法律專業(yè)侵權行為中英文對照外文翻譯文獻

中英文對照外文翻譯TortsLeadinglegalwritersagreethatnoonehassatisfactorilydefinedatort.thisispartlybecausetortsaresocommon,sowidespreadandsovaried.Youarefarmorelikelytobethevictimofatortthanofacrime,andyouarealsofarmorelikelytocommitatortthanacrime.Atortisacivilwrongagainstanindividual.Acrime,ontheotherhand,isanoffenseagainstthepublicatlarge,orthestate.Anautomobiledriverwhocarelesslybumpsintoyourcarinaparkinglotandcrumplesthefenderhadcommittednocrime.Suppose,however,thatafterleavingtheparkinglotthesamedrivergoestoanearbybar,downssixwhiskeys,thencareensthroughacrowdedcitystreetatfiftymilesanhour.Nowhehascommittedatleastthesecrimes:drunkendriving,recklessdrivingandendangeringthelivesofothers.Butunlessheactuallydamagesanothercarorinjuressomeonehehasnotviolatedtherightsofnayindividual.Acrime,then,iswrongfulactagainstsociety.Whenacrimeiscommitted,itisthestate’sresponsibilitytoinvestigate,prosecuteandbeartheexpenseoflegalactingagainstthedefendant,inthecourthandlingcriminalmatters.Atort,ontheotherhand,isanactthatviolatesyourprivateorpersonalrights.Ifyoubelievesomeonehasviolatedyourpersonalrights——buthasnotactedagainsttheinterestsofthepublicasawhole——itisentirelyuptoyoutoseekreliefbysuinghiminthecivilcourts.Ifthepersonwhoyoubelievehaslegallyaggrievedyouisfoundliable——thatis,ifthejudgeorjuryfindsthathedidinfactinjureyouoryourproperty——hemayberequired(a)togiveyoureliefbypayingyou“damages”fortheinjuryorpropertylossyousuffered,(b)todiscontinuehiswrongfulactsor(c)torestoretoyouwhathetookfromyou.Inrarecaseshemaybeimprisoned.Allmonetarydamagesawardedtoyoubythecourtinyoursuitareofcourseyourstokeep.Bythesametoken,thecostofhiringalawyertohandleyourcaseisyourownpersonalexpireswhetheryouwinorlosethecase.Evenadefendantwhowinsmustbearhisownlegalcosts.Ifthetortisalsoacrime,twoseparatelegalactionsconfrontthewrongdoer:yoursandthestate’s.wewilldiscusslatertheeffectoftheseactionsoneachother.Buttheyareindependentofeachother.Atortisusuallycommittedwhensomeoneinjuresyouphysically,damagesormisusesyourproperty,attacksyourreputationwithoutjustificationortakesawayyourlibertyandfreedomofactionwithoutjustcause.Torecoverdamagesforatortyoumustproveeitherthattheactwascommittedwithdeliberateintent(aswhensomeonecirculatedalettercallingyouathief)orthatitwastheresultofnegligence(asinthecaseofthedriverintheparkinglotwhocarelesslyhityourcarwhenhehadadutytodrivecarefully).Inmostcasesyoumustprovethattheactinflictedactualdamageorinjuries.Amaliciousactthatdoesyounoharm,suchasathreattopunchyouinthenoseorashoveinacrowdedsubway,isnotasufficientcauseforlegalaction.Norareyoulikelytorecoverdamagesfromaneighborwhenthehealthy-lookingelmtreeinhisyardcrashesdownonyourroofinawindstorm.Thecrashwasnotsomethingheintended,norwasittheresultofhisnegligence.Apersonwhoisprovedtohavecommittedatorthaveresultedfromhisact.Amotoristwhosideswipesyourcar,causingyoutoserveandhitapedestrian,isresponsiblefordamagesbothtoyou(fortheinjuretoyourcar)andtothepedestrian(forhisdentalexpensesinreplacingthefalseteethknockedortwhenyourcarhithim).Amuggerwhoattacksyouonthestreet,leadingyou,indefendingyourself,toraiseyourumbrellasoquicklythatyouhitapasserby,isresponsiblebothtoyou(fortheshocktoyournervoussystem)andtothepasserby(forthecostofstitchinguphisscalp).Heisalsoguiltyofacrimeandcanbearrestedandprosecuted.Generallyspeaking