2022年考研外語考試真題及答案77

2022年考研外語考試真題及答案

一、Section1"SectionI”

1、依據(jù)以下材料回答1?20題：

Directions：

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordforeachnumbered

blankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthan

othersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.

ButGregoryCochranis(1)tosayitanyway.Heis

that___(2)___bird,ascientistwhoworksindependently

___(3)___anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathat

somediseasesnot___(4)___thoughttohaveabacterialcause

wereactuallyinfections,whicharousedMuchcontroversywhen

itwasfirstsuggested.

___(5)___he,however,mighttrembleatthe___(6)___of

whatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientists,

heispublishingapaperwhichnotonly___(7)thatonegroup

ofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothers,butexplains

theprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroup

in___(8)___areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentral

Europe.Theprocessisnaturalselection.

ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest,___(9)___12-15

pointsabovethe(10)___valueof100,andhavecontributed

___(11)___totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWest,

asthe___(12)oftheirelites,includingseveral

world-renownedscientists,___(13)___.Theyalsosuffermore

oftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseases,

suchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts,___(14)___,havepreviously

beenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen___(15)___to

socialeffects,suchasastrongtraditionof___(16)___

education.Thelatterwasseenasa(an)___(17)___ofgenetic

isolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceand

diseasesareintimately___(18)___.Hisargumentisthatthe

unusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas___(19)___themtounique

evolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis___(20)___

stateofaffairs.

第1題請選擇⑴處最佳答案()o

A.selected

B.prepared

C.obliged

D.pleased

2、第2題請選擇⑵處最佳答案()。

___Q

M2

A.unique

B.particular

C.special

D.rare

3、第3題請選擇⑶處最佳答案（）。

A.of

B.with

C.in

D.against

4、第4題請選擇（4）處最佳答案（）。

A.subsequently

B.presently

C.previously

D.lately

5、第5題請選擇⑸處最佳答案（）。

A.Only

B.So

C.Even

D.Hence

6、第6題請選擇（6）處最佳答案（）。

A.thought

B.sight

C.cost

D.risk

7、第7題請選擇⑺處最佳答案（）。

A.advises

B.suggests

C.protests

D.objects

8、第8題請選擇（8）處最佳答案（）。

A.progress

B.fact

C.need

D.question

9、第9題請選擇（9）處最佳答案（）。

A.attaining

B.common

C.mean

D.calculating

10、第10題請選擇（10）處最佳答案（）。

A.normal

B.common

C.mean

D.total

11、第11題請選擇（11）處最佳答案（）o

A.unconsciously

B.disproportionately

C.indefinitely

D.unaccountably

12、第12題請選擇（12）處最佳答案（）o

A.missions

B.fortunes

C.interests

D.careers

13、第13題請選擇（13）處最佳答案（）o

A.affirm

B.witness

C.observe

D.approve

14、第14題請選擇（14）處最佳答案（）。

A.moreover

B.therefore

C.however

D.meanwhile

15、第15題請選擇（15）處最佳答案（）。

A.givenup

B.gotover

C.carriedon

D.putdown

16、第16題請選擇（16）處最佳答案（）。

A.assessing

B.supervising

C.administering

D.valuing

17、第17題請選擇（17）處最佳答案（）o

A.development

B.origin

C.consequence

D.instrument

18、第18題請選擇（18）處最佳答案（）。

A.1inked

B.integrated

C.woven

D.combined

19、第19題請選擇（19）處最佳答案（）。

A.limited

B.subjected

C.converted

D.directed

20、第20題請選擇(20)處最佳答案()o

A.paradoxical

B.incompatible

C.inevitable

D.continuous

二、Section【［"SectionII”

1、依據(jù)下列文章，回答21?25題。

Whilestillcatching-uptomeninsomespheresofmodernlife,

womenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirable

category.Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodeveloping

depressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscompared

tomen,accordingtoDr.Yehuda,chiefpsychiatristatNew

York,'sVeteran''sAdministrationHospital.

Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsex

hormonessomehowaffectsthestressresponse,causingfemales

understresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthando

malesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudies,when

stressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries(thefemale

reproductiveorgans)removed,theirchemicalresponsesbecame

equaltothoseofthemales.

Addingtoawoman，'sincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,

areherincreasedopportunitiesforstress.It''snot

necessarilythatwomendon，'tcopeaswell.It''sjustthatthey

havesomuchmoretocopewith,saysDr.Yehuda.Theircapacity

fortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen''s,she

observes,It''sjustthatthey''redealingwithsomanymore

thingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner.

Dr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes.I

thinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotend

tobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowar

andareexposedtocombatstress.Menareexposedtomoreacts

ofrandomphysicalviolence.Thekindsofinterpersonal

violencethatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomestic

situations,by,unfortunately,parentsorotherfamilynumbers,

andtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthat

comesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating.

AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason,butwad

determinedtofinishcollege.Istruggledalottogetthe

collegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthat

wasmyescape,togotoschool,andgetaheadanddobetter.

Laterhermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother.It''s

thehardestthingtotakecareofateenager,haveajob,pay

therent,paythecarpayment,andpaythedebt.Ilivedfrom

paychecktopaycheck.

Noteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronic

stressesAlvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayarecoping

withalotofobligations,withfewbreaks,andfeelingthe

strain.Alvarez''sexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceof

findingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealth

andyourabilitytofunction.

第21題Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirst

twoparagraphs?

A.Womenarebiologicallymorevulnerabletostress.

B.Womenarestillsufferingmuchstresscausedbymen.

C.Womenaremoreexperiencedthanmenincopingwithstress.

D.Menandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwith

stress.

2、

Dr.Yehuda'sresearchsuggeststhatwomen

A.needextradosesofchemicalstohandlestress.

B.havelimitedcapacityfortoleratingstress.

C.aremorecapableofavoidingstress.

D.areexposedtomorestress.

3、

AccordingtoParagraph4,thestresswomenconfronttendsto

be

A.domesticandtemporary.

B.irregularandviolent.

C.durableandfrequent.

D.trivialandrandom.

4、第24題ThesentenceIlivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.

(Line6,Para.5)showsthat

A.Alvarezcaredaboutnothingbutmakingmoney.

B.Alvarez''ssalarybarelycoveredherhouseholdexpenses.

C.Alvarezgotpaychecksfromdifferentjobs.

D.Alvarezpaidpracticallyeverythingbycheck.

5、

Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.StrainofStress:NoWayOut?

B.ResponsestoStress:GenderDifference

C.StressAnalysis:WhatChemicalsSay

D.GenderInequality:WomenUnderStress

6、依據(jù)下列文章，回答26?30題。

Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworking

togetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheir

researchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovethe

authorsnamesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsenditto

theirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,the

editorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.

Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisher,andresearchers

seekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothe

journal.

Nolonger.TheInternetandpressurefromfundingagencies,

whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoney

fromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit-

ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.The

OrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)

hasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reaching

consequencesofthis.Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoria

UniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makes

heavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsome

profits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangein

whathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientificendeavor.

Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublic

investmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistribution

andreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecore

scientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billion

and$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientific,

TechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan

2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.

Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome

16,000journals.

Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some

75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusiness

modelsareemerging;threemaininstitutionalsubscriberspay

foraccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthrough

site-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,

typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhisemployer)

topayforthepapertobepublished.Finally,thereare

open-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversities

orinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutional

repositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthese

three,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonly-

subscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,before

makingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.

Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalform,ofthepeer-review

process,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.

第26題Inthefirstparagraph,theauthordiscusses

A.thebackgroundinformationofjournalediting.

B.thepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreports.

C.therelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishers.

D.thetraditionalprocessofjournalpublication.

7、

WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDreport?

A.Itcriticizesgovernment-fundedresearch.

B.Itintroducesaneffectivemeansofpublication.

C.Itupsetsprofit-makingjournalpublishers.

D.Itbenefitsscientificresearchconsiderably.

8、

Accordingtothetext,onlinepublicationissