉第二個(gè)is；as引導(dǎo)定語從句，若選as則應(yīng)去掉isthat。[考例2]______isknowntousallisthatthe2008OlympicGameswilltakeplaceinBeijing.（福建2008）A.It B.WhatC.As D.Which[點(diǎn)撥]what引導(dǎo)主語從句并且在從句中作sayanddo的賓語。2.Theearthbecamesoviolentthatitwasnotclearwhether

theshapewouldlastornot.1)violent

猛烈的，激烈的2)whether可以引導(dǎo)主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句;而if只能引導(dǎo)賓語從句。引導(dǎo)賓語從句既可以用whether,也可以用if,兩者?？梢曰Q。Heaskedmewhether/ifIcouldlendhimmybike.Couldyoutelluswhether/ifitsnowsinwinterinAustralia?值得注意的是：①

whether和if都可以和ornot連用,但是whether之后可以直接跟ornot,而if則不能,如：Idon’tcarewhetherornotyourcarbreaksdown.Idon’tknowwhetherornothe’scoming.但是不可以說：Idon’tcareifornotyourcarbreaksdown.②whether引導(dǎo)的從句一般不可以為否定結(jié)構(gòu)(選擇問句的后一部分除外);而if則可以跟否定結(jié)構(gòu),如:Idon’tcareifshedoesn’tcome.Idon’tcareifitdoesn’train.但是,在某些動(dòng)詞或形容詞之后,則可以用whether引導(dǎo)一個(gè)否定結(jié)構(gòu)的句子,這種結(jié)構(gòu)往往表示肯定的含義,如：Iwonderwhetherhedoesn’tthinktoomuchofhimself.其意思相當(dāng)于:Ithinkhedoesthinktoomuchofhimself.③

在個(gè)別動(dòng)詞之后,如discuss等,只跟用whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,如:Theydiscussedwhethertheyshouldclosetheshop.WediscussedwhetherMarycouldjoinus.④

whether可以引導(dǎo)從句作介詞的賓語,而if則不能,如：I’mnotinterestedinwhetherthey’llgoornot.⑤

whether可以直接跟動(dòng)詞不定式連用,而if則不能,如:Ididn’tknowwhethertolaughortocry.Shehasn’tdecidedwhethertogoornot.引導(dǎo)主語從句(包括從句在句首的位置)應(yīng)當(dāng)用whether,不用if,如：

Whetheritistrueremainsaproblem.Whetherhewillcome,Iamnotsure.引導(dǎo)表語從句用whether,不用if,

如:Thequestioniswhetheryoushouldacceptit.Thequestioniswhetherhewillspeakatthemeeting.引導(dǎo)同位語從句用whether,不用if,如:Thequestionwhetherhe’llattendthemeetingisessential.IamindoubtwhetherIshouldagreetotheplan.(NMET

1996)1._________

we’ll

go

camping

tomorrow

depends

on

the

weather.2.Ihavejustdiscuss________weshouldgivehimenoughhelp.3.Theyhadnoidea________ornot

theycouldachievetheirgoals.Whetherwhetherwhether3.Theywereintimetoproducethewater...

intime:soonerorlater;eventually;I’llseehimintime.

intime(forsth./todosth.):notlateShewillbebackintimetopreparedinner.與time相關(guān)的短語:innotime立刻,馬上attimes有時(shí)atatime每次;依次onceuponatime從前

ontime按時(shí);準(zhǔn)時(shí)atonetime從前forthetimebeing暫時(shí)fromtimetotime不時(shí)地

4.…astheearthcooleddown,waterbegantoappearonitssurface.隨著地球的冷卻,地球的表面就開始出現(xiàn)了水。1)cooldown變涼,冷卻2)appear“出現(xiàn),似乎”是不及物動(dòng)詞當(dāng)表示“似乎,好像”時(shí)是系動(dòng)詞,該詞無被動(dòng)語態(tài)。OurteacherappearedonTVthismorning.I.含義上的差異

appear

是指根據(jù)事物的外表表象做出判斷的,但實(shí)質(zhì)上并不一定如此;seem是表示說話人主觀上的判斷,暗含有一定的根據(jù),往往接近事實(shí)的判斷;look是根據(jù)視覺印象而得出的判斷,實(shí)質(zhì)上也可能如此。Sheisfiftybutsheappearsyoung.她五十歲了,但看起來很年輕。(其實(shí)并非如此)Seseemsyoung.(Ithinkheisrich.)她看起來很年輕。(根據(jù)個(gè)人的主觀判斷而推斷出)Shelooksyoung.她很年輕。(從他外表可出感覺出)II.用法上的差異appear,look,seem后均可帶名詞、形容語、tobe結(jié)構(gòu)。Themanwhocameyesterdayappeared/seemed/lookedanhonestman.昨天來的那個(gè)人看來是一個(gè)誠實(shí)的人。b.look可用于進(jìn)行時(shí),而seem,appear一般不能。Heislookingveryhappy.他現(xiàn)在看起來很高興。Remember!c.appear和seem之后可接動(dòng)詞不定式的一般式、完成式以及其他形式,而look之后除了能接tobe結(jié)構(gòu)外,不接其它動(dòng)詞不定式形式。Sheappearedtoagreewithyou.他好像同意你的意見。Theydon’tseemtohavereadthisnovel.他們好像沒有讀過這本小說。d.look,seem能與介詞like構(gòu)成習(xí)語，意思是“看上去象”,而appear卻不能。例如:ItseemslikeyearssinceIlastsawyou.自從上次見到你后,好像很久沒有見到你了。

