瀾滄江-湄公河地區(qū)跨界景觀管理工具和關(guān)鍵策略-英

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regretanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenunwittinglymade.?Maps,photosandillustrationsasspeci?edSuggestedcitationUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(2023).

TransboundaryLandscape

Management

Toolsand

KeyStrategiesintheLancang-MekongRegion.Nairobi./10.59117/20.500.11822/43893Production:Nairobi,KenyaURL:/20.500.11822/43893AcknowledgementsUNEP

would

like

to

thank

the

authors

and

the

project

Thanksalsoto:coordination

team

for

their

contribution

to

the

Sari

Sherman

(UNEP),

Dinah

Korir

(UNEP),

Li

Li

(UNEP-developmentofthisreport.IEMP),

Qinghe

Qu

(UNEP-IEMP),

Yoganand

Kandasamy(World

Wide

Fund

for

Nature

[WWF]

Greater

Mekong),Authors

and

reviewers

have

contributed

in

their

individual

Robert

Steinmetz

(WWF

Greater

Mekong),

Rungnapacapacities.

Their

a?liations

are

only

mentioned

for

Phoonjampa

(WWF

Greater

Mekong)

and

other

expertsidenti?cationpurposes.who

provided

information

(or

clari?cation)

not

availableonline.AUTHORSTatirose

Vijitpan

(UNEP

–

International

Ecosystem

FinancialandtechnicalsupportManagement

Partnership

[UNEP-IEMP]),

Guoqin

Wang

This

knowledge

product

is

prepared

in

the

context

of(UNEP-IEMP),ChaoFu

(UNEP-IEMP)the

“Improving

Ecosystem

Management

for

SustainableLivelihoods

within

the

Framework

of

Lancang-MekongCooperation”

project

funded

by

the

Ministry

of

EcologyREVIEWERS(listedinalphabeticorder)Raymond

Brandes

(UNEP),

Yanyong

Inmuong

and

Environment

of

the

People’s

Republic

of

China,(Mahasarakham

University),

Johannes

Kieft

(UNEP),

throughtheChina

Trust

Fundto

UNEP.Renqiang

Li

(Institute

of

Geographic

Sciences

andNatural

Resources

Research,

Chinese

Academy

of

Under

this

project,

interventions

are

implemented

jointlySciences),

Bavelyne

Mibei

(UNEP),

Jane

Muriithi

(UNEP),

by

the

UNEP

Regional

O?ce

for

Asia

and

the

Paci?c

inBakhita

Amondi

Oduor

(UNEP),

Marie-Yon

Strücker

partnership

with

UNEP-IEMP

and

the

Lancang-Mekong(UNEP),

Haijun

Wang

(Yunnan

University),

Zhuqing

Wen

Environmental

Cooperation

Centre,

and

the

Biodiversity,(Lancang-MekongEnvironmentalCooperationCenter)People

and

Landscapes

Unit

of

the

UNEP

EcosystemsDivision.SecretariatandprojectcoordinationJohan

Robinson

(UNEP),

Linxiu

Zhang

(UNEP-IEMP),Tatirose

Vijitpan

(UNEP-IEMP),

Guoqin

Wang

(UNEP-IEMP),ChaoFu

(UNEP-IEMP),MakikoYashiro(UNEP)LanguageeditingStrategicAgendaDesignandlayoutBeijingUniqueBusinessCo.LtdIIIAbbreviationsADBAsianDevelopmentBankASEANBCCAssociationofSoutheastAsianNationsBiodiversityconservationcorridorBiodiversityConservationCorridorsInitiativeBiodiversityandProtectedAreasManagementConventiononBiologicalDiversityCoreEnvironmentProgramBCIBIOPAMACBDCEPCEPFCICriticalEcosystemPartnershipFundConservationInternationalFFIFauna&FloraInternationalGISGeographicinformationsystemGMSGreaterMekongSubregionGMSEOCITTOGreaterMekongSubregionEnvironmentOperationsCenterInternational

