紡織服裝國際貿(mào)易中英文對照外文翻譯文獻

中英文對照外文翻譯文獻(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)原文：ExportCompetitivenessofIndianTextileandGarmentIndustryINTRODUCTIONTheinternationaltradeintextileandclothingsectorshasbeenaegregiousexceptiontothemostfavourednationprincipleofGATTand,sincetheearly1960s,hasbeenacaseofmanagedtradethroughforcedconsensus.However,theWTOAgreementonTextileandClothing(ATC)markedasignificantturnaround.AccordingtotheATC,beginning1stJanuary1995,alltextilesandclothingproductsthathadbeenhithertosubjectedtoMFA-quota,arescheduledtobeintegratedintoWTOoveraperiodoftenyears.“Thedismantlingofthequotaregimerepresentsbothanopportunityaswellasathreat.Anopportunitybecausemarketswillnolongerberestricted;athreatbecausemarketswillnolongerbeguaranteedbyquotas,andeventhedomesticmarketwillbeopentocompetition”.From1stJanuary2005,therefore,alltextileandclothingproductswouldbetradedinternationallywithoutquota-restrictions.Andthisimpendingrealitybringstheissueofcompetitivenesstotheforeforallfirmsinthetextileandclothingsectors,includingthoseinIndia.ItisimperativetounderstandthetruecompetitivenessofIndiantextileandclothingfirmsinordertomakeanassessmentofwhatliesaheadin2005andbeyond.Owingtoitssignificantcontribution,theIndiantextileandclothingindustryoccupiesauniqueplaceintheIndianeconomy.Itcontributesabout4%ofGDPand14%ofindustrialoutput.Secondlargestemployerafteragriculture,theindustryprovidesdirectemploymentto35millionpeopleincludingsubstantialsegmentsofweakersectionsofsociety.Withaverylowimport-intensityofabout1.5%only,itisthelargestnetforeignexchangeearnerinIndia,earningalmost35%offoreignexchange.Thisistheonlyindustrythatisself-sufficientandcompleteincottonvaluechain-producingeverythingfromfibrestothehighestvalueaddedfinishedproductofgarments.ItsgrowthandvitalitythereforehascriticalbearingsontheIndianeconomyatlarge.WhatIsCompetitiveness?Competitivenessisaboutproductivity,whichinturnisafunctionoffactorsrelatedtocostofproducts,aswellasthoserelatedtonon-pricefactorssuchasdeliveryschedules,reliabilityofproducers,andsuchintangiblefactorslikeimageofthecountry/companyandbrandequity.Together,theydefinethecompetitivesinewsofaproducttocompeteunderconditionsoffreemarket.However,inordertotranslateindustrycompetitivenessintosales(greaterexportshareinworldmarket),anothersetofissues-inadditiontoproductivity-needtobeexamined.Theserelatetomarketaccessconditions.Indeed,industrycompetitivenessofrestrainedexporterssuchasIndiawasnotmuchofanissueduringthelastalmostfourdecades,eversincetheShortTermArrangement(STA)of1961.Andthereasonlaynotinpriceandnon-pricefactors,butinthe‘managed’conditionsunderwhichglobaltradeintextileandclothingproductstookplace.Infact,itwaspreciselybecauseofthepricecompetitivenessofsomeAsianexportersinthe1950sandthe1960sthatthe“generallyandsolemnlyagreedrulesofpost-warpolicyconduct-includingthekeystoneofthesystem,thenon-discriminationrules-wereformallysetasideforreasonsregardedaspragmatic”.Thissystemofmanagedtrade,however,willcometoanendon31stDecember2004.Forthepurposeofthisstudy,industryhasbeendefinedasagroupoffirmsmanufacturingproductsthatdirectlyorindirectlycompeteswitheachother.Itisimpliedthatnonationcanbecompetitiveinmanufacturingallgoodsandservices.Hence,industrycompetitivenessofanentirenationisnotquitemeaningful.Instead,sinceitisthefirmswhocompeteininternationalmarkets,theentireframeworkofcompetitivenesswouldrevolvearoundthestudyofthefirm.