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TradeandtheAncientMiddleTradewasthemainstayoftheurbaneconomyintheMiddleEast,ascaravansnegotiatedthesurroundingTradeandtheAncientMiddleTradewasthemainstayoftheurbaneconomyintheMiddleEast,ascaravansnegotiatedthesurroundingdesert,restricted1.Accordingtoparagraph1,whyhastradebeensoimportantthroughoutthehistoryoftheMiddleEastTherareandvaluablemetalsandstonesfoundinMiddleEasterndesertshavealwaysbeeninhighdemandinsurroundingforcingMiddleEasternpeopletodependonimportedgrain.ManyusefulanddecorativerawmaterialscannotbenaturallyintheMiddleEastbutareavailablefromneighboringonlybyaccesstowaterandbymountainhassosinceancienttimes,partlyduetothegeologyofthewhichismostlylimestoneandsandstone,withfewdepositsofmetallicoreandotherusefulmaterialsAncientdemandsforobsidian(ablackvolcanicrockusefulformakingmirrorsandtools)ledtotradewithArmeniatothenorth,whilejadeforcuttingtoolswasbroughtfromTurkistan,andthepreciousstonelapislazuliwasimportedfromAfghanistan.OnecantracesuchexpeditionsbacktoancientSumeria,theearliestknownMiddleEasterncivilization.RecordsshowmerchantcaravansandtradingpostssetupbytheSumeriansinthesurroundingmountainsanddesertsofPersiaandArabia,wheretheytradedgrainforrawmaterials,suchastimberandstones,aswellasformetalsandgems.第一段：試圖說明trade的重要性有時括號內(nèi)的東西也不能省略啊2.ThewordrepudiateinthepassageisclosestinmeaningRelianceontradehadseveralimportantconsequences.Productionwasgenerallyinthehandsofskilledindividualartisansdoingpieceworkunderthetutelageofamasterwhowasalsotheshopowner.Intheseshopsdifferencesofrankwereblurredasartisansandmasterslaboredsidebysideinthesamemodestestablishment,wereusuallymembersofthesameguildandreligioussect,livedinthesameneighborhoods,andoftenhadassumed(orreal)kinshiprelationships.Theworkerwasboundtothemasterbyamutualcontractthateitheronecouldrepudiate,andtherelationshipwasconceptualizedasoneof第二段：依賴trade的結(jié)果之一——shopowner和artisan3.Accordingtoparagraph2,howdidMiddleEasternshopownerstreattheirworkers?Workerswererankedaccordingtotheirskilllevel,withthemost-experiencedartisansbecomingpartialownersoftheshop.Shopownerstreateddifferentworkersdifferentlydependingonhowmuchtheworkershadincommonwiththeirmasters.Workerswereboundtotheirmastersbyunbreakablecontractsthatstrictlydefinedthetermsoftheirpartnership.Theshopownerworkedalongsidetheworkersandoften4.Theauthorincludestheinformationthatsurpluswasnotaresultdomesticcraftproductionbutresultedprimarilyfromtradinginordersupporttheclaimthatthemodeofproductionmadepossiblebythecraftguildswverygoodfortradecontrasttheeconomicbaseofthecitygovernmentwiththatofthetribalconfederaciesprovideareasonwhythegovernmentallowedtheguildstoself-suggestthatthegovernmentwasmissingoutonavaluableopportunitytotaxtheguilds冒號Thismodeofcraftproductionfavoredthegrowthofself-governingandideologicallyegalitariancraftguildseverywhereintheMiddleEasterncity.ThesewereessentiallyprofessionalassociationsthatprovidedforthemutualaidandprotectionoftheirmembersandallowedforthemaintenanceofprofessionalstandardsThegrowthofindependentguildswasfurthered（促進）bythefactthatsurpluswasnotaresultofdomesticcraftproductionbutresultedprimarilyfrominternationaltradingthegovernmentleftworkingpeopletogovernthemselvesmuchasshepherdsoftribalconfederacieswereleftalonebytheirleaders.Inthemultiplicityofsmall-scalelocalegalitarianorquasi-egalitarianorganizationsforfellowship,worship,andproductionthatflourishedinthislaissez-faireenvironment,individualscouldinteractwithoneanotherwithinacommunityofharmonyandideologicalequality,followingtheirownpopularlyelectedleadersandgoverningthemselvesbysharedconsensuswhileminimizingdistinctionsofwealthand第三段：self-governing&indeologicallyegalitarian的發(fā)5.Accordingtoparagraph3,allofthefollowingaretrueoftheMiddleEasterncraftguildsEXCEPT:Theguildswerecreatedtosupportworkersandtoupholdprinciplesofhigh-quaycraftproduction.Eachguildwasverylargeandincludedmembersfromabroadgeographicarea.TheleadersoftheguildswerechosenbypopularAllguildmembersweretreatedas6.Thewordconsensusinthepassageisclosestinmeaning7.Accordingtoparagraph4,whichofthefollowingwasNOTnecessaryforsuccessinthemercantileeconomy?GoodbusinessReliableFamilyConstantThemercantileeconomywasalsocharacterizedbyapeculiarmoralstancethatistypicalofpeoplewholivebytrade—anattitudethatisindividualistic,calculating,risktaking,andadaptivetocircumstances.Asamongtribespeople,personalrelationshipsandacarefulweighingofcharacterhavealwaysbeencrucialinamercantileeconomywithlittleregulation,whereone'swordisone'sbondandwhereinformaltiesoftrustcementtogetheraninternationaltradenetwork.Norhavemerchantsandartisanseverhadmuchtoleranceforaristocraticprofessionsofmoralsuperiority,favoringinsteadanegalitarianethicoftheopenmarket,wheresteadyhardwork,theloyaltyofone'sfellows,andentrepreneurialskillmakeallthedifference.And,likethepastoralists,MiddleEasternmerchantsandartisansunhappywiththeirenvironmentcouldsimplypackupandleaveforgreenerpastures—anactofself-assertionwhollyimpossibleinmostothercivilizationsthroughouthistory.第四段：促成trade成功的因素8.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentencethepassage?IncorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialTribespeoplewerecomfortableformingpersonalrelationshipswithmerchants,who,likethem,wereboundbytheirpromisestooneBecausetradewasnotformallyregulated,merchantswerecarefulaboutwhomtheytrustedandoftenconductedbusinesswithpeopletheyknewpersonally.Whiletradeamongmerchantsreliedsomewhatonregulation,amongtribespeopletradewasbasedonpersonalrelationshipsandcarefulcharacterevaluation.Becausetribespeoplewereboundonlybytheirpromisestooneanother,personalrelationshipswereformedonlyaftercarefulweighingofcharacter.9.Thewordethicinthepassageisclosestinmeaningsetofmoraldivisionofeconomictestof10.Accordingtoparagraph4,whatchoicedidMiddleEasternmerchantsandartisanshavetestof10.Accordingtoparagraph4,whatchoicedidMiddleEasternmerchantsandartisanshavethatmanyotherpeoplehavenothad?Iftheywereunhappyinthemercantileenvironment,theycoulddrawonpersonalconnectionstofindadifferentkindofwork.Theywereallowedtoasserttheiropinionswithouthavingtolistentoaristocraticprofessionsofmoralsuperiority.Followingtheexampleofthepastoralists,theycouldandreceive,betterworking細節(jié)題錯誤原因：drawon不認識。。。Drawon=利用?。?！且a項的findawork原文根本沒有的！記住不是推理題！11.Thewordintrinsicallyinthepassageisclosestinmeaning12.Inparagraph5whydoestheauthormentionthenewtraderouteopenedupbyVascodaGama'sfifteenth-centuryvoyagearoundToprovideevidencethatEuropeanseafarerstookeveryopportunitytobypassMiddleEasternmerchantsTopresentaninstanceinwhichMiddleEasternstateslostmoneyandpowerbecauseoftheirrelianceonlong-distancetradeToarguethisnewroutebecamenecessarywhenseafarerswantedtoavoidMiddleEasternstateswhosecentralpowerhadbeguntoerodeToexplainhowdaGamahelpedEuropeantradersavoidthedangerouspredatorsprowlingtheareassurroundingMiddleEasternDependenceonlong-distancetradealsomeantthatthegreatempiresoftheMiddleEastwerebuiltbothliterallyandfigurativelyonshiftingsandThecentralstatethoughoftenveryrichandverypopulous,wasintrinsicallyfragile,sincethedevelopmentofnewinternationaltraderoutescouldunderminethemonetarybaseanderodestatepower,asoccurredwhenEuropeanseafarerscircumventedMiddleEasternmerchantsafterVascodaGama'svoyagearoundAfricainthelatefifteenthcenturyopenedupasouthernroute.Theecologyoftheregionalsopermittedarmedpredatorstoprowlthesurroundingbarrens,whichwerealmostimpossibleforastatetocontrol.Peripheralpeoplesthereforehadagreatadvantageintheirdealingswiththecenter,makinggovernmentauthorityinsecureandanxious.Productionwasgenerallyinthehandsofskilledindividualartisansdoingpieceworkunderthetutelageofamasterwhowasalsotheshopowner.■Intheseshopsdifferencesofrankwereblurredasartisansandmasterslaboredsidebysideinthesamemodestestablishment,wereusuallymembersofthesameguildandreligioussect,livedinthesameneighborhoods,andoftenhadassumed(orreal)kinshiprelationships.■Theworkerwasboundtothemasterbyamutualcontractthateitheronecouldrepudiate,andtherelationshipwasconceptualizedasoneofpartnership.■13.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Foronething,itcreatedademandforfinishedgoodstobesoldbothlocallyandabroad.14.Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.Sinceancienttimes.relianceontradehasshapedthecultureandorganizationalstructureofMiddleEasternsocieties. 5●●AnswerPersianandArabianmerchantstraveledgreatdistancestoselltheirfinishedgoodsatthemarketplacesofancientSumeria.Revenuefromtradewasunevenlydistributed,causingMiddleEasternsocietiestobecharacterizedbygrowingdistinctionsinwealthandpower.Qualitiesthatwerevaluedinthemercantileeconomyincludedindividualism,hardwork,loyalty,andthewillingnesstotakerisks.Asproductionincreased,centralizedcontroloverproductionalsoincreased,leadinginturntomore-centralizedcontroloverfellowshipandworship.Craftswereproducedbyskilledartisansworkinginclose,egalitarianrelationshipswiththeirmastersandotherfellowguildThestabilityofMiddleEasterngovernmentswasthreatenedbytheirlackofcontroloverinternationaltradepatternsandovertheirownperipheralterritories.P3：。。。whileminimizingdistinctionsofwealthand參考答案.5.6.2.13.14.○3,5,參考譯文古代中14.○3,5,參考譯文古代中東與貿(mào)自從中東地區(qū)的商旅們成功的越過了環(huán)繞著他們的戈壁，而剩下的障礙僅僅是水路和山巒后，貿(mào)易就成為了中東地區(qū)城市經(jīng)濟的主旋律。這種貿(mào)易活動可以追溯到很久遠的年代，使中東的貿(mào)易如此活躍的很大一部分原因可能是中東地區(qū)的地質(zhì)環(huán)境多為沙石和石灰石，只有少得可憐的金屬礦藏以及其他一些在古代可以作為原材料的黑曜石（來做鏡子和工具的火山石），而由于資源的短缺導(dǎo)致了中東地區(qū)與北方的亞美尼亞的貿(mào)易，與土耳其斯坦的玉石進口貿(mào)易，以及與阿富汗地區(qū)的比較稀有貴重的琉璃青金石的進口貿(mào)易。