Tropical

TimberOrganizationInternationalUnionforConservationofNatureManandtheBiosphereIUCNMABMETTNGOManagementEffectiveness

Tracking

ToolNon-governmentalorganizationNTFPPFNon-timberforestproductPrimaryforestTBLTransboundarybiodiversitylandscapeTransboundaryprotectedareaTBPATEOWUNEPUNEP-IEMPUNEP-WCMCWCPAWDPAWCSTerrestrialEcoregionsoftheWorldUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeUNEP–InternationalEcosystemManagementPartnershipUNEPWorldConservationMonitoringCentreWorldCommissiononProtectedAreasWorldDatabaseonProtectedAreasWildlifeConservationSocietyWWFWorldWideFundforNatureIVTable

ofContentsAcknowledgementsAbbreviationsIIIIVForewordVIChapter1:Introduction011.1

Transboundarylandscapemanagement:Overview,historyandde?nitions

021.2

TheLancang-Mekongregionandtransboundarylandscapemanagement

031.3

Aboutthisknowledgeproductandthetargetaudience

04Chapter2:

Tools

fortransboundarylandscapemanagement052.1Overviewoftools

062.2Inventoryoftools062.3Criteriaforselectingtools11Chapter

3:

Transboundary

management

of

key

landscapes

in

the

Lancang-Mekong

region

123.1

Transboundarybiodiversitylandscapes13Casestudy1:Applicationoftoolsinrestoringtheconnectivityofthe

TenasserimLandscape,

Thailand

15Casestudy2:IntegratedconservationandlivelihoodactionsalongtheSino-VietnameseKarstlandscape

183.2

TheIndo-BurmaBiodiversityHotspot’sprioritycorridors19Casestudy3:ConservingtheMekonggiantcat?shspawningareaalongtheborderof

ThailandandtheLaoPeople’s

DemocraticRepublic

233.3WWFecoregionsandprioritylandscapes24Casestudy4:Protectingthelandofcats:

TheDawna

TenasserimLandscapebetween

ThailandandMyanmar

29Casestudy5:ConservationoftheMekongRiverIrrawaddydolphinalongtheLao-CambodianBorder:protectinga

majesticendangeredmammalwhilesustaininglocallivelihoods

313.4

Transboundaryprotectedareas33Casestudy6:

TheEmerald

TriangleProtectedForestsComplex:promotingtri-nationaltransboundarybiodiversityconservation

.

353.5Internationalandregionaldesignationsfortransboundarylandscapemanagement373.5.1WorldHeritageConvention

373.5.2UNESCOManandtheBiosphereProgramme

373.5.3RamsarConvention

373.5.4AssociationofSoutheastAsianNationsHeritageParks

37Casestudy7:PhongNha-KeBang(VietNam)andHinNamNo(LaoPeople’s

DemocraticRepublic)inthecentralAnnamites

38Chapter4:ConclusionReferences4043VForewordSustainably

managed

landscapes

can

provide

multiplebene?ts

for

both

people

and

planet

in

support

ofthe

achievement

of

the

Sustainable

DevelopmentGoals.

These

include

ensuring

people

have

access

towater;

food

security;

and

enhancing

human

health.Simultaneously,

such

landscapes

also

contributeto

national

commitments

for

global

targets

on

bothbiodiversity

and

climate

change.

By

improving

ecologicalintegrity,

sustainably

managed

landscapes

can

improveresilience

and

help

communities

on

the

front

line

ofclimatechangeadapttotheir

new

reality

whileprovidingasafehavenforourplanet’spreciousbiodiversity.Importantly,

the

challenges

of

sustainable

landscapemanagement

do

not

stop

at

national

borders.

Manynatural

resource-dependent

communities

live

inbiodiversity-rich

areas

which

are

prone

to

transnationalchallenges

such

as

cross-border

infrastructuredevelopment,

international

wildlife

trade

and

bordercon?ict.

