municipal solid waste management in china：在中國的城市固體廢物管理

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MunicipalSolidWasteManagementinChina

Part1MSWManagementinChinaMainland

INTRODUCTION

NocountryhaseverexperiencedaslargeorasfastanincreaseinsolidwastequantitiesthatChinaisnowfacing.In2004ChinasurpassedtheUnitedStatesastheworld’slargestwastegenerator,andby2030China’sannualsolidwastequantitieswillincreasebyanother150%-growingfromabout190,000,000tonsin2004toover480,000,000tonsin2030(Delvoie2005).Thisgrowingwastestreamhassignificantimpactforthesociety,environmentandeconomicdevelopment.

TheQuantityandCompositionofMSWinChina

Thedefinitionofmunicipalsolidwaste(MSW)shouldincludeallwastegeneratedsincethemunicipalitymayberequiredtoassumeresponsibilityifthereisnolongersufficientimpetustoremovethematerialfromthewastestream.ThisreportdefinesMSWasallwasteoriginatinginurbanareasfromresidential,industrial(non-hazardous),commercialandinstitutionalsectors.

MostChinesemunicipalsolidwastegenerationdataispresentedinthreecategories:municipal,industrial,andhazardouswaste.‘Municipalwaste’usuallyincludesresidential,institutional,commercial,streetcleaning,andnon-processwastefromindustries.Insomecases,constructionanddemolitionwasteisalsoincludedandcandramaticallyskewthegenerationrate,especiallyintimesofhigheconomicgrowthandrelatedconstructionactivity.‘Industrialwaste’isusuallylimitedto‘processwaste’suchasprocessby-productslikescrapmetal,slag,andminetailings.‘Hazardouswaste’usuallyreferstoindustrialhazardouswastegeneratedasaby-productofthemanufacturingprocess,medicalwaste,small-scalegenerationofhazardouswastefromhouseholds,institutionsandcommercialestablishments,andoccasionallysmallamountsofradioactivewaste,e.g.smokedetectorsandmedicalprocesswaste.

ThecategorizationofwastesinChinaisnotalwaysconsistentorcomprehensivefromcitytocityandadverselyaffectstheutilityofthedatabase.AndmostavailableinformationinChinaisbasedon‘wastecollected’dataratherthan‘wastegenerated’data.However,wastegenerateddataismoreusefulsinceitincludesrecyclablesecondarymaterials,andencouragesmorefull-costaccountingoftheoverallMSWsystemandprogramfinancing.Datapresentedinthisreportarewastegeneratedestimates.

Table1:ProjectedMunicipalWasteGenerationfortheUrbanPopulationinChina

datasource:UnitedNations,2002

Figure1ProjectedMunicipalWasteCompositioninUrbanAreasofChina–AsGenerated

MunicipalWasteGeneratedfromPopulationUsingCoal=49,500,000tonnes

MunicipalWasteGeneratedfromPopulationUsinggas=100,500,000tonnes

TotalMunicipalWasteGenerationin2000=150,000,000tonnes

TotalMunicipalWasteGenerationExpectedin2030=484,000,000tonnes

ThedatainFigure1ispreparedbyAMECEarth&Environmental,basedonexistinggovernmentdataandfieldvisitstothreerepresentativecities(Kunming,Shanghai,Chongqing)

Figure1showsthepriorityandimportanceoftheorganicfractionofthewastemanagement.In2030,evenwithamarkedincreaseinpackagingwaste,paperproductsandplasticsandacompletereductionofcoalash,organicswillstillmakeupmorethan50%ofthewastestream.Theseorganicsarepoorlysuitedtoincinerationduetotheirhighwatercontent,andhavethepropensitytogenerateleachatewhenlandfilled.China’swastestreamisgrowingfastestinpaper,plasticsandmulti-laminates,suchasplasticcoatedpaper.(WB2005)

TheISWMStrategyofMSWManagementinChina

Chinesegovernmenttriedtorespondtothischallenge,bymovingupthe“wastemanagementhierarchy”promotingwastereduction,reuseandrecycle,beforeotherwastedisposalmethodsarepursued.“Integratedsustainablewastemanagement”(ISWM)istheconceptacceptedastheprincipleofMSWmanagementinChina,whichisbasedonthewastemanagementhierarchy.

Box1TheWasteManagementHierarchy

ThisreportfollowinganalyzesMSWmanagementinChinafromdifferenthierarchies.

LANDFILLINCHINA

Landfillisoneofthelowhierarchytreatmethodstotreatthesolidwaste.AccordingtoWikipedia,itisasiteforthedisposalofwastematerialsbyburialandistheoldestformofwastetreatment.Landfillandincinerationhavebeenthemostcommonmethodstotreatsolidwasteandnowitisstillpopularinmanyplacesaroundtheworld(/wiki/Landfill),especiallyinChina.

Chinanowisfacingagreatproblemofincreasingquantityofsolidwasteandlandfillisoneofthemostcommontreatmentsconsideredbythegovernmentnow.AccordingtoaWorldBankreport(2005),China’scitieswillneedtodevelopanadditional1400landfillsoverthenext20years.ItwillbeabigissueforbothChinaandtheworld.Asthetrendisunavoidable,carefulconsiderationandmanagementisextremelyneededinChinanow.

Inthepasttenyears,Chinahasmadegreatimprovementinwastemanagement,especiallyinlandfillmanagement.Mostlargercitiesareaggressivelymovingtowardssanitarylandfillingastheirmaindisposaloption.(WB,2005)Butstill,foralotofcitiesinChina,thestandardofsanitarylandfillingisnotachievedcompletely.Themanagementoflandfillbecomesthemostseriousproblemnowandinthefuture.

WearefacingalotofseriousproblemsintheprocessoflandfillinginChinanow.Thekeyissueamongthemislackofoverallconsideration,managementandoperation.Therearealotofproblemsindifferentaspects.

Fromtheaspectsofconstruction,theoveralloperatingconditionsneedurgentattentionsandespeciallytheslopsinthelandfillaremostlyinadequate.Andalsothephenomenonofoverdesignexistsalot.Forsomecases,aftertheover-design,theconstructionsofsubsequentphasesarepremature.AccordingtothereportofWorldBank(2005),somesyntheticlinersareexposedtotheelementsandhugeadditionalvolumesofleachatearegenerated.Theseproblemsareseriousinthepastandneedbettermanagementandmuchmoreconsiderationandconstruction.

Fromtheaspectsoftheleachate,therearealsoalotoftroublesinthispart.Thecollectionoftheleachateisinadequateandthetreatmentisnotwellorganized.Itispossibleforthemtocontaminatetheundergroundwaterorleadtogreatdamagetothesoilaround.Thecontaminatedsoilbecomethe“brownfields”anditwillcausealotofserioussequences.Itwillimpactthepublichealthandenvironmentalquality,especiallythelandvalueswilldecreasealot.Therearelikelyatleast5000ofthesesitesnowinChinesecities.Thecosttocleanthemupissignificanthigherthanthecosttohavedisposedofthewasteproperlyinthefirstplace.(WB2005)

Fromtheaspectsofgas,verylittlelandfillhasgascollectionatpresent.Ifwecangatherthesegases,wecandecreasethegreenhousegasemissionalot.Accordingtotheestimation,theproportionofpotentialsavingingreenhousegasemissioncanbeashighas70%.Consideringtheglobalwarmingandthecarbontrade,itmeansalotinthefuture.Andalsowecangenerateelectricityfromit,oratleast,wecandealitwithgasflaring.

Inaddition,thereuseofthelandfillisneededinthenearfuture.Alotoflandfillsitesaredumpedwithoutanyattentionnowadays.Golfsitesandotheruseformofthelandfillshouldbeconsideredcarefullyinthefuturetosavethespaceandalsotoimprovethemanagementafterthelandfillfinishes.