其中的最早的甚至有古代薩摩亞的探險足跡，這可能是已知的最為古老的中東文明了。研究結(jié)果顯示：商隊和貿(mào)易往來是由居住在群山環(huán)繞和沙漠包圍的古波斯和阿拉伯半島的古薩摩亞人建立的。而他們的這么做是為了獲取原材料，像原木（）這種有益于自制制度成長的生產(chǎn)模式和人人平等的意識形態(tài)的工坊在中東的城市里遍地都是。他們有一個非常重要的機構(gòu)就是提供必要的輔助和對組織成員的保護，同時維持比較高的目標。這種獨立工坊的成長的源自一個更加深入的事實，那就是這種工坊的發(fā)展并不是因為國內(nèi)工藝生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展而其恰恰是由國際貿(mào)易所推動的。政府讓辛勤工作的人們自己去管理自己的事物，這個制度和部落聯(lián)盟中的頭人讓部落的牧羊人們離群索居一樣。對于友誼祭祀和生產(chǎn)等要素比較復(fù)雜的小型地方平等主義團體或是類似的平等主義的組織在這種自由放任的政策下發(fā)展的非常繁盛，個人與在同一群落中的另一名成員平等，友善的互動，追隨著他們自己成員公選處的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)同時通過分享意見的同時縮小財富與權(quán)力的方這種重商形式的經(jīng)濟模式也通過處在濃厚交易氛圍中的人們所標榜的特定道德榜樣表現(xiàn)了出來。這個觀念中含有獨立自主，精于計算，敢當風(fēng)險和隨遇而安的優(yōu)秀品質(zhì)。在部落成員之間，個人關(guān)系和謹慎的品質(zhì)衡量永遠都是這種重商主義經(jīng)濟形式不斷調(diào)整過程中的焦點問題，那就是出口成契以及這種口頭契約所堆砌起來的信任共同筑成了一個國際貿(mào)易網(wǎng)。從沒有商人和工匠對于貴族的職業(yè)道德優(yōu)越性如此的寬容，很好的鞏固了開放市場中的平等主義，人們努力辛勤的工作，對于一個隨從的忠誠，以及企業(yè)家性質(zhì)的能力是所有這一切，都變得不同。同時，和畜牧文明差不多，中東的商人和工匠們對他們所處的環(huán)境不滿意的話可以簡單的收拾收拾行李去一個更加豐茂的牧場對遠距離的貿(mào)易的依賴也意味著中東偉大的帝國得以建立在這片飄忽不定卻又無比真實的沙土之中。中央帝國，盡管非常富足而又繁盛，可還是有本質(zhì)上的缺點，因為新的國際貿(mào)易線路的出現(xiàn)是會動搖經(jīng)濟基礎(chǔ)并腐蝕國家權(quán)力，5世紀在達伽馬航行繞過非洲開辟了南部航線后，歐洲的水手們就繞過了中東商人們而是用南部航線了。而這些地區(qū)的生態(tài)液使掠食者的獵捕行動游走于荒漠地區(qū)的四周，這些地區(qū)幾乎無法被帝國控制。外邊的人們因此得到了一個應(yīng)對中央帝國絕好的機會，這一切使DevelopmentofthePeriodicTheperiodictableisachartthatreflectstheperiodicrecurrenceofchemicalandphysicalpropertiesoftheelementswhentheelementsarearrangedinorderofincreasingatomicnumber(thenumberofprotonsinthenucleus).Itisamonumentalscientificachievement,anditsdevelopmentillustratestheessentialinterplaybetweenobservation,prediction,andtestingrequiredforscientificprogress.Inthe1800'sscientistsweresearchingfornewelements.Bythelate1860'smorethan60chemicalelementshadbeenidentified,andmuchwasknownabouttheirdescriptivechemistry.Variousproposalswereputforthtoarrangetheelementsintogroupsbasedonsimilaritiesinchemicalandphysicalproperties.Thenextstepwastorecognizeaconnectionbetweengroupproperties(physicalorchemicalsimilarities)andatomicmass(themeasuredmassofanindividualatomofanelement).Whentheelementsknownatthetimewereorderedbyincreasingatomicmass,itwasfoundthatsuccessiveelementsbelongedtodifferentchemicalgroupsandthattheorderofthegroupsinthissequencewasfixedandrepeateditselfatregularintervals.Thuswhentheseriesofelementswaswrittensoastobeginanewhorizontalrowwitheachalkalimetal,elementsofthesamegroupswereautomaticallyassembledinverticalcolumnsinaperiodictableoftheelements.Thistablewastheforerunnerofthemoderntable.第一段：元素周期表的初期形成階段1.Thephraseinterplayinthepassageisclosestinmeaning2.Accordingtoparagraph1,whatpatterndidscientistsnoticewhentheknownelementswerewritteninorderofincreasingatomicTheelementsofthegroupofalkalimetalswerethefirstelementsintheorderofincreasingatomicmass.Repetitionofthesameatomicmassesforelementsindifferentgroupsappeared.ElementswithsimilarchemicalpropertiesappearedintheatregularElementswerechemicallymostsimilartothosejustbeforeandtheminthe細節(jié)題。只能用排除法了+化學(xué)知識了。