As

such,

they

face

an

urgent

need

fortransboundary

cooperation.

Transboundary

landscapemanagement,

and

its

signi?cant

bene?ts

for

people

andplanet,isthereforeattheheartofthisreport.The

report

has

much

intrinsic

value

in

providingknowledge

and

experience

on

transboundary

landscapemanagement

in

the

Lancang-Mekong

region,

whichis

one

of

the

world’s

richest

biodiversity

hotspots

andfastest-growing

areas.

The

report

contains

a

collectionof

tools

from

the

Lancang-Mekong

region

that

areusefulfortransboundarylandscapemanagementinthisregion

and

beyond.

It

also

presents

?ve

strategies

foreffective

transboundary

management

across

a

variety

oflandscapes,highlightingcasestudieswhichdemonstratebothconservationandlivelihoodoutcomes.SusanGardnerDirector,

EcosystemsDivisionUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeCooperation

on

the

interconnectedness

of

human

and

This

report

was

prepared

by

UNEP

in

collaboration

withnatural

systems

is

central

to

landscape

management

UNEP-IEMP,

with

?nancial

support

from

the

China

Trustsuccess

and

this

cooperation

can

take

place

at

various

Fund

toUNEP.

UNEP

and

the

report’s

authors

are

gratefullevels

–

between

national

governments,

sub-national

to

all

the

technical

partners

and

individuals

involved

inagencies,

researchers

and

communities.

This

report

the

preparation

of

this

publication

and

hope

that

it

willpresents

an

inspiring

case

for

transboundary

landscape

further

enhance

knowledge

on

transboundary

landscapemanagementandpromotesitsextensiveapplication.managementandcontributeto

South-Southlearning.VI01Introduction01TransboundaryLandscapeManagement

ToolsandKeyStrategiesintheLancang-MekongRegion1.1

Transboundarylandscapemanagement:Overview,historyandde?nitionsAround

the

world,

transboundary

landscapes

are

mountain

park,

making

this

the

?rstTBPA

in

Europe

andsome

of

the

richest

in

biodiversity.

It

is

estimated

that

the

second

in

the

world,

with

the

intention

of

facilitatinga

third

of

terrestrial

high

biodiversity

sites

are

located

tourism

in

border

areas

and

preserving

their

naturealong

national

land

borders

(Vasilijevi?

et

al.

2015).

landscapes,

as

well

as

mitigating

con?ict

over

a

borderHowever,

these

areas

are

exposed

to

many

challenges,

dispute

from

World

War

I

(Erg

et

al.

2012;

Steckhan

2021;including

border

fences,

wildlife

trade

and

transnational

Schoon

n.d.).

In

other

parts

of

the

world,

transboundarytransportation

infrastructure,

and

affected

by

different

conservation

was

realized

much

later.

It

was

only

in

thegovernance

and

sociological

systems,

as

well

as

con?ict

1980s

that

transboundary

conservation

began

to

expandbetween

countries

in

some

cases.

Moreover,

the

line

rapidly

and

globally,

and

the

number

of

national-levelthatdividesneighbouringnationsseparatesnotonlythe

designated

protected

areas

began

to

increase.

Currently,land

(or

water)

and

the

ecological

integrity

along

those

there

are

more

than

200

transboundary

conservationnatural

boundaries,

but

also

the

people

living

in

the

initiatives

in

various

forms

around

the

world,

fromlandscape.

In

many

developing

countries,

these

people

informal

agreements

to

international

treaties,

toare

among

the

most

marginalized

and

their

livelihood

encourage

cooperation

across

the

borderline

in

orderstrategies

often

depend

on

the

naturalresourcesaround

to

achieve

shared

conservation

goals

(Vasilijevi?

et

al.them

(Geleto

et

al.

2022).

Moreover,

while

transboundary

2015).

