初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法課件

CompleteversionofmiddleschoolEnglishgrammarNounPronounArticlePreparationSubjectsandadvertisementsTensesandVoicesNonfineverbsClaimsandconnectionscontents目錄CHAPTER01NounNounsthatarenotpropernouns,suchas"cat"or"dog"CommonNounsSpecificnamesofindividuals,places,orthings,suchas"China"or"Beijing"PropertyNounsClassificationofNounsReferstooneperson,place,orthing,suchas"acat"or"thedog"SingularReferstomorethanoneperson,place,orthing,suchas"cats"or"dogs"PluralThenumberofnounsThepassivecaseisformedbyaddinganApostropheandan'stotheendofthenoun,suchas"cat's"or"dog's"Thepassivecaseisusedtoshowsession,suchas"thecat'sfood"or"thedog'stoy"ThepositivecaseofnounsUsageFormCHAPTER02Pronoun03Positivepersonalannouncementsmy,mine,your,your,his,her,hers,its,our,ours,their,theirUsedtoshowsessionorownership01SubjectivepersonalannouncementsI,you,he,she,it,we,theyUsedasthesubjectofaverb02Objectivepersonalannouncementsme,you,him,her,it,us,themUsedastheobjectofaverborpositionPersonalpronounsMineYoursHisHersItOursTheirsPositivepronounsThisThatTheseThat'sit01020304DemonstrativepronounsWhoWhichWhatInterrogtivepronounsCHAPTER03ArticleTheusageofdefinearticlesSummaryIndexArticle"a"IndexArticle"an"ExceptionsThislistcoverstherulesandexamplesofdefinearticlesinEnglishgrammarUsedbeforeanounthatstartswithaconsistentsound,exceptwhenthenounisuniqueorwellknownUsedbeforeanounthatstartswithavowelsound,regulationsoftheletter"a"isusedbeforewordsstartingwith"h"(e.g.,"ahistorybook")andretainotherexceptionsThislistdetailstherulesandexamplesofdefinearticlesinEnglishgrammarSummaryDefineArticle"the"UsewithSingularNounsUsewithPluralNounsUsedtorefertoaspecificperson,place,orthingAlwaysusedwithSingularNouns,exceptinceramiccases(e.g.,"themusic")UsedwithmostPluralNouns,butnotall(e.g.,"people"vs."thepeople")ThedefinearticleTheUsageofZeroArticleSummaryThislistexploresthecaseswherenoarticleisusedinEnglishgrammarPropNounsZeroarticleisusedwithpropernouns(e.g.,"MountEverest")TitlesZeroarticleisusedbeforetitlesthatcomeafteraname(e.g.,"JohnSmith,theteacher")UncountableNounsZeroarticleisusedwithuncountablenounswhenreferringtotheclassasawhole(e.g.,"waterisessentialforlife")CHAPTER04PreparationSimpleprepositions,suchas"in","on","by",etc.,arecommonlyusedtoindicateposition,time,ormanner.Complexprepositions,suchas"becauseof"and"infrontof",arecommonlyusedtoindicatecause,purpose,ordirection.ClassificationofPositions

TheUsageofPositionsIndicatinglocationsuchas"intheroom","onthetable",etc.,usedtodescribethelocationofthings.Representingtimesuchas"inthemorning","onSunday",etc.,usedtodescribeapointorperiodoftime.Representationssuchas"bybus","onfoot",etc.,usedtodescribemodesoftransportationoraction.In:representswithinacertainspaceorrange,suchas"inthebox"or"intheroom".At:Referstoaspecificlocationorpoint,suchas"atthebusstop"or"athome".On:Referstobeingaboveasurfaceorobject,suchas"onthetable"or"onthewall"."By"means,suchas"bycar"or"byphone".AnalysisofCommonPositionsCHAPTER05SubjectsandadvertisementsDescribethecharacteristicsofnouns,suchas"beautifulflower"and"bighouse"Adjectivesareusuallyplacedbeforethenountheyaredescribing,asin"redapple"or"happychild"Comparativeandsuperlativeforms,suchas"bigger"and"bigger"TheUsageofAdjectives

