機(jī)載監(jiān)視系統(tǒng)課件：近地警告系統(tǒng)

近地警告系統(tǒng)（GPWS）CFIT（可控飛行撞地）CFIT:Controlledflightintoterrain.為民航兩大主要航空事故之一（ALA：

ApproachandLanding），為一架飛機(jī)由機(jī)師正常控制，但因?yàn)橐恍┦д`而撞上地面、阻礙物或水面墜毀。根據(jù)國(guó)際民航組織的統(tǒng)計(jì)，可控飛行撞地是加裝GPWS之前商用噴氣飛機(jī)機(jī)體損毀事故和人員死亡事故的元兇。1974年，F(xiàn)AA開始對(duì)在美國(guó)空域飛行的航班上的GPWS進(jìn)行強(qiáng)制安裝要求（Honeywell），此后CFIT事故急劇減少。1985年后，CFIT事故每年僅發(fā)生1到2次，而強(qiáng)制要求安裝前每年發(fā)生7到8次。目前，全球幾乎所有的商用噴氣飛機(jī)均裝備GPWS。

GPWSisasystemdevelopedtohelppreventCFITaccidents.GPWS定義：地面迫近警告系統(tǒng)（GPWS,GroundProximityWarningSystem），又稱近地警告系統(tǒng)，是防止飛機(jī)因?yàn)殡x地過近而發(fā)生事故的系統(tǒng)，與TCAS搭配成為保護(hù)飛航安全的兩大防線。原理：GPWS在起飛開始到降落地面為止，持續(xù)監(jiān)視飛機(jī)離地高度，利用無(wú)線電高度表獲得離地高度，并且以電腦計(jì)算出飛機(jī)的飛行趨勢(shì)，若有危險(xiǎn)時(shí)會(huì)以視覺與語(yǔ)音警告飛行員采取避險(xiǎn)措施。EGPWSEnhancedGroundProximityWarningSystems

(EGPWS),alsocalled

TerrainAwarenessWarningSystems(TAWS).AlimitationofGPWSisthefactthatwithradaraltimeterinformationtheaircraftisonlycapableofseeingterraindirectlybelow.Inthecaseofrapidlyrisingterrainitmaynotreactquickenoughtoissueawarningintime.EGPWScorrectsthisproblembyintegratinganaircraftnavigationalsourceintothesystem.GPSpositioninconjunctionwithaterraindatabaseisusedtohelppredictterrainconflict.Honeywe11公司在原有GPWS基礎(chǔ)上，開發(fā)出新型增強(qiáng)型近地警告計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)，該系統(tǒng)不僅增加了警告時(shí)間，還提供非常直觀的地形顯示，方便機(jī)組發(fā)現(xiàn)潛在的危險(xiǎn)地形狀況，避免CFIT事故的發(fā)生。HOWITWORKSGPWS是當(dāng)航機(jī)在異常接近地障的狀況下,使用語(yǔ)音,燈號(hào)以及在螢?zāi)伙@示警告文字來警告飛行員.這套系統(tǒng)只有在RA(RadioAltitude)2450尺以下才會(huì)作用啟動(dòng).

TheheartoftheGPWSisacomputerprocessorwhichwhichcananalyzethedatafrom:Radaraltimeter（雷達(dá)高度計(jì)）Airdatacomputer（大氣數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算機(jī)）UHFNavreceiver（Ultra-highfrequency導(dǎo)航接收機(jī)）Gearandflapindicatingsystem（起落架和襟翼指示系統(tǒng)）Rollattitudeinputsensor（滾動(dòng)姿態(tài)輸入傳感器）Thecomputeranalyzesanumberofparametersincludingaircraftconfiguration,speed,proximitytoterrain,anddescentrateinordertoissueappropriatewarnings.EnhancedGPWSFeaturesInadditiontoretainingcurrentGPWSalertingfunctions,theEGPWSofferstwonewmajorfeatures:Look-aheadterrainalerting.

Terraindisplay.

EGPWS:Look-aheadTerrainAlertingTheEGPWSprovidescaution-and–warning-levelalertstotheflightcrewaboutpotentialterrainconflictsearlierthanbasicGPWS.ThealertsarebasedprimarilyontheairplanepositionandbarometricaltitudeinformationpassedtotheEGPWS.Eitheraflightmanagementsystem(FMS)orglobalpositioningsystem(GPS)canprovideairplaneposition(latitudeandlongitude)totheEGPWS.Thelook-aheaddistancevariesmainlywithgroundspeed,Thelook-aheadcautionalertisprovidedapproximately40to60secondsbeforeapotentialterrainconflict,andthelook-aheadwarningalertisprovidedapproximately20to30secondsbeforesuchaconflict.Thealtitudeoffsetisnormally700feet(213m)belowtheairplane.Thepurposeoftheoffsetistoprovideterrainalertingwhentheairplanehaslessthanthenormalterrainclearance.EGPWS:

TerrainDisplayTheEGPWSterraindisplayisdesignedtoincreaseflightcrewawarenessofthesurroundingterrainandtopotentiallyavoidterrainconflictsentirely.Theterraindisplaycanbeselectedmanuallybytheflightcrewordisplayedautomaticallywhenalook-aheadcautionorwarningalertactivates.TheterrainisdisplayedontheElectronicHorizontalSituationIndicator(EHSI)ornavigationdisplay(ND),oronadedicatedweatherradardisplayinflightdeckswithoutmapdisplays.Theterrainisshownonthedisplayindottedpatternsofred,amber,andgreen,withthecolorsindicatingtheheightoftheterrainrelativetothecurrentairplanealtitude. --dottedred:2,000feet(610m)abovetheairplanealtitude

--dottedamber:from500feet(152m)belowthecurrentairplanealtitudeto2,000feet(610m)above --dottedgreen:500feet(152m)belowToreduceclutteronthedisplay,anyterrainmorethan2,000feet(610m)belowtheairplaneisnotdisplayed,andinsteadremainsthebackgroundcolorofblack.Becausetheterraincolorsaredisplayedrelativetothecurrentairplanealtitude,thecolorswillchangeastheairplaneclimbsordescends.InthoseareasoftheworldforwhichtheEGPWSterraindatabasedoesnotyetcontainterraindata,adottedmagentapatternwillshowonthedisplay.EGPWS:

TerrainDisplayReferencealtitudePeakdisplayThefollowingimageillustratesthePeaksdisplayatahighrelativealtitude.ThefollowingimageillustratesthePeaksdisplayatalowrelativealtitude.如何發(fā)出警告

EGPWS可以向機(jī)組提供警戒或警告信息。當(dāng)前飛行狀況導(dǎo)致EGPWS警戒或警告啟動(dòng)時(shí)，無(wú)論機(jī)組是否選擇，地形圖將強(qiáng)制性的自動(dòng)顯示在飛行儀表上。在EGPWS中，計(jì)算機(jī)沿著飛機(jī)的預(yù)定航跡連續(xù)搜索地形數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，這樣可使系統(tǒng)具有虛擬的前視能力。若飛機(jī)正在下降，計(jì)算機(jī)會(huì)沿下滑航跡進(jìn)行搜索；若飛機(jī)正在轉(zhuǎn)彎，則沿轉(zhuǎn)彎航跡搜索。如果EGPWS認(rèn)為飛機(jī)的航跡在某處與地形太近，它會(huì)提前一分鐘以上發(fā)出音頻和視頻告警信號(hào)。當(dāng)EGPWS系統(tǒng)發(fā)出告警時(shí)，在飛行儀表上將用彩色固定方塊來加以強(qiáng)調(diào)，表示會(huì)引發(fā)危險(xiǎn)的地形，同時(shí)還伴隨有相應(yīng)的音響告警。固定的紅色方塊表示地形處在30秒的飛行時(shí)間范圍內(nèi)，要求機(jī)組立即執(zhí)行避開地形機(jī)動(dòng)程序；而固定的黃色方塊則表示地形處在大約30到60秒的飛行時(shí)間范圍內(nèi)，要求機(jī)組立即檢查飛行軌跡按需修正，并執(zhí)行相應(yīng)地形機(jī)動(dòng)程序。

OperationmodeMode1:ExcessiveDescentRate(過度的下降速率)。（"SINKRATE""PULLUP"）Mode2:ExcessiveClosuretoTerrain(過度的地障接近率)。（"TERRAIN...TERRAIN""PULLUP"）Mode3:AltitudeLossAfterTakeoff(在航機(jī)起飛（Takeoff）或重飛（Goaround）爬升時(shí)航機(jī)高度值過度下降(Altitudeloss))。（"DON'TSINK"）Mode4:UnsafeTerrainClearance(與地障的間距不足)（未放下起落架或襟翼小于30度等）。（"TOOLOW-TERRAIN""TOOLOW-GEAR""TOOLOW-FLAPS"）Mode5:ExcessiveDeviationBelowGlideslope(儀器降落時(shí)與下滑道（Glideslope）的誤差過大)。("GLIDESLOPE")Mode6:AdvisoryCallouts(正常下降時(shí)的提醒)。(“BankAngle”

“FiveHundred”

“Minimums”)Mode7:WindshearAlerting(當(dāng)飛機(jī)遭受風(fēng)切變警訊)。(“Caution,Windshear”

“Windshear,Windshear,Windshear”)OperationmodeMode1:ExcessiveDescentRate(過度的下降速率)OperationmodeMode2:ExcessiveClosuretoTerrain(過度的地障接近率)OperationmodeMode3:AltitudeLossAfterTakeoff(在航機(jī)起飛（Takeoff）或重飛（Goaround）爬升時(shí)航機(jī)高度值過度下降(Altitudeloss))OperationmodeMode4:UnsafeTerrainClearance(與地障的間距不足)（未放下起落架或襟翼小于30度等）OperationmodeMode5:ExcessiveDeviationBelowGlideslope(儀器降落時(shí)與下滑道（Glideslope）的誤差過大)OperationmodeMode6:AdvisoryCallouts(正常下降時(shí)的提醒)calloutswouldbemadebythepilotnotflying(PNF).TerrainClearanceFloor(TCF)TheTerrainClearanceFloor(地形凈空基底或地形凈空平面)function(enabledwithTAD)enhancesthebasicGPWSModesbyalertingthepilotofdescentbelowadefined"TerrainClearanceFloor"regardlessoftheaircraftconfiguration.TheTCFalertisafunctionoftheaircraft'sRadioAltitudeanddistancerelativetothecentreofthenearestordestinationrunwayincludedinthedatabase.TCFenvelopeRunwayFieldClearanceFloor(RFCF)跑道高于周圍地形的機(jī)場(chǎng)。ARFCFfeatureissimilartotheTCFfeatureexceptthatRFCFisbasedonthecurrentaircraftpositionandheightabovethedestinationrunway,usingGeometricAltitude(