Examples

of

some

of

these

famous

initiativeslandscape

management’s

main

goal

is

often

biodiversity

include

the

Serengeti

National

Park

(Tanzania)

and

theconservation,

it

also

has

the

potential

to

generate

Maasai

Mara

National

Reserve

(Kenya)

to

facilitate

thesubstantial

sociocultural

and

economic

bene?ts

and

greatest

natural

mass

wildlife

migration

on

the

planetstrengthen

political

relations

(Vasilijevi?

et

al.

2015).

(Nzioka

2023),

the

Igua?u

and

Iguazú

National

ParksTherefore,

transboundary

landscape

management

is

between

Argentina

and

Brazil

that

contain

the

world’ssigni?cant

for

all

aspects

of

the

sustainable

development

widest

waterfalls,

and

the

Coral

Triangle

(located

withinof

economic,

environmental

and

social

dimensions

of

the

territories

of

Indonesia,

Malaysia,

Philippines,

Papuaachievingthe“l(fā)eavenoonebehind”principle.New

Guinea,

Solomon

Islands

and

Timor-Leste)

knownas

the

“Amazon

of

the

Seas”,

which

has

the

highestTransboundary

conservation

initiatives

?rst

started

in

diversityofcoralsand?shintheworld(Eschner2017).North

America

and

Europe

in

the

1930s.

The

WatertonGlacier

International

Peace

Park,

inaugurated

in

1932

In

terms

of

classi?cation,

the

International

Union

forto

honour

the

long-lasting

peaceful

relations

between

Conservation

of

Nature

(IUCN)’s

World

Commission

onCanada

and

the

United

Stated

of

America,

is

considered

Protected

Areas

(WCPA)

Transboundary

Conservationthe

world’s

?rst

transboundary

protected

area

(TBPA).

Specialist

Group

recommends

the

following

typology

forIn

1995,

it

was

added

to

the

United

Nations

Educational,

transboundaryconservationareas(see

Table

1).Scienti?c

and

Cultural

Organization

(UNESCO)World

Heritage

List

as

a

transboundary

site.

Later,in

1932

in

Europe,

Poland

and

the

former

country

ofCzechoslovakia

jointly

established

the

bilateral

Pieniny02IntroductionTable

1:

Typologyoftransboundaryconservationareas(Vasilijevi?etal.2015)TypeDe?nitionTBPAA

TBPA

isaclearlyde?nedgeographicalspacethatcontainsprotectedareasthatareecologicallyconnectedacrossoneormoreinternationalboundariesandinvolvessomeformofcooperation.TransboundaryConservationLandscapeand/orSeascapeA

TransboundaryConservationLandscapeand/orSeascapeisanecologicallyconnectedareathatcontainsbothprotectedareasandmultipleresourceuseareasacrossoneormoreinternationalboundariesandinvolvessomeformofcooperation.TransboundaryMigrationConservationAreaTransboundaryMigrationConservationAreasarewildlifehabitatsintwoormorecountriesthatarenecessarytosustainpopulationsofmigratoryspeciesandinvolvesomeformofcooperation.ParkforPeaceAParkforPeaceisaspecialdesignationthatmaybeappliedto

anyofthethreetypesoftransboundaryconservationareaandisdedicatedto

thepromotion,celebrationand/orcommemorationofpeaceandcooperation.Other

global

and

regional

agreements

and

programmes

related

to

transboundary

conservation

include

the

Conventionconcerning

the

Protection

of

the

World

Cultural

and

Natural

Heritage

(World

Heritage

Convention),

the

Convention

onWetlands

of

International

Importance,

especially

as

Waterfowl

Habitat

(Ramsar

Convention),

and

the

UNESCO

ManandtheBiosphereProgramme.Ineachofthese,transboundaryconservationisrecognizedinslightlydifferentways(Vasilijevi?etal.2015).1.2

TheLancang-MekongregionandtransboundarylandscapemanagementThe

Lancang-Mekong

region

in

this

publication

refers

At

the

same

time,

this

is

one

of

the

world’s

fastest-to

Cambodia,

China

(speci?cally

Yunnan

Province

and

growing

regions.