TheUsageofAdvantageousDescribethenatureanddegreeofverbs,adjectives,oradverbs:Advancesmodifyverbs,objectives,orotheradvertisements,suchas"Shesingsbeautifully"or"Herunsveryfast"Advisorscanalsoindicaterelationshipssuchastime("yesterday"),place("here"),orManner("carefully")Comparativeandsuperlativeforms,suchas"morecarefully"and"mostcarefully"Formingthecomparativeform01Toformthecomparativeformofanobjectiveoradvisory,simplyadd"-er"totheendoftheword,orusetheword"more"infrontoftheobjectiveoradvisoryFormingthesuperiorform02Toformthesuperiorformofanobjectiveoradvisory,simplyadd"-est"totheendoftheword,orusetheword"most"infrontoftheobjectiveoradvisoryIrregularforms03Someobjectivesandadvertisementshaveirregularcomparativeandsuperlativeforms,allas"better"and"best"forthecomparativeandsuperlativeformsof"good"ThecomparativeandsuperiorformsofobjectionsandadvertisementsCHAPTER06TensesandVoicesPresentSimpleItisusedtotalkaboutfacts,generaltruths,andsituationsthataretruenowPresenttenseIeatanappleeverydayPresentContinuouslyItisusedtotalkaboutactionsthatarehappeningnowPresenttense02030401PresenttenseSheisreadingabookPresentPerfectItisusedtotalkaboutactionsthathavehappenedinthepastandhaverelevancetothepresentTheyhavelivedinthiscityfor10yearsSimplePassItisusedtotalkaboutactionsthathappenedandcompletedinthepastPasttenseHewalkedtotheparkyesterdayPasttense0102PasttenseItisusedtotalkaboutactionsthatwerehappeninginthepastataspecifictimePastContinuousWhenIcalledhim,hewaseatingdinnerPasttensePastPerfectItisusedtotalkaboutactionsthathappenedinthepastbeforeanotheractionhappenedBythetimeIarrived,shehadalreadyleftPasttenseSimpleFutureItisusedtotalkaboutactionsthatwillhappeninthefutureTheywillvisittheirgrandparentsnextweekFuturetenseFuturetenseFutureContinuousItisusedtotalkaboutactionsthatwillbehappeninginthefutureataspecifictimeWewillbestudyingonroadnextyearFuturetense03Bytheendoftheyear,wewillhaveliveherefor2years01FuturePerfect02ItisusedtotalkaboutactionsthatwillhavehappenedinthefuturebeforeanotheractionhappensFuturetenseThepassivevoiceisformedbyusingtheauxiliaryverb"tobe"(inanytense)followedbythepastparticleofthemainverbThepassivevoicecanbeusedwhenthefocusofthepresenceisontheactionratherthanonthesubjectperformingitThepassivevoicecanalsobeusedwhenthesubjectofthepresenceisnotknownorimportantPassivevoiceCHAPTER07NonfineverbsInfinitiveisthebasicformofaverbthatdoesnotexpresstenseorvoice.Itisoftenusedatthebeginningorendofasentenceorasaninsert.Infinitiveisoftenusedwiththeauxiliaryverbtoformaninfinitivephrase,indicatingfutureactionsorbehaviors.Infinitivecanserveasasubject,object,predicate,appositive,andothercomponentstoindicateanactionorstate.Infinitivecanserveastheobjectofaverb,indicatingtheexecutoroftheactionorbehavior.Infinitive010204GerundGerundisthepresentparticipleformofaverb,usedasanountoindicateanongoingactionorstate.Gerundcanserveasasubject,object,predicate,andothercomponents,oftenusedinconjunctionwithprepositionssuchasbyandwithout.Gerundcanrepresenttheresultorstateofcompletinganaction,oftenusedinconjunctionwithprepositionssuchasasasandafter.Gerundcanrepresenttheexecutorofanactionorbehavior,oftenusedinconjunctionwithprepositionssuchasbyandwith.03Articleisthenonfiniteformofaverb,representinganactionorstate,andhasthecharacteristicsofanadjective.Particlescanrepresenttheresultorstateofcompletinganaction,oftenusedinconjunctionwithprepositionssuchaswithandwithout.ParticleArticlecanbeusedasanattributive,predicate,etc.tomodifynounsorpronouns.Articlecanrepresenttheexecutorofacertainactionorbehavior,oftenusedinconjunctionwithprepositionssuchasbyandwith.CHAPTER08ClaimsandconnectionsCompositionNobelclaimsarecommonlyintroducedbyasubjectandafineverb,andcanincludeotherelementssuchascompletionandadvertisementsDefinitionTerminalclauseisaclausethatfunctionsasanouninasenseExampleTheclause"Ilovereadingbooks"isanominalclausebecauseitfunctionsasthesubjectofthesentenceFunctionNounalclausescanserveassubjects,objects,orcompletenessinsensesNominalclause輸入標(biāo)題ExampleDefinitionAttributiveclauseAnattributiveclauseisaclausethatmodifiesanounorpronounbyprovidingadditionalinformationaboutitAttributiveclausesbeginwitharelativepronoun(that,who,which,etc.)andendwithacommaorapunctuationmarkAttributiveclaimsprovidespecificdetailsaboutthesubject,oftenansweringquestionslikewhat,which,when,where,orhowTheclause"thatIread"inthesense"thebookthatIread"isanattributiveclausemodifyingthenoun"book"CompositionFunctionAdverbialclaimsareclaimsthatfunctionasadvertisementsinasense,modifyingtheactionoreventdescribedbythemainclaimDefinitionTheclause"whenIwasyoung"inthepresence"Ilovedreadingbookswhen