“…industrialsuccesswasfoundedonbehaviouroffirms,notonthedecisionsofgovernments”.Thelistofproducts(industries)identifiedisinAppendixA.Objective&ScopeOfTheStudyTheobjectiveoftheprojectistoevaluatetheexportcompetitivenessofIndiantextileandclothingsectors.BecauseIndiantextileandclothingsectorispredominantlycottonbased,thisstudywouldfocusmainlyonthecottontextileandapparel,andlookattheentirevaluechainfromfibretogarmentandretaildistribution.Withtheaforementionedobjectiveinmind,thisstudyhasfirstidentifiedtheproductsinIndianexportbasketwhichhaveshownapromisinggrowthinvalue,orinunitvalueandhaveaconsiderableweightintheIndianexportbasketonthebasisofrecentperformanceofIndianexportsoftextileandclothingsectorsintheUSandEUmarkets.ResearchMethodologyInordertoevaluatethedemand-sideofIndiantextileandclothingexports,thestudyhasanalysedthecompetitiveperformanceofIndianexportsofthe‘identified’productsintheUSandEUmarkets.Ithasalsobeenusedtohighlighttheroleofemergingtradepolicyenvironment-specifically,theroleofdiscriminatoryrulesoforigininRegionalTradingArrangements[RTAs],tariffpeaksandenvironmentalandlabourstandards-asmarketaccessissuesrelevanttotextileandclothingexportingcountries.Toassessthesupply-sidefactorsofexportcompetitiveness,apreliminaryinterviewwasconductedwithafewexporters.Theinterviewsoughttheirviewsandopinionschieflyinrespectofthesupply-sidebottlenecksthattheyarefacinginIndia.Thesupply-sideframeworkisbasedmoreonopinionsthanondata/numbers.Theinferencesaboutthesupply-sidefactorsarethereforebasedontheopinionsexpressedbyexportersofidentifiedproducts.GLOBALTRADEINTEXTILEANDCLOTHING:INDIA’SCOMPETITIVEPERFORMANCEDuringtheMFAperiod,thetextileexportersfromindustrialcountriesandthosefromdevelopingcountriesmerelychangedsharesbetweenthemselvesduringthe24yearsperiod.Theshareofindustrialcountriesdeclinedbyalmostasmuch(19.2%)aswasthegainintheshareofdevelopingcountries(18.8%).Clothingexporters.however,exhibitsignificantchanges,withtheshareoftop13exportershavingdeclinedby13.8%.Newentrantshavecomeinaswellassomeoldoneshavebeenknockedout.Ofthesenewentrants,most-ifnotall-arefromdevelopingcountries,sincetheshareofindustrialcountrieshasdeclinedduringtheperiod,andthatofdevelopingcountrieshasincreased.Thecountriesthataregainingshareinclothingexportsaretheoneswhoseindustriesareintegratedtooneortheotheradvancedcountrythroughsomepolicy-inducedpreferentialarrangements.Mexico,Caribbeanregion,EastEuropeancountriesandMediterraneancountriesarecapturingmuchofthespacevacated.Therehasbeenamuchdeeperglobalisationinclothingthanintextiles.Indeed,thathasbeenoneoftheprincipalreasonsforthedevelopedcountriesagreeingtoaneventualphase-outofMFAquotaintheURofnegotiations.DuringtheMFAperiod,(between1973to1997,tobeprecise),whileintextiles,therewasaninexorableshiftawayfromdevelopedcountriesandtodevelopingcountriesatlarge,inclothingtheshiftawayfromdevelopedcountriesisincreasinglybeinggrabbedby‘preferred’developingcountries.Thus,inclothing,thenon-preferredgroupofdevelopingcountriesisfightingamongstthemselvesforapiethatisincreasinglydeclining.Oneshouldexpectamuchhigherlevelofintra-industryandintra-firmtradeinclothingthanintextiles.Thisisentirelycompatiblewiththefactthatitisthetradeinclothingthatisgrowingfasterthanthatintextiles.Andthistrendislikelytodeepen,asclothingretailersconsolidate,andOutwardProcessingTrade(OPT)trafficincreases.Theopportunityclearlyliesmuchmoreinclothing,thoughthecaveatisthattheexportingcountrywouldhavetoachievethe‘preferred’status,andintegrateitsmanufacturingwiththatofanimportingcountryinordertocontinueexportingtotherestrictedmarkets.Thepressuretoexportwouldintensifyintheyearstocomesince80%ofadditionaloutputduring1995-2005isexpectedtobelocatedindevelopingcountries.Ontheotherhand,only50%oftheadditionalfibreconsumptionwouldoriginateindevelopingcountries.India’sCompetitivePerformanceintheUS1.Oftheeightcottonapparels,India’smarketshare(in2000)inUSimportmarketexceeded10%incottondresses(336),W&Gwovenshirts(341),andcottonskirts(342).Marketsharegrewin336and341.In336,Indiaexportedhigherquantityatreducedprices,whilein341,Indiamovedupthevaluechain.ButtheUSimportmarketgrewstronglyin341and342,andnotasmuchin336.However,in341,thesizeofquotaisclosetothesizeofUShomemarket,whereasin336,about43%ofUShomemarketwouldbeopenedonlyon1stJanuary2005.Therefore,notmuchgrowthshouldbeexpectedin341intermsofUSmarketsize.Besides,therearenocurrentthreatsfrom‘preferred’developingcountriesin341yet.HencethisisonecategorywhereIndiashouldveryclearlyfocus,sincethecompetitorcountriesareessentiallyAsian.Theonebigthreat,wouldbeChina.Currently,ChinaexportsatanappreciablyhigheruvrcomparedtoIndia.Theevidencefrom1995-2000indicatethatChinahasupgradedits341fasterthanIndiahas.IfChinacontinuesonthatpath,Indiamaynotworrytoomuch,sincethegapbetweenIndianandChinesepriceswouldbequitesignificant.Butthen,ifIndiaalsoupgradesitsproduct,asithasdonein341,competitivenessbasedonlyonpricewillbeextremelyrisky.2.Indescendingorderofuvr,Indianexportsofthechosencottonapparelsbelongtobetween40and50percentile,amongallsuppliercountriesforagivenMFAproductcategory.WhichmeansIndiaoperatesinthelowvaluesegmentinmostcottonapparelsintheUS.However,itisinterestingtonotethattherearethreecottonapparelswhoseuvrhavebeenbetweenpercentiles55and60.Theyareknitshirts(cat338)andtrousersforM&B(cat347)andforW&G(cat348).Incidentally,USimportsoftheseproductsisgrowingfastestamongallcottonapparelcategories.However,Indiahaslostmarketshareinallexcept347during1995-2000.In347,itsunitpriceshavegrownfastestamongtoptensuppliers.Andalmost70%ofUSmarketremaintobecomequota-freeonlyon1stJanuary2005.Indiamustbuildupitsstrengthinthisproductcategoryquicklytocapturethehugemarketthatwouldsuddenlyopenin2005.Quiteapartfrom‘preferred’groupofdevelopingcountries,Pakistanisonecountrywhichhasdoneexceedinglywellin347,andhasbeenbuildingitsdomesticmanufacturingfacilitiesveryfast.ButPakistanisnotyetasmuchofathreatsinceitsunitvalueisconsiderablylowerthanIndia.China,however,islikelytoemergeasabigthreattoIndiain347sincetheiruvrisclosertoIndia’sandtheytooareupgradingtheirproductrapidly.Theirmarketsharedeclinedduewhollytoquotaconstraint.Buttheyseemtobeproducinglessnumbers,andbetterqualityof347forUSexportmarket.TheywouldposeabigchallengetoIndia.3.Incottonapparels,thecompetitorcountries-asidefrom‘preferred’developingcountries-areIndonesia,Malaysia