AlthoughtherearealotofshortcomingsinChinarightnow,stillinsomesite,thesedisadvantagesarebeingquicklyremediedandgovernmenthasdonesomesignificantimprovements,suchasthewastetreatmentworkshopinGuangzhou.Theyhaveimprovedtheirconditionsoflandfillveryquicklyaccordingtotheinternationalstandard.

COMPOSTINGINCHINA

Compostingistheprocessofproducingcompostthroughaerobicdecompositionofbiodegradableorganicmatter.Aftercomposting,gascanbegeneratedandtheycanbeusedtogenerateelectricityortobelightedup.

Chinahasagreatdemandforcompostingasthesizeofbrownfieldsisincreasingallthetime.Duetotheincreasingcitypopulationandthesoilbecomemoreimportanttothecitizens.Theremainsofthecompostingaregoodmedicinetoimprovethequalityofthesoilandincreasetheyieldofthesoil.

Alsothecompostingcanreducetheemissionsofthegreenhousegases.Althoughitismoreexpansivethanlandfill,theproductthroughtheprocessismoreusefulandittakessmallerspace.ItisparticularimportantforacountrylikeChinawhohassuchabigpopulationandrelativelysmalldistancebetweencities.

Butstill,therearesomeserioussituationexistinginthecomposting.

Firstisalsoaboutthemanagementofcomposting.Compostingismoreexpansivethanlandfill.Toincreasetheproportionofcomposting,moreinvestisneeded.Thereisaeconomicissuebetweenitandthedevelopment.

Second,carefulclassificationisrequiredbeforethecompostingbegins.Otherwise,theremainsofcompostingmayhavehighlevelofheavymetalorotherchemicals,whichwillleadabadresult.Highertechnologyandmorecarefulattentionneedtobetakenbytheoperators,anditisalsoabigissuetothinkabout.

Third,thestandardofcomposingisnotverygoodsetupinChina.Moredetailednationaloperationalstandardandregulationisneededbeforebuildingmorecompostingsites.

Tosumup,thereisstillalongwaytogobeforeChinacancatchupwiththedevelopedcountryandreachtheinternationalstandard,butwearetryingtodo,andsignificantimprovementhastakenplacealready.

INCINERATIONINCHINA

Background

ChinahasbecomethelargestproducerintheworldintermsofMSWgeneration.Intheyear2004,Chinaurbanareasolidwastegenerationhasexceeded19milliontons.(WorldBank,2005)ThelargequantityofMSWhasposedChinaagreatthreattotheeffectivemanagementofthewaste.Incineration,togetherwithcomposting,landfillanddumpingsitehasbecomethemajorsolutiontotheMSWinChina.Bytheyear2002,thereare19Municipalwasteincinerationplants,with7thousandtonscapacityperday.(B.SolenthalerandR.Bunge2004)

Intermsofcapacity,incinerationisnotthemajorsolutiontoChina’sMSWmanagement.However,itisstillveryimportantcomponentinChina’swastemanagementsystem.Below,wewillanalysistheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofincinerationinChina.

AdvantagesofincinerationincomparisonwithlandfillinChina

InthecircumstanceofChina,incinerationhasthefollowingadvantagescomparingwithlandfill.ThequantityofMSWinChinaisverybig.Thelargequantityrequiresawaytoeffectivelyreducethevolumeandweightofthewaste.However,Landfillrequiresspaceandland,whichisbecomingscarceinChina.MSWishighlyconcentratedinurbanarea,wherelanduseisacrucialduetothescarcityofland.Chinaisacountrywithlargepopulationdensity.Intheeastandcostalregion,wheretheeconomyismoredeveloped,theconcentrationofpopulationismuchhigher.Intheseregions,theconflictbetweenurbanexpansionandlandscarcityisbecomingmoresalientinrecentyears.

ChallengesofincinerationinChina

Fromenvironmentalperspective,thechallengesfromincinerationareveryserious.ThemajorconcernofwasteincinerationistheemissionofheavymetalandDioxins.ChinesegovernmenthassetthestandardfortheDioxins.On1st.June2000,ChineseSEPA(StateEnvironmentprotectionAgency)hasissued“StandardforWasteIncinerationPollutionControl”ItsetsthestandardfortheDioxinsemissionas1.0Nanogram/M3.However,thesamestandardforEU,NorthAmericaandJapanis0.1Nanogram/M3.(WB2005)

Therearethreemajortypesofemissionfromincineration:stackemission,flyashandbottomash.AccordingtoB.SolenthalerandR.Bunge,theconcentrationofnonferrousmetalsinChinaisonly0.24%.ComparingwithSwitzerlandof3%,theChinesenumberisverylower,whichmakesitimpossibletoutilizethebottomashfornonferrousmetalrecycle.(2004)

However,theHgcontaminationinbothfly-ashandbottomashisaseriousproblem.AccordingtoWorldBank,the50%oftheHgdepositedintheNorthAmericalakecomesfromChinesewasteincinerator.

Heatrecovery:ThecompositionofChina’sMSWisquitediverse.Thecompositioninsomebigcities,suchasBeijingandShanghai,aresimilartothatofwesterncountries.However,inmostofthesmallandmediumcities,thecompositionisdifferent.Thecompositionofwastedeterminestheheatvalueoftheincineration.TheaverageheatvalueofChinais5MJ/kg,whichislowerthanthatofrequirementofheatvalueof6MJ/kgforincineration.Thus,thesupplementfuelisrequiredforincineration.Thismakesitimpossibletogainnetenergygenerationtocompensatethehighinvestment.(SolenthalerandBunge2004)

REUSEANDRECYCLEINCHINA

InthehierarchyofMSWmanagement,reuseandrecyclearelesspreferredthansourcereduction.Inreality,however,wecouldnotavoidproducingwasteifthewholeworldneedstoworkwell.Becausethehumanlifenowhasbeencloselyrelatedtoallsortsofproducts,noonecouldwaitforthecreationofwaste-freegoodsforalivinginsociety.Forexample,ifwewanttoeliminateeverychanceofproducingwaste,weshallnotgetafully-equippedcomputer.Therefore,whatreallycountishowtoproperlydealwiththealreadyexistingwaste,namely,towecanfullyexploitthepotentialuseofwastethroughintegratedoperatingsystembeforeincinerationoritsfinaldumpingintolandfill.

MSWreusehistoryandcurrentsituationinChina

WhenChinawasintheperiodof“planningeconomy”,theamountofcirculatinggoodswasverysmall,andlivingnecessitieswerecontrolledbythecentralgovernment.ThesituationofreuseandrecycleinChinaevolvedwiththeeconomicdevelopment,thisisobviouslytrueafterChina’s“opendoor”policyfrom1979andentryintoWTOin2001.Notonlythequantityhasincreasedgreatly,butalsothecategoriesofreuse.

NowadaysinChina,thereusedgoodsandmaterialsfocusonasfollow:Glassbottles,Oldtyres,Usedbattery,Discardedvehiclescomponents,Electronicappliances,Constructionwastematerial,etc.

Reuseofbottlesisacommoncategoryduetoincreasinglyconsumptionofdrinkandmilk.Thewayofcollectingbeerbottlesisrunningbyretailersandsmallwastecollectinggroup;almostallthebeerbottlesareofsamesizeandshapethroughoutthenation,sothisfacilitatethereuseofbottlesbydifferentbrewingcompanies.

Thepracticeofreusingoldtyresafter“opendoor”provedthatitisagoodwaytosaverawrubberandreducepollution(CTRRA,ChinaTyreRepairandReuseAssociation).Batteryreusefeaturesasimilarpattern.

Largeandformalcorporationstaketheresponsibilityofdisassemblingvehicles,andthestateisgoingtosetupasuperscalebaseforreuseofcarsinTianjin,whereboastsoneofthelargestfactoriesforelectronicaccessories,cellphones,andautomobileworks.

Forsmallhouseholdthings,peoplecouldchoosetoselltheminsecond-handmarket,includingfurniture,homeelectronicappliances,wearing,books,andtools,etc.Mostofthemwillbeboughtbyfloatingpopulationandurbanpoorpeople,orbyprivatewaste-collectingworkshops,andthentransporttoruralarea.Thiskindofmarketwillboomespeciallywhentherearesomeresident-buildingreconstructionsoccurred.