正確選項絕對不只是對應(yīng)紅3.Inparagraph2,whatistheauthor'spurposeinpresentingtheinformationaboutthedecisionbyMeyerandMendeleyevtoleavegapsintheperiodictable?ToillustratetheirconfidencethattheorganizingprinciplesoftheperiodictablewouldgoverntheoccurrenceofallchemicalelementsToindicatethatsomeoftheiranalysesofperiodicphysicalandchemicalpropertieswerelaterfoundtobewrongTosupporttheideathattheywereunwillingtoplacenewelementsintheperiodictableplacenewelementsWhentheGermanchemistLotharMeyerand(independently)theRussianDmitryMendeleyevfirstintroducedtheperiodictablein1869-70,one-thirdofthenaturallyoccurringchemicalelementshadnotyetbeendiscovered.Yetbothchemistsweresufficientlyfarsightedtoleavegapswheretheiranalysesofperiodicphysicalandchemicalpropertiesindicatedthatnewelementsshouldbelocated.Mendeleyev4.WhatreasondoestheauthorprovidefortheclaimthatMendeleyevwasbolderthanMeyer?wasbolderthanMeyerandevenassumedthatifmeasuredatomicmassputanelementinthewrongplaceinthetable,theatomicmasswaswrong.measuredatomicmassputanelementinthewrongplaceinthetable,theatomicmasswaswrong.InsomecasesthisMendeleyevcorrectedincorrectinformationMeyerhadMendeleyevassumedthatsomeinformationbelievedtobetrueabouttheelementswasincorrect.MendeleyevarguedthatMeyerhadnotleftenoughgapsintheperiodictable.Mendeleyevrealizedthatelementswerenotorderedbyanatomicmassbetweenthoseofarsenicandselenium.Becausethereisnospaceintheperiodictablebetweenthesetwoelements,Mendeleyevsuggestedthattheatomicmassofindiumbechangedtoacompletelydifferentvalue,whereitwouldfillanemptyspacebetweencadmiumandtin.Infact,subsequentworkhasshownthatinaperiodictable,elementsshouldnotbeorderedstrictlybyatomicmass.Forexample,telluriumcomesbeforeiodineintheperiodictable,eventhoughitsatomicmassisslightlygreater.Suchanomaliesareduetotherelativeabundanceofthe"isotopes"orvarietiesofeachelement.Alltheisotopesofagivenelementhavethesamenumberofprotons,butdifferintheirnumberofneutrons,andhenceintheiratomicmass.Theisotopesofagivenelementhavethesamechemicalpropertiesbutslightlydifferentphysicalproperties.Wenowknowthatatomicnumber(thenumberofprotonsinthenucleus),notatomicmassnumber(thenumberofprotonsandneutrons),determineschemicalM5.Accordingtoparagraph2,whydidMendeleyevsuggestchangingtheatomicmassofindium?BecauseindiumdidnotfitintotheperiodictableintheplacepredictedbyitsatomicmassBecausetherewasexperimentalevidencethattheatomicmasshadbeenassignedtoindiumwasBecausetherewasanemptyspacebetweencadmiumandtinintheperiodictableBecausethechemicalpropertiesofindiumweresimilartothose6.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph2thattelluriumcomesbeforeiodineintheperiodictableeventhoughtellurium'satomicmassisslightlygreaterbecauseiodineislesscommonthantheatomicnumberoftelluriumissmallerthanthatof推理題所以就需要把forexamle后面的內(nèi)容看全了7.Thephraseabundanceinthepassageisclosestinmeaning8.Thephraseanalogoustointhepassageisclosestinmeaningpredictedexpectedsimilarsuperior9.Paragraph3suggeststhatMendeleyevpredictedthepropertiesofeka-aluminumonthebasisoftheatomicmassofthepositionofthegapintheperiodictablethateka-aluminumwaspredictedtofillthesimilarityofeka-aluminumtotheotherfivemissingobservationofthepropertiesofMendeleyevwentfurtherthanMeyerinanotherrespect:hepredictedthepropertiesofsixelementsyettobediscovered.Forexample,agapjustbelowaluminumsuggestedanewelementwouldbefoundwithpropertiesanalogoustothoseofaluminum.Mendeleyevdesignatedthiselement"eka-aluminum"(ekaistheSanskritwordfor"next")andpredicteditsproperties.Justfiveyearslateranelementwiththeproperatomicmasswasisolatedandnamedgalliumbyitsdiscoverer.TheclosecorrespondencebetweentheobservedpropertiesofgalliumandMendeleyev’spredictionsforeka-aluminumlentstrongsupporttotheperiodiclaw.Additionalsupportcamein1885wheneka-silicon,whichhadalsobeendescribedinadvancebyMendeleyev,wasdiscoveredandnamedgermanium.第三段：M的預(yù)測能力+預(yù)言的驗證10.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3thatthesignificanceofthediscoveryofgalliumwasthatitsupportedwhichoftheTheideathataluminumwascorrectlyplacedintheperiodicMendeleyev'spredictionthateka-siliconwouldbediscovered11.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?IncorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialRamsayfoundevidenceofheliuminthespectrumofsunlightbeforehediscoveredthattheelementwasalsocontainedinnaturalgasdepositsonEarth.Ramsaythoughthehaddiscoveredanewelementpresentinnaturalgasdeposits,buthewaswrongsincethatelementhadbeenpreviouslyobservedelsewhereonEarth.AfterRamsayhaddiscoveredanewelement,calledhelium,innaturalgasdepositsonEarth,healsofoundevidenceofitspresenceintheSun.Ramsaylaterdiscoveredthathelium,anelementthatwasalreadyknowntobepresentintheSun,wasalsopresentinnaturalgasdepositsonEarth.Thestructureoftheperiodictableappearedtolimitthenumberofpossibleelements.ItwasthereforequitesurprisingwhenJohnWilliamStrut,LordRayleigh,discoveredagaseouselementin1894thatdidnotfitintothepreviousclassificationscheme.Acenturyearlier,HenryCavendishhadnotedtheexistenceofaresidualgaswhenoxygenandnitrogenareremovedfromair,butitsimportancehadnotbeenrealized.TogetherwithWilliamRamsay,Rayleighisolatedthegas(separatingitfromothersubstancesintoitspurestate)andnameditargon.Ramsaythenstudiedagasthatwaspresentinnaturalgasdepositsanddiscoveredthatitwashelium,anelementwhosepresenceintheSunhadbeennotedearlierinthespectrumofsunlightbutthathadnotpreviouslybeenknownonEarth.RayleighandRamsaypostulatedtheexistenceofanewgroupofelements,andin1898othermembersoftheseries(neon,krypton,andxenon)wereisolated.第四段：早期元素周期表的局限12.ThewordpostulatedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningParagraph1:Theperiodictableisachartthatreflectstheperiodicrecurrenceofchemicalandphysicalpropertiesoftheelementswhentheelementsarearrangedinorderofincreasingatomicnumber(thenumberofprotonsinthenucleus).Itisamonumentalscientificachievement,anditsdevelopmentillustratestheessentialinterplaybetweenobservation,prediction,andtestingrequiredforscientificprogress.Inthe1800'sscientistsweresearchingfornewelements.Bythelate1860'smorethan60chemicalelementshadbeenidentified,andmuchwasknownabouttheirdescriptivechemistry.Variousproposalswereputforthtoarrangetheelementsintogroupsbasedonsimilaritiesinchemicalandphysicalproperties.■Thenextstepwastorecognizeaconnectionbetweengroupproperties(physicalorchemicalsimilarities)andatomicmass(themeasuredmassofanindividualatomofanelement).