,anyperson,youngorold,mentallycompetentornot,isresponsibleforhistorts:fortheconsequencesofhisactionstoothersinjuredbythoseactions.Thesamepersonwhointheeyesofthelawisnotmentallycompetenttocommitacrimemaynonethelessbeheldliableforcommittingatort.Almostallemployersareliableforthetortsoftheiremployeesiftheemployeecommittedtheharmfulactduringthecourseofhisemployment.Thelawusuallyholdsanemployerliableforwhathappenswhenhisemployeeiscarryingorthisinstructionsandworkingonhisbehalf.Butnotallemployers——especiallynotgovernmentalones.Thedoctrineofsovereignimmunity——thatthestatecannotbesuedexceptbyitsownconsent——severelylimitsyourrighttosuegovernmentsandgovernmentalbodesforthetortsoftheiremployees.Somepeoplemaynotbeheldliableintortactions.Amongthemarebusbandsandwives.Whoarenotconsideredresponsibleforeachother’storts,andparents,whoarenotusuallyliableforthetortsoftheirchildren.Manypeoplearenotawareofthis.Butifyourten-year-oldsoncarelesslyknocksabaseballthroughastorewindowyouarenotlegallyresponsibleforthecostofreplacingit——despitetheowner’sangryprotests.Thesituationchanges,however,ifaparentknowsthathischildhasdevelopedwhatlawyerscallaviciouspropensitytocommitactsthatinjureotherpeopleortheirproperty.Iftheneighborhoodbullyhasahabitofgoingaroundhittingsmallerchildrenandstoningdogsandcats,andifhisparentsknowabouthishabitualbadbehavior,thecourtmightfindthatitwastheirdutytorestrainandcontrolhim.Iftheyallowhimtocontinueinhisdestructiveways,theymightbefoundliablefordamagehecaused.Inaddition,somestateshavepassedlawsthatdomaketheparentsresponsibleforwillfuldamagecausedbytheirminorchild.Policeofficers,sheriffsandotherpeaceofficersactinginthecourseoftheirofficialdutiesarenotliableintortunlesstheyuseexcessiveforceorexceedtheirauthorityindischargingtheirduties.Thesamegeneralruleappliestomanykindsofpublicofficialsworkingunderactualorevenimpliedordersfromtheirsuperiors.Youcan’tsuetheovereagertaxcollectorwhochargesyouanexcessiverealestatelevy.Youmaypaythemoneyunderprotestandsuetheseniorofficialincharge,orthemunicipality,forarefundofyouroverpayment,butthecollectorissafe.譯文:侵權行為主要的法學著作家都同意：誰也沒有給侵權行為下過一個令人滿意的定義。之所以如此，其部分愿意在于侵權行為司空見慣、比比皆是而又五花八門。人們可能成為侵權行為被害人的機會要比可能成為犯罪行被害人的機會多得多，而人們可能侵權的機會也要比可能犯罪的機會多得多。侵權是對某個人的民違法行為；而犯罪，則是對全社會或對國家的犯罪行為。一位不慎在停車場內碰了你的東西且撞歪了你車上保險杠的汽車司機已經侵犯了你的財產權，但是他沒有犯什么罪?？墒?，假定這位司機在離開停車場后，走進了附近的一家酒吧間，灌下了六份威士忌酒，然后以每小時五十英里的車速在一條交通擁擠的市內馬路上曲線駕駛；那么這下子他至少已經犯下了下列罪行；酗酒駕車、開猛車和危害他人生命安全。但是除非實際損壞了他人汽車或傷害了他人身體，他還沒有侵犯任何人的權利。所以，犯罪是針對社會的違法行為。只要有人犯罪，國家就有責任偵查，在刑事法院追訴并負擔對被告依法起訴的費用。在另一方面，侵權是侵犯他人的私人或人身權利的行為。如果你肯定某人雖已侵犯了你的個人權利卻尚無侵犯社會作為一個整體的利益，那么是否要上民事法院去告他以謀求救助，這就全得由你自己來決定了。如果你肯定此人已經在法律上侵犯了你而且應對此負責——這就是說，法官或陪審官認為他確已經侵犯了你或你的財產——那么都可以要求他：（甲因使你受到了人身傷害或財產損而向你給付損害賠償從而使你在法律上獲得救助；（乙）停止其違法行為或（丙）恢復原狀。一般他是不會坐牢的。在訴訟上由法院判給你的金錢賠償，當然全歸你所有。日期，不管你勝訴還是敗訴，你聘請的律師辦案的費用就由你自己支付了。甚至一個勝訴的被告也得擔負他自己的法律費用。如果同一個行為既屬侵權又是犯罪，那么違法行為就面臨兩種獨立的起訴：以你為原告的訴訟和以國家為原告的訴訟。至于這兩種訴訟之相互影響，我們以后再談。但那是兩件互相獨立的訴訟。通常侵權行為發(fā)生于下列場合：有人傷害你的身體，損害或濫用你的財產，無緣無故地攻擊你的名譽或無正當理由而剝奪你的行動自由。為了因他人的侵權行為而請求損害賠償，你必須證明該行為或系出于故意（如向他人分發(fā)通函，說你是賊）或由過失（如在停車場內負有小心駕車之責的司機不慎碰撞了你的汽車）所致。在大多數情況下，你必須證明該行為確已造成現實的損害或傷害，一個無損于你的惡意行為，如有人威脅要揍你的鼻子或在擁擠的地鐵里推你一下，那都不是依法起訴的充分理由。同樣，如果鄰居院子里有一棵看來是勁健有力的榆樹在風暴中倒在你的屋頂上，你大半是不能向你鄰居要求損害賠償的，因為榆樹之倒下既非處于他的故意，又非他的過失所造成的已被證明是侵權行為者，要對業(yè)經證明系因其行為所造成的損害承擔責任。一個從你車邊擦撞而過，使你曲線避讓而撞了行人的另車司機既要對你（因為他碰壞了你的車）也要對行人（因為你的汽車碰掉了他那口假牙，他得花錢請牙科醫(yī)生另配一副牙）負損害賠償之責。街道上有一個行兇