,HongKong,Philippines,Indonesia,SriLankaandBangladesh.Fromamongthese,Bangladeshisthelowestcostsupplierinalmostallcategories.Inviewofthethreatfrom‘preferred’developingcountries,Indiamustmoveawayfromcompetingonlyonthebasisofprice,sincetheshareofthissegmentisanycasedecliningwiththe‘preferred’countriesgrowingrapidlyinthissegment.AndwhenIndiaupgradesitsvalue,itwouldhavetocontendwithstrongAsiancompetitorslikeHongKong,ChinaandSouthKorea,whoseperformancehasbeenconstrainedduetoquotaceilings.Butoncethequotasareremoved,Indiamayfinditselfagainlosinginthisupgradedmarketsegmentduetosheersizeofthesecountries’exports.TheimportantlessonforIndiathereforeisthatitmustnotonlyupgradeitsvalues,butalsobegintofindwaysofcompetingincreasinglyonnon-pricefactors.譯文：印度服裝紡織行業(yè)的出口競爭力一、簡介20世紀60年代初以來，紡織和服裝部門的國際貿(mào)易一直是在關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定和最惠國待遇原則之外的，一直都是通過強迫達成的共識。然而，從1995年1月1日開始，世界貿(mào)易組織紡織品與服裝協(xié)議（ATC）的實施標志著一個重大的轉(zhuǎn)變。所有的紡織品和服裝產(chǎn)品將在加入WTO之后有為期十年的配額，這些配額有MFA決定。配額制度的拆除代表的是一種機遇，也是一種威脅。機會是因為市場不會受到限制；威脅是市場將不再受配額得到保證，甚至將開放國內(nèi)的市場競爭。從2005年1月1號開始，所有的紡織品和服裝產(chǎn)品的國際貿(mào)易將沒有限額配置。這即將到來的現(xiàn)實給從印度所有的服裝和紡織行業(yè)公司帶來了競爭力方面的問題。2005年之后的印度服裝和紡織行業(yè)的競爭力問題是怎么樣的，當務(wù)之急是了解其中的真相。由于其顯著貢獻，印度的服裝和紡織行業(yè)在印度經(jīng)濟中占有顯著的地位。它貢獻了大約4%的國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值和14%的工業(yè)總產(chǎn)值。其就業(yè)人口達到了35萬人，是僅次于農(nóng)業(yè)和工業(yè)提供就業(yè)人口的第二大產(chǎn)業(yè)。在印度1.5%的低強度下，它是印度最大的凈收入來源，占有近35%的外匯。這個行業(yè)是唯一的自給自足的從價值鏈生產(chǎn)到成品的最佳附加值的產(chǎn)業(yè)。它的增長是印度經(jīng)濟增長的關(guān)鍵所在。二、什么是競爭力競爭力是一種生產(chǎn)力，是關(guān)于一組相關(guān)的產(chǎn)品成本因素的作用，以及那些涉及非價格因素，如交貨時間，生產(chǎn)商的可靠性，如一個國家或者公司的形象等無形因素品牌權(quán)益的生產(chǎn)力。他們是在自由市場條件下一個產(chǎn)品的競爭力。然而，為了將產(chǎn)業(yè)競爭力更多的進入到一種銷售（更大的世界市場出口份額），另一些的生產(chǎn)力的競爭力需要被檢查。事實上，自從1961年的短期安排（STA）開始，這些涉及市場準入條件，行業(yè)限制的問題，如印度出口商的競爭力等在過去40年的問題很多。其原因不在于價格也非價格的因素的條件，是在“管理”的條件下，在紡織和服裝產(chǎn)品的全球貿(mào)易中發(fā)生的。事實上，正是因為20世紀50-60年代一些亞洲出口商的價格競爭力的“普遍商定的規(guī)則，并鄭重戰(zhàn)后政策的行為，包括體系的基石，以及不歧視規(guī)則作為務(wù)實等的原因”。但是，這種貿(mào)易體系將出現(xiàn)到2004年13月31日底。就本研究的目的，行業(yè)內(nèi)被定義為一個廠商之間的直接或間接的相互競爭。這是任何國家和企業(yè)在生產(chǎn)商品或服務(wù)的時候都隱含的競爭。因此，整個名族工業(yè)的競爭力就不太有意義了。相反，因為它是企業(yè)在國際市場上的競爭，競爭力的整個框架將圍繞在該公司進行。“……工業(yè)的成功是建立在企業(yè)的行為，而不是對政府的決策?！痹摦a(chǎn)品的名單確定在附錄A。三、目標及研究范圍該項目的目的是評估印度紡織和服裝部門的出口競爭力。由于印度紡織和服裝行業(yè)主要是在棉的基礎(chǔ)上的，研究將主要集中在棉紡織品和服裝，并從整個纖維到服裝的成品等價值鏈到分銷，零售等上研究。隨著上述的目標研究，這項研究首次發(fā)現(xiàn)，印度的出口產(chǎn)品在在美國和歐盟市場的紡織品和服裝部門在相當大的比重的基礎(chǔ)上近期表現(xiàn)出價值或單位價值成長潛力。四、研究方法為了評估印度紡織品和服裝出口方面的需求，文中研究了印度出口產(chǎn)品在美國和歐盟的市場所確定的的產(chǎn)品的競爭力的性能。它也被用于突出新興貿(mào)易政策具體環(huán)境的作用下，原產(chǎn)地規(guī)則的歧視性區(qū)域貿(mào)易安排[區(qū)域貿(mào)易協(xié)定]，關(guān)稅高峰和環(huán)境的作用和勞工標準相關(guān)問題的紡織品和服裝出口國家的市場準入。為了評估供應(yīng)方面因素的出口競爭力，對一些國家的紡織品和服裝出口的供應(yīng)商進行就勞工標準的相關(guān)問題進行初步的訪談。此次訪談主要是尋求他們在印度供應(yīng)方面的問題，面臨對他們的意見和看法。供給方面的框架是就基礎(chǔ)之上的意見以數(shù)據(jù)/數(shù)字為準。關(guān)于供應(yīng)方面因素的推論是根據(jù)所確定產(chǎn)品出口的情況。五、紡織品和服裝的全球貿(mào)易：印度的競爭表現(xiàn)在MFA期間，來自工業(yè)國家和發(fā)展中國家的紡織品出口只是在24年之間的配額有所改變。其中，工業(yè)國家的和發(fā)展中國家的配額下降的幾乎一樣，工業(yè)國家下降了（19.2%），發(fā)展中國家下降了（18.8%）。然而，服裝出口自從在出口產(chǎn)品排名13位后的表現(xiàn)了顯著的下降了13.8%。行業(yè)進入以及一些舊的已經(jīng)被淘汰了。由于工業(yè)化的國家的份額在下降，這些新進入者都是來自于發(fā)展中國家。這些國家正在爭取那些其集成到一個或通過其他一些政策性優(yōu)惠安排先進國家的工業(yè)在服裝出口中的份額。墨西哥，加勒比海地區(qū)，東歐國家和地中海國家抓住了其中大部分的空間。而服裝比紡織品跟有全球化的深度。事實上，這些都