Theruleofthereusemarketisthatiftheoutdatedonescouldberepairedorre-assembled,theywillentertheurbanmarketwithanewface;ifthereisnomarketforthemincities,dealerswilltrythevillagers,whohaveanurgentrequirementforthe“new”productsduetomajoramountofruralpopulation.Thisisespeciallytrueforpopulargoods,suchascarsandhomeelectronicequipmentsuchasTVsets,refrigerators,VCD/DVDplayers,cellphones,MP3players,andsoon.Duetoitscontroversialandinfluentialcharacteristics,theelectronicwastereusewillbediscussedseparatelyinthefollowingpart.

ReuseofElectronicequipment

TheindustryofelectronicwastereuseandrecyclingrestrictedtoseveralcoastalprovincessuchasTianjin,Fujian,Guangdong,andShandong.Becausetheimportedelectronicwastescouldeasilybeprocessedwhentheyreachtheharbour,todate,mostoftheelectronicwastesarefromabroad.Forexample,inDongguan(GuangdongProvince),therelotsofshopsdealingwithtelevisionsets,discardedelectronicscomponentsandequipmentcases.TheoldTVsetsfromoverseasaretakenapart,reassembledandthenreadiedforsaleas“new”ones,withthepricerangingfromUS$40–60.(WorldWatch)

EconomicimpactsofrecyclinginChina

ThespecialfeatureonwasterecyclinginChina,probablythecommonfeatureindevelopingcountries,isthatmanuallabourerswillsiftthroughunsegregatedwastetosearchformaterialsthatcanbesoldintherecyclingmarket.Thesewastepickersarepartoftheinformalsectorbutplayasignificantroleinreducingtheloadonmunicipalwastemanagement(Wikipedia).

Therecyclingmarketprosperswiththerapiddevelopmentoftheeconomy.Forinstance,inShanghai,lessthan1,000of10,000discardedhandsetsarerecycledmonthly(WorldWatch).Thedevelopmentofeconomyneedsmoreandmorerawmaterials,whichgreatlyoutweighdomesticindustryofrecycle.Whenrecyclingindustrycouldnotmeetthedevelopmentofmanufacturingindustries,theyturntoimportwastefromdevelopedcountries.Inaddition,landfillchargesaresouringdramaticallyinthesewealthynations,sosendingthewasteabroadmakesitrelativelycheaper.Forexample,regulationsinEuropetendtostrengthenthissituation,becausetheyrequirelocalauthoritiesandbusinessestorecyclemore.

China’sentryintoWTOfacilitatestheprocessofimportingallsortsofwaste,andshehasbecometheworld’slargestwastedumpingnation(EASUR2005).Butthestate-supportedcompanycouldnotcompetewithprivateworkshopswithoutlicense,becausetheycouldalwaysmanagetoimportwasteeventhroughsmuggling,whichpartlyduetoineffectiveregulationsandbeincapableofinvestigatingallimportedgoodsinChina.Thesmallscalerecyclinghasbeendoneinbackstreetswithlittleenvironmentalstandards.

HealthProblemsandEnvironmentalConsiderations

Eightypercentoftheworld’selectronicwastehasbeenexportedtoAsia,90percentofwhichflowsintoChina(Puckett2002).Mostofthetime,familyrecyclingworkshopsarethefinalstopsofthesejunk,peopledisassemblethemmanually,wearingjustrubberglovesorevennothing.Theyarefullyexposedtotoxicmetalssuchaslead,cadmium,andmercury,andtohazardouscompoundssuchasacidsandPCBs(GreenPeace2005).

China’selectronicwastesituationrevealsthatcommonlyusedrecyclingpracticescanharmtheenvironmentmorethanthewasteitself(WorldWatch).InvestigationsbyGreenpeacefoundthatworkersusuallyuseacidtodissolvemetalscontainedintheelectronics,washedresiduesaredirectlychanneledintonearbywaterbodies.Componentsincapableofbeingrecycledaresenttolandfillsoropenlyburned,withareleaseofadditionaltoxicsmogintotheatmosphere(GreenPeace2005).

RegulationsonMSWrecycling

ChinahasgraduallyawaredthatdevelopedcountriesareexportingtheirpollutiontoChinaandhaveimposedstrictlawsgoverningwhatcanbeexported.Forinstance,"WasteHomeApplianceandElectronicProductsRecyclingandManagementRule"hasbeendraftedbytheNationalDevelopmentandReformCommissionandisgoingtobeformallyimplementedin2007.AccordingtothedraftoftheRule,theobligationofhomeappliancedealersandserviceproviderstoacceptanddisposeofobsoleteapplianceshasbeendefined.ThereleaseoftheRuleisanticipatedtowell-managethetanglysituationinChina’selectronicwasterecyclingmarket(WorldWatch).Thisshowsthatauthoritiesexpecthomeappliancemanufacturersandelectronicretailerswillcooperatetomakecontributionstotheelectronicwastereclaimingandrecyclingprocess.

Actually,someelectronicsretailershavealreadybeenpreparingforthecomingrule;forexampleSuningElectronicApplianceGroupandZhejiang-basedmanufacturerHuaxinghavesignedaagreementtoworkonelectronicwasterecycling,whichincludesthatfromJanuary2007,BeijingSuningwillsendallthewasteandusedhomeappliancesthroughits‘ChangingtheOldforNew’policytoHuaxingfordisposal(WorldWatch).

CONCLUSION

StandardizationofMSWdefinition,categories,andmeasurementisnecessaryinChinatomakesureinformationavailabilityfordecision-makers,researchersandindustries,etc.

Itisalackoftheconsistantpoliciesandregulationofwastemanagementthroughthewholecountry.BuildingupanationallegislationandpolicyframeisessentialtopromoteintegratedsustainableMSWmanagement.

ThequantityofMSWgrowsdramaticallyinurbanareasofChina,thussourcereductionisakeychallengeandprioritytotheMSWmanagement.

TheoperationconditionoflandfillshouldbeimprovedTheyneedtobeslopedtominimizeleachate,developedinstages,andoperatedaccordingtointernationalstandardsfor‘sanitarylandfills’.Moreattentionshouldbepaidforpostclosureusesoflandfills.

IncineratorsinChinaaregrowinginpopularitybuttheirgrowthisoftendrivenbyartificialandnon-sustainablesubsidiesandnon-transparentfinancingstructures,aswellasalackofunderstandingandexperienceaboutincinerationfacilities.Comprehensivecost-benefitanalysisisneededinallcases.

Creatingaholisticreclaiming,processing,andrecycling(reuse)system,standardizecurrentdifferentiatedregionalrecyclingnetworksisnecessaryforrecyclingindustry.

