下載本文檔
版權(quán)說(shuō)明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請(qǐng)進(jìn)行舉報(bào)或認(rèn)領(lǐng)
文檔簡(jiǎn)介
2021年托福閱讀PASSAGE73
試題及答案
PASSAGE73
Theinterrelationshipofscience,technology,andindustryistakenforgrantedtoday —summedup,notaltogetheraccurately,as"researchanddevelopment."Yethistoricallythiswidespreadfaithintheeconomicvirtuesofscienceisarelativelyrecentphenomenon,datingbackintheUnitedStatesabout150years,andintheWesternworldasawholenotover300yearsatmost.Eveninthiscurrenteraoflargescale,intensiveresearchanddevelopment,theinterrelationshipsinvolvedinthisprocessarefrequentlymisunderstood.UntilthecomingoftheIndustrialRevolution,scienceandtechnologyevolvedforthemostpartindependentlyofeachother.Thenasindustrializationbecameincreasinglycomplicated,thecrafttechniquesofpreindustrialsocietygraduallygavewaytoatechnologybasedonthesystematicapplicationofscientificknowledgeandscientificmethods.Thischangeoverstartedslowlyandprogressedunevenly.Untillateinthenineteenthcentury,onlyafewindustriescouldusescientifictechniquesorcaredaboutusingthem.Thelistexpandednoticeablyafter1870,buteventhenmuchofwhatpassedfortheapplicationofsciencewas"engineeringscience"ratherthanbasicscience.
Nevertheless,bythemiddleofthenineteenthcentury,therapidexpansionofscientificknowledgeandofpublicawareness—ifnotunderstanding—ofithadcreatedabeliefthattheadvanceofsciencewouldinsomeunspecifiedmannerautomaticallygenerateeconomicbenefits.
Thewidespreadandusuallyuncriticalacceptanceofthisthesisledinturntotheassumptionthattheapplicationofsciencetoindustrialpurposeswasalinearprocess,startingwithfundamentalscience,thenproceedingtoappliedscienceortechnology,andthroughthemtoindustrialuse.Thisisprobablythemostcommonpattern,butitisnotinvariable.Newareasofsciencehavebeenopenedupandfundamentaldiscoveriesmadeasaresultofattemptstosolveaspecifictechnicaloreconomicproblem.Conversely,scientistswhomainlydobasicresearchalsoserveasconsultants
onprojectsthatapplyresearchinpracticalways.
Insum,thescience-technology-industryrelationshipmayflowinseveraldifferentways,andtheparticularchannelitwillfollowdependsontheindividualsituation.Itmayattimesevenbemultidirectional.
1. Whatistheauthor'smainpurposeinthepassage?
(A) Toshowhowtechnologyinfluencedbasicscience
(B) Todescribethescientificbaseofnineteenth-centuryAmericanindustries
(C) Tocorrectmisunderstandingsabouttheconnectionsbetweenscience,technology,andindustry
(D) Toarguethatbasicsciencehasnopracticalapplication
2. Theword"altogether"inline2isclosestinmeaningto
(A) completely
(B) realistically
(C) individually
(D) understandably
3. Theword"intensive"inline5isclosestinmeaningto
(A) decreased
(B) concentrated
(C) creative
(D) advanced
4. The"list"mentionedinline13refersto
(A) typesofscientificknowledge
(B) changesbroughtbytechnology
(C) industriesthatusedscientifictechniques
(D) applicationsofengineeringscience
5. Theunderstandingofresearchanddevelopmentinthelatenineteenthcenturyisbasedonwhichofthefollowing?
(A) Engineeringscienceisnotveryimportant.
(B) Fundamentalsciencenaturallyleadstoeconomicbenefits.
(C) Therelationshipbetweenresearchanddevelopmentshouldbecriticized.
(D) Industrialneedsshoulddeterminewhatareasfundamentalsciencefocuseson.
6. Theword"it"inline16refersto
(A) understanding
(B) publicawareness
(C) scientificknowledge
(D) expansion
7. Theword"assumption"inline19isclosestinmeaningto
(A) regulation
(B) belief
(C) contract
(D) confusion
8. Whydoestheauthormention"consultants"inline25?
(A) Toshowhownewareasofsciencehavegivenrisetonewprofessions
(B) Todistinguishbetweenscientistswhoworkinindustryandthosewhodonot
(C) Toexplainthewaysinwhichscientistsfindfinancialsupportfortheirwork
(D) Toshowhowscientistswhoworkinbasicresearchcontributetoappliedscience
9. Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesthepassagesupport?
(A) Thedevelopmentofscienceandofindustryisnowinterdependent.
(B
溫馨提示
- 1. 本站所有資源如無(wú)特殊說(shuō)明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請(qǐng)下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
- 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請(qǐng)聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
- 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁(yè)內(nèi)容里面會(huì)有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒(méi)有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒(méi)有圖紙。
- 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文庫(kù)網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲(chǔ)空間,僅對(duì)用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理,對(duì)用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對(duì)任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
- 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請(qǐng)與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
- 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時(shí)也不承擔(dān)用戶因使用這些下載資源對(duì)自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。
最新文檔
- TZJCFO 0002-2024 數(shù)據(jù)資產(chǎn)財(cái)務(wù)登記業(yè)務(wù)指南
- 2017年中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨執(zhí)政歷史和人民的選擇
- 超級(jí)經(jīng)典21個(gè)哲理啟示寓言故事
- 《講課腦血管病》課件
- 江蘇省連云港市灌云縣2025屆高考數(shù)學(xué)倒計(jì)時(shí)模擬卷含解析
- 北京市朝陽(yáng)區(qū)市級(jí)名校2025屆高考英語(yǔ)四模試卷含解析
- 2025屆遼寧省普通高中學(xué)高考臨考沖刺語(yǔ)文試卷含解析
- 山東省寧陽(yáng)市2025屆高考沖刺押題(最后一卷)英語(yǔ)試卷含解析
- 廣東珠海二中、斗門(mén)一中2025屆高三考前熱身語(yǔ)文試卷含解析
- 新疆阿克蘇地區(qū)沙雅縣第二中學(xué)2025屆高考數(shù)學(xué)一模試卷含解析
- 瀝青混凝土原材料要求
- 混凝土路面面層施工方案
- 采購(gòu)貨物驗(yàn)收?qǐng)?bào)告單
- 失禁性皮炎指南ppt課件
- 曲線運(yùn)動(dòng)課件
- 《閱讀》校本課程課程綱要
- 組合數(shù)學(xué)講義 2章 母函數(shù)
- 施工圖審查意見(jiàn)告知書(shū)
- 冀教版六年級(jí)上冊(cè)總結(jié)連詞成句
- 砌體樣板驗(yàn)收匯報(bào)報(bào)告 (5)
- 機(jī)械原理課程設(shè)計(jì)巧克力糖自動(dòng)包裝機(jī)
評(píng)論
0/150
提交評(píng)論