Helookslikeastudent.他看起來象個(gè)學(xué)生。e.seem,look后均可接asif,asthough引導(dǎo)的表語從句,從句中既可用陳述語氣也可用虛擬語氣,而appear則不能。Itseemed/lookedasifhehadbeentoBeijing.看起來他去過北京。f.appear和seem均可接that引導(dǎo)的從句,而look不能。Itseems/appearsthatwewon’tfinishthisworktoday.我們好像今天完不成這項(xiàng)工作。g.appear和seem可用于therebe結(jié)構(gòu)中,而look不能。如:Thereappearstohavebeenanaccident.好像出了一次事故。5.…bylayingeggs.lay-laid-laid-laying放,把......放在......;產(chǎn)卵Helaidhisbooksonthedesk.注意:

lay(laid;laid;laying)放置;產(chǎn)卵lie(lay;lain;lying)躺;位于lie(lied;lied;lying)說謊Thenaughtyboy___tomethatthehenthat___therejustnowhad___twoeggsthedaybefore.A.laid;laid;laidB.laid;lay;lainC.lied;laid;lainD.lied;lay;laidD6.givebirthto1)生（孩子）

She’sjustgivenbirthtoahealthybabygirl.

她剛剛生了個(gè)健康的女嬰。

2)產(chǎn)生

Theextraordinaryexperiencegavebirthtohislatestnovel.

這段奇特的經(jīng)歷促成了他的最新的一部小說的誕生。7.Theyareputtingtoomuchcarbondioxideintotheatmosphere,whichpreventsheatfromescapingfromtheearthintospace.他們把太多的二氧化碳釋放到大氣層中,這就是使得熱量不能從地球上散發(fā)到太空中去。閱讀下列句子,注意prevent...from的意思和用法。1.Therewasnothingtopreventherfromdoingso.2.Wemustpreventthewaterfrombeingpolluted.3.Theemperororderedhisporterstopreventthespeakerenteringthebuilding.[歸納]prevent...from的意思是____________________________。from后多跟動(dòng)詞-ing形式(句1、句2)；有時(shí)可省略from(句3)。[拓展]

近義短語有:stop...from阻止……干某事;keep...from阻止……干某事。注意:prevent和stop后的from都可以省略,而keep...from中的from則不能省略，如果省略了,其意義將發(fā)生改變。制止、阻止、使……不做某事1).Noonecanpreventtheplans___out.A.tobecarriedB.fromcarrying C.nottocarryD.frombeingcarried2).Theytriedtopreventtheplanefrom___ontherunway.A.land B.landing C.toland D.beinglanded8.…theearthmaybecometoohottoliveon.

地球可能會(huì)因此變得太熱而不適合生物的生存。有關(guān)too的一些用法too作“太”講。Thereistoomuchwater.水太多了。Thisshirtistoolargeforme.這襯衫我穿起來太大。Theproblemisrathertoohardforme.這個(gè)問題對(duì)我來說太難了。2)當(dāng)“too＋adj.(形容詞)＋inf.(動(dòng)詞不定式)”時(shí),有兩種不同的意義,一種為“太……以至(不)……”,在翻譯時(shí)要加上一個(gè)否定詞;另一種是“太……”,語意肯定,但too后的形容詞常用ready,heavy,beautiful等。Thequestionistoohardtounderstand.問題太難,理解不了。Heistooproudtoseehisownshortcomings.他太驕傲了以至于看不到自己的缺點(diǎn)。Youaretooreadytofindfaultwithothers.你太愛挑別人的毛病了。3)當(dāng)“only/all/not/but＋too＋adj.(形容詞)＋inf.(動(dòng)詞不定式)”時(shí),后面的動(dòng)詞不定式在翻譯時(shí)不必加否定詞。only等與too連用等于very(非常)。Ishallbeonlytoopleasedtohearfromyoufurther.我非常歡迎你再來信。Theyarebuttoogladtodoso.他們非常喜歡這么做。Weareonlytoopleasedtoworktogetherwiththeworkers.我們和工人們一起勞動(dòng),非常高興。4)在“cannot／cannever...too”結(jié)構(gòu)中，應(yīng)理解為“無論怎樣……也不會(huì)過分”。Youcannotpraisehimtoohighly.你無論怎樣表揚(yáng)他也不過分。Wecannotbetoocarefulindoingexperiments.我們做實(shí)驗(yàn)無論怎樣小心也不過分。Youcanneverbetoocarefulofyourhealth.你越注意健康越好。5)當(dāng)too用于數(shù)量增減時(shí),表示“過(多、少、長等)”的意思。Itistoolongbyhalf.它長了一半。Hehasgivenmesixtoomany(few).他多(少)給了我六個(gè)。Thisrodis3inchestoolong.這桿長了3英寸。----Areyougoingtothefootballgame?----No.Theticketsare__expensiveforme.A.verymuchB.fartooC.highlyD.somuch解析:too+形容詞+forsb.表示 “太……”,far可置于too前表示 程度。B9.…whetherlifewillcontinueontheearthformillionsofyearstocomewilldependonwhetherthisproblemcanbesolved.

在未來的千百萬年中,生命能否在地球一延續(xù)將取決于這個(gè)問題能否得到解決。dependvi.相信,信賴;依靠,依賴(尤指錢);視……而定①YoucandependonJohn—heisalwaysontime.你可以相信約翰,他總是很準(zhǔn)時(shí)。相關(guān)短語：believesb.相信某人（所說的話）believeinsb.信任/信賴某人trust(in)sb.相信/信任/信賴某人dependoncountonsb.relyon信任/相信/依賴/依靠某人Tellhimwhatyouwanttosay;he’samanto__.A.countB.believeC.trustD.depend解析:相信/信賴某人:counton sb./believeinsb./dependon sb./trust(in)sb.CI.根據(jù)下列各句句意及所給單詞的首字母或漢語提示，寫出該單詞的正確形式。1.This_____(理論)helpstoexplainhowanimalscommunicatewitheachother.2.Thefinalcostcouldbeasmuchasoneb_____dollars.3.31peoplehavebeeninjuredin_____(暴力的)incidentsthroughouttheday.練習(xí)坊theorybillionviolent4.Acrosstheg_____,sealevelvariesbyhundredsoffeet.5.A(n)_____(原子)issosmallthatwecannotseeit.6.Smokingish______tohealth,butsomepeoplecannotgetridofit.7.Thebestwaytogetthat_____________(二氧化碳)intotheatmosphereistowarmtheentireplanet.globeatomharmful

carbondioxide8.Thenewownershavetriedtogivetherestaurantamorefamily-friendly__________(氣氛).9.O_____isakindofgasthatisnecessaryformostanimalsandplantstolive.10.Iwassurprisedbythe_________(出席)ofsomanypeopleatthemeeting.atmosphereOxygenpresenceII.用括號(hào)中所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1.Theshiprocked_________(violent)fromsidetoside,causingmanypassengerstofeelseasick.2.Thereisa___________(fundament)differenceinattitudebetweenthesetwopoliticians.3.Itisgenerallyacceptedthatsmokingis_______(harm)toourhealth.violentlyfundamentalharmful4.Ourproblemshave_________(multiply)sincelastyear.5.Scientistswanttoknowwhetherlife______(exist)onotherplanets.6.Shelistenedwitha_______(puzzle)expressiononherface.multipliedexistspuzzledIII.用適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~填空。1.According___ourrecords,thebooksyouhaveborrowedshouldnowbereturnedtothelibrary.2.Tobegin_____,weoughttoknowwhatwearestudyingfor.3.Whenthefirebrokeoutinthemovietheater,peoplelosttheirheadsandran___alldirections.towithin4.Thecarcametoastopjust___timetopreventanaccident.5.Heusuallycomestoschoolearly.It’svery______himtobesolatetoday.6.Aknowledgeofphysicsisfundamental___anyunderstandingofthisproblem.7.Thesmellofrainandwetnesswaseverywhere.Itseemedtofillme_____energy.inunliketowith8.Whenyouareyoung,youdreamaboutallsorts___things.9.Hegrowsnotonlyvegetablesbutalsoflowersinhisgarden;thatis,hegrowsflowers_________vegetables.10.Aseedcangrow____atree,andtreesmakeupbeautifulforests.11.CanyoutellmehowChinaisdifferent______yourcountry?ofaswellasintofrom12.___thepasthehadtoreadbycandlelight.13.Shegavebirth___afinehealthybabylastweek.14.Intheteacher’sclass,thestudentsoftenanswerhisquestions___turn.15.Howmuchoilcanbeput_____thisbottle?Intoininto16.Whatcanwedotokeepthedisease____