■Whentheelementsknownatthetimewereorderedbyincreasingatomicmass,itwasfoundthatsuccessiveelementsbelongedtodifferentchemicalgroupsandthattheorderofthegroupsinthissequencewasfixedandrepeateditselfatregularintervals.■Thuswhentheseriesofelementswaswrittensoastobeginanewhorizontalsoastobeginanewhorizontalrowwitheachalkalimetal,elementsofthesamegroupswereautomaticallyassembledinverticalcolumnsinaperiodictableoftheelements.■Thistablewastheforerunnerofthemoderntable.13.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.ItwasanaturalIdeatobreakuptheseriesofelementsatthepointswherethesequenceofchemicalgroupstowhichtheelementsbelongedbegantorepeatitself.14.Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.TheperiodictableintroducedbyMeyerandMendeleyevwastheforerunnerofthemoderntableofelements.1 45●AnswerLordRayleighprovidedevidencethatthestructureoftheperiodictablelimitedthepotentialnumberofRamsayandLordRayleighchallengedtheimportanceoftheIsotopesofagivenelementhaveexactlythesamephysicalproperties,buttheirchemicalpropertiesareslightlyMendeleyevandMeyerorganizedtheknownelementsintoachartthatrevealedperiodicrecurrencesofchemicalandphysicalproperties.Mendeleyev'ssuccessfulpredictionofthepropertiesofthen-unknownelementslentsupporttotheacceptanceoftheperiodiclaw.Inthe1890's,RamsayandLordRayleighisolatedargon文章總結(jié)題LR并沒有主動去evidence。所以這里不對了參考答案.5.6.2.13.14.○4,參考譯文元素周期表元素周期表是一個反映元素由于原子數(shù)量的遞增（質(zhì)子數(shù)量）并反映在化學(xué)性質(zhì)和物理性質(zhì)的循環(huán)排列順序的圖表。它是一個里程碑式的科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)，進一步證明了科學(xué)探索的過程中觀察、預(yù)估和實證之間的根本聯(lián)系。在1800年，科學(xué)家當時正在找尋新的元素。到了差不多1860年的時候，60經(jīng)被確定。許多關(guān)于如何將這些化學(xué)元素排列成組的設(shè)想都是基于元素的物理性質(zhì)和化學(xué)性質(zhì)。而隨之而來的，他們又證實了元素的族群特性（物理或是化學(xué)上的相似性）(以一種元素的單）當?shù)聡瘜W(xué)家lotharMeyr和（彼此獨立的）俄國的門捷列夫在1869年My（）門捷列夫在另一個研究上也比Meyer更加深入：他預(yù)測了六種元素的質(zhì)已經(jīng)被發(fā)現(xiàn)。例如鋁后面的一個空隙發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個與鋁的性質(zhì)有一些聯(lián)系的新元素。門捷列夫?qū)⑦@個元素定義為“次鋁”（eka這個詞在梵語中的意思是“下一個”）而且還預(yù)估了它的性質(zhì)。僅僅在五年后確切原子質(zhì)量的元素就被分離了出來，并被他的發(fā)現(xiàn)者稱為“鎵”。鎵所表現(xiàn)出的特性和門捷列夫所預(yù)估的“次鋁”為元素法則提供了一個強有力的支持。另一個例證是在1885出的“次硅”。（雷利王，在1894年發(fā)現(xiàn)了氣態(tài)元素不能適應(yīng)之前的元素（）1898年被成功分離出來質(zhì)已經(jīng)被發(fā)現(xiàn)。例如鋁后面的一個空隙發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個與鋁的性質(zhì)有一些聯(lián)系的新元素。門捷列夫?qū)⑦@個元素定義為“次鋁”（eka這個詞在梵語中的意思是“下一個”）而且還預(yù)估了它的性質(zhì)。僅僅在五年后確切原子質(zhì)量的元素就被分離了出來，并被他的發(fā)現(xiàn)者稱為“鎵”。鎵所表現(xiàn)出的特性和門捷列夫所預(yù)估的“次鋁”為元素法則提供了一個強有力的支持。另一個例證是在1885出的“次硅”。（雷利王，在1894年發(fā)現(xiàn)了氣態(tài)元素不能適應(yīng)之前的元素（）1898年被成功分離出來（氖，氪，氙）。PlanetsinOurSolarTheSunisthehubofahugerotatingsystemconsistingofnineplanets,theirsatellites,andnumeroussmallbodies,includingasteroids,comets,andmeteoroids.An99.85percentofthemassofoursolarsystemiscontainedwithintheSunwhiletheplanetscollectivelymakeupmostoftheremaining0.15percent.Theplanets,inorderoftheirdistancefromtheSun,areMercury,Venus,Earth,Mars,Jupiter,Saturn,Uranus,Neptune,andPluto.UnderthecontroloftheSun'sgravitationalforceeachplanetmaintainsanellipticalorbitandallofthemtravelinthesamedirection.1.Accordingtothepassage,eachofthefollowingstatementscomparingterrestrialplanetswithJovianplanetsistrueEXCEPT:TerrestrialplanetsareclosertotheSunthanJovianTerrestrialplanetstravelinadifferentdirectionthanJovianplanetsdo.2.ThewordmarkedlyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningTheplanetsinoursolarsystemfallintotwogroups:theterrestrial(Earth-like)planets(Mercury,Venus,Earth,andMars)andtheJovian(Jupiter-like)planets(Jupiter,Saturn,Uranus,andNeptune).Plutoisnotincludedineithercategory,becauseitsgreatdistancefromEarthanditssmallsizemakethisplanet'struenatureamystery.第二段：將太陽系的行星分兩。ThemostobviousdifferencebetweentheterrestrialandtheJovianplanetsistheirsize.Thelargestterrestrialplanet,EarthhasadiameteronlyonequarterasgreatasthediameterofthesmallestJovianplanet,Neptune,anditsmassisonlyoneseventeenthasgreat.Hence,theJovianlocations,thefourJovianplanetsareknownastheouterplanets,whiletheterrestrialplanetsareknownastheinnerplanets.Thereappearstobeacorrelationbetweenthepositionsoftheseplanetsandtheirsizes.第三段：兩種行星的兩種區(qū)別3.Paragraph4mentionswhichofthefollowingasareasonwhyterrestrialplanetsaredense?TheyaremadeupofthreegroupsofTheyarecomposedmainlyofrockyandmetallicTheycontainmoreicethanJovian4.Paragraph4supportseachofthefollowingstatementsaboutSaturnItislessdensethananyoftheterrestrialItcontainsnorockyItcontainsItcontainsalargepercentageof5.ThewordmeagerinthepassageisclosestinmeaningOtherdimensionsalongwhichthetwogroupsdiffermarkedlyaredensityandcomposition.Thedensitiesoftheterrestrialplanetsaverageabout5timesthedensityofwater,whereastheJovianplanetshavedensitiesthataverage1.5timesthedensityofwater.Oneoftheouterplanets,Saturn,hasadensityofonly0.7thatofwater,whichmeansthatSaturnwouldfloatinwater.Variationsinthecompositionoftheplanetsarelargelyresponsibleforthedensitydifferences.Thesubstancesthatmakeupbothgroupsofplanetsaredividedintothreegroups—gases,rocks,andices—basedontheirmeltingpoints.Theterrestrialplanetsaremostlyrocks:denserockyandmetallicmaterial,withminoramountsofgases.TheJovianplanets,ontheotherhand,containalargepercentageofthegaseshydrogenandhelium,withvaryingamountsofices:mostlywater,ammonia,andmethaneices.第四段：兩種行星的組成物6.Accordingtoparagraph5,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofbothJovianandterrestrialplanets?Thethickertheatmosphere,thesmallertheplanet’sThemorevariedthegasesintheatmosphere,thehigherthetemperatureThehigherthesurfacegravity,thehighertheescapeThelesstheatmospherecontributestothetotalmass,thelowerthetemperature7.Accordingtoparagraph5,whatisamajorreasonthatJovianplanetshavemuchthickeratmospheresthanterrestrialplanetsdo?JovianplanetshavelowersurfaceJovianplanetshavelowerJovianplanetshavelowerescapeTheJovianplanetshaveverythickatmospheresconsistingofvaryingamountsofhydrogen,helium,methane,andammonia.Bycomparison,theterrestrialplanetshavemeageratmospheresatbest.Aplanet'sabilitytoretainanatmospheredependsonitstemperatureandmass.Simplystated,agasmoleculecan"evaporate"fromaplanetifitreachesaspeedknownastheescapevelocity.ForEarth,thisvelocityis11kilometerspersecond.Anymaterial,includingarocket,mustreachthisspeedbeforeitcanleaveEarthandgointospace.TheJovianplanets,becauseof