Part2MSWManagementinTaiwan

INTRODUCTION

Before1984,therearenoproperlymeasuresorpoliciesforthedisposalofmunicipalsolidwaste(MSW)inTaiwan.Largeportionsofmunicipalwastesweredisposedofintothefieldrandomly,anditsometimescausedseveralsanitaryproblems.Toavoidthis,Taiwangovernmentcomposed“MunicipalWasteTreatmentAct”in1984whichmainlyappliessanitarylandfillstotreatmunicipalwastes.TaiwanEnvironmentalProtectionAdministration(TEPA)assistslocalgovernmentstoestablishseverallandfillsfortheirowndisposalofMSW.However,withthegraduallyincreasingdemandoflanduse,theamountofwastes,andcitizenrequirementforgoodenvironmentalquality,usinglandfillstomanagethewastedisposalhadbecomeanotherenvironmentalproblem.Additionally,theappearanceofopposingopinionsfromresidentsagainstthelocallandfillsalsogainsthedifficultiestocontinueoperatinglandfills.Therefore,theTaiwangovernmentrevised“MunicipalWasteTreatmentAct”in1991whichappliestheincinerationapproachinsteadoftheoriginalone—landfills.Thegovernmentnotonlybudgetedfor21incinerators,butalsogaveanimpetustoBuild-Operate-Transfer(BOT)projectswhichwouldreducethefinancialloadingofgovernmentforanother15incineratorsjustinordertohandlethehugeamountsofdailywastes.However,dioxinemissionfromincineratorshasbecomeasignificantissueandtheconceptof“zerowaste”hasgraduallyformedrecently.TheutilizationofwasteincineratorsfortacklingtheMSWprobleminasustainablewayhasbeendoubted.TheTEPAfurtheraddedseveralmeasuresforwasterecyclingandwastesourcereductiontotheActin1997and2000.Thesemeasuresincluding“CompulsoryGarbageSeparation”,“CooperativeResourceRecycling”,“CompostingRecycling”and“Feeper-bag”havesuccessfullyenhancedtheMSWreductionandrecyclingefficiency.Undertheseeffectivemeasures,thetotalrecyclingratioofMSWisapproaching30%,andtheamountsofreductionareabout0.6milliontonsrightnow.Somesignificantandsuccessfulmeasureswouldbeexplicitlyreviewedbothinwastereductionandrecyclingaspectsasthefollowing.

WASTEREDUCTION

“Feeper-bag”Measure

“Feeper-bag”measurewhichwasaneconomicinstrumenttoreducetheMSWfromthesourcewasinitiatedin2000inTaiwan.Underthismeasure,peopleshouldpurchaseaspecialtrashbag,whichcostsabout1.5Eurofora40L-bag,fortheirnon-recyclablegarbagedisposal.Thelocalgovernmentalsoprovidedfreeserviceofcollectionforrecyclablegarbageandcomposting.Itsuccessfullyencouragedthepublictoseparatetheresourcewasteinthebeginningstageofwastegeneration.Tostrengthentheimplementationof“Feeper-bag”measure,someothersupportivemeasuresasfollowingswerealsoconductedtocooperatewith.(Chen,2005)

Increasingthefrequencyofcollectingrecyclablewaste(3timesperweek)andaddingadditionalcollectingpointsforrecyclablewasteinthedaytime.

Decreasingthefrequencyofcollectingnon-recyclablewaste.

Establishinglocalrecyclingstationsineachcommunity.

Promotingfleamarketstoencouragetheexchangeofsecondhandgoods.

Initiating“CompulsoryGarbageSeparation”measurestoenforcepublicwasteseparationonthesecondstageof“Feeper-bag”measurein2005.

Implementing“No-Touch-GroundGarbageCollection”measurewhichisaboutdirectcollectionofhouseholdwastefromeachareaatascheduledtime.

Givinganimpetustotheprivatizationofrecyclingbusinesses.

WASTERECYCLING

“CooperativeResourceRecycling”Measure

“CooperativeResourceRecycling”projectwasimplementedin1997.ThestrategicschemeshowninFig.1intendedtostrengthenthenetworkofwasterecyclingamonglocalcommunity,localgovernment,collectionorganization,andrecyclingfundsleviedfrommanufacturer.(Hung,2005)Throughtheeconomicincentivewhichisthesubsidy,mainlyfromrecyclingfunds,totheunitsinvolvinginwasteseparation,itensuredthestableandhighlywillingrecyclingsystemandalsoenhancedtheefficiencyandeffectivenessofwasterecycling.

Fig.1“CooperativeResourceRecycling”StrategicScheme

“CompostingRecycling”Measure

DuetothetraditionalChinesediethabits,theMSWinTaiwancontainsalargeportionofcomposting,whichisabout20%~30%.(ChiouandChiang,2005)However,duringtheMSWtreatmentprocesses,largecontainingofcompostinginMSWsometimesmighteasilygenerateodorsinlandfillsandalsoreducetheefficiencyofincineration.ItisbettertoseparatethecompostingfromthedailyMSW.From2001,TEPAinitiatedthe“CompostingRecycling”projectandassistedthelocalgove