Over

the

past

few

decades,

theGuangxi

Zhuang

Autonomous

Region),

Lao

People’s

region

has

witnessed

rapid

economic

growth,

resultingDemocratic

Republic,

Myanmar,

Thailand

and

Viet

Nam.

in

increased

prosperity.

Unfortunately,

much

of

thisThe

region

is

home

tomore

than

300

million

inhabitants,

economic

development

has

?ourished

at

the

expensearound

200

million

of

whom

live

in

rural

areas

and

ofthenaturalenvironment,includingtherichanduniquedepend

on

healthy

natural

systems

such

as

forests,

biodiversity,

as

a

result

of

unsustainable

use

of

naturalrivers

and

wetlands

for

their

food

security,

livelihood

and

resources.

Drivers

of

biodiversity

loss

include

the

Asia-culture

(Greater

Mekong

Subregion

[GMS]

n.d.).

As

one

wide

demand

for

wildlife,

timber

and

non-timber

forestof

the

world’s

richest

biodiversity

hotspots,

the

region

is

products

(NTFPs);

agricultural

encroachment

intohome

to

a

great

number

of

endemic

species,

including

forests;

loss

or

fragmentation

of

forests

caused

by430

mammals,

800

reptiles

and

amphibians,

1,200

birds,

highway

construction;

clearing

of

forests

for

mining

and1,100

?sh

and

20,000plants.Moreover,

new

species

are

hydropower

projects;

and

increased

forest

exploitationcontinuously

being

discovered

in

the

region;

2,216

new

dueto

highpovertylevels.species

were

identi?ed

between

1997

and

2014

(WorldWideFund

forNature[WWF]2015).Ahighproportionof

Moreover,

until

the

1990s

there

was

a

long

history

ofthreatened

species

live

in

this

region,

making

many

of

con?ict

in

the

border

areas

of

this

region.

After

little

morethemcriticallyendangered,endangeredorvulnerable.than

two

decades

of

continued

peace

and

increasingprosperity

(albeit

with

intermittent

border

disputes),the

countries

have

focused

on

their

cooperation

in03TransboundaryLandscapeManagement

ToolsandKeyStrategiesintheLancang-MekongRegionthe

border

areas.

This

includes

better

connection

of

cooperation

initiatives

related

to

transboundarythrough

border

management,

customs

procedures

and

landscape

management

in

the

region.

Each

of

themtransport

infrastructure

(Open

Development

Mekong

focuses

on

key

landscapes,

as

de?ned

regarding

the2018).

Transboundary

conservation

has

also

received

combination

of

both

conservation

and

developmentattention,

gaining

support

from

several

organizations,

aspects.such

as

the

Asian

Development

Bank

(ADB)’s

GMSCore

Environment

Program

(CEP),

International

TropicalTimber

Organization

(ITTO)

and

WWF.

Meanwhile,

theloss

of

biodiversity

from

terrestrial

forested

areas,

inlandwaters

and

coastal

zones

are

recognized

by

all

countriesas

they

give

priority

to

the

issues

of

biodiversity

andhabitats.

Until

now,

there

have

been

several

forms1.3

AboutthisknowledgeproductandthetargetaudienceThis

report

aims

to

collect,

analyse

and

disseminate

the

The

second

part

presents

transboundary

managementknowledge

base

for

practitioners

and

policymakers

on

in

key

landscapes

of

the

Lancang-Mekong

regiontools,

key

strategies

and

good

practices

on

integrated

through

?ve

strategies.

These

have

been

implemented

inecosystem

management

in

connection

with

livelihoods

allcountriesintheregionfordecadesandhaveinvolvedin

transboundary

landscapes

of

the

Lancang-Mekong

a

variety

of

stakeholders,

from

local

communities

to,regiontoenhance

knowledge

on

the

value

of

ecosystem

in

some

cases,

Heads

of

State.

The

strategies

are

asmanagement,

promote

integrated

management

of

key

follows:ecosystems

and

contribute

to

South-South

learning.

Inparticular,

it

allows

readers

to

understand

what

possibletools

for

transboundary

landscape

management

are,where

the

major

transboundary

landscapes

are

in

theLancang-Mekong

region,

how

these

are

de?ned

andestablished,

what

key

challenges

are

to

be

addressedin

these

landscapes

and

what

has

already

been

doneto

address

these

challenges.

Several

best

practice1.

Transboundarybiodiversitylandscapes(TBLs)2.

TheIndo-BurmaBiodiversityHotspot’sprioritycorridors3.

WWFEcoregionsandprioritylandscapes4.

TBPAs5.

Othersunderinternationalandregionaldesignationsexamples

from

different

transboundary

parts

of

the

It

also

describes

different

types

of

tools,

interventions,region

and

ecosystem

types

are

also

provided

to

show

key

results

and

achievements

as

well

as

challengeshow

transboundary

management

actions

have

been

and

lessons

learned,

with

highlights

from

selected

casecarried

out.

With

these

objectives,

the

publication

studies.consistsoftwocoreparts.A

conclusion

detailing

main

?ndings

related

to

the

keyThe

?rst

part

details

the

inventory

of

tools

for

transboundary

landscapes

and

tools

is

also

provided

attransboundary

landscape

management.

These

tools

theendofthepublication.are

applied

in

the

transboundary

landscapes

in

theLancang-Mekong

region

and

beyond.

Their

descriptionof

functions,

characteristics

and

aim

are

also

included,aswellascriteriafortoolselection.04Introduction02Tools

fortransboundarylandscapemanagement05TransboundaryLandscapeManagement

ToolsandKeyStrategiesintheLancang-MekongRegionand

methods

commonly

used

in

typical

project

processstages,

e.g.

stakeholder

analysis

conducted

throughfocus

groups

and

semi-structured

interviews,

can

be2.1OverviewoftoolsMany

tools

and

methods

now

exist

to

facilitate

the

applied.

However,

the

information

gathered

during

thistransboundary

landscape

management

process.

analysis

must

re?ect

transboundary

context

that

can

alsoDifferent

tools

perform

different

functions

and

are

useful

be

helpful

in

designing

an

appropriate

plan.

Moreover,at

different

stages

in

the

process.

The

four

essential

from

existing

literature,

many

of

the

tools

that

have

beenstages

of

the

transboundary

landscape

management

referred

to

in

transboundary

landscape

management

areprocessareasfollows(Vasilijevi?etal.2015):mainly

useful

for

context

and

planning;

only

a

few

can

beappliedinmultiplestages.1.

Diagnose–

To

determinetheneedfortransboundarylandscapemanagement.Stepsincludeidentifyingcompellingreasonsto

act,estimatingcapacitytoworkacrossboundariesandthescopeofissue.2.

Design–

To

planfortheprocessaccordingto

thesituation.Stepsincludedeterminingwhoto

lead,de?ningthegeographiccontext,negotiatingajointvisionanddevelopingmanagementobjectives.3.

Take

action–

To

secureresourcesandimplementactivities.Stepsincludeassessingcapacitytoimplementanactionplan,securing?nancialsustainability,anddevelopingandimplementingtheplan.2.2InventoryoftoolsThis

section

compiles

a

number

of

tools

that

have

beenmentioned

in

the

management

of

key

transboundarylandscapes

in

the

Lancang-Mekong

region,

as

presentedin

chapter

3.

In

addition,

some

other

tools

that

have

beenapplied

in

transboundary

context

of

other

regions,

e.g.Europe

and

Africa,

and

could

be

adapted

in

the

Lancang-Mekong

region,

are

also

included.

Most

of

them

arepieces

of

software

that

can

be

downloaded

free

of

chargeand

some

require

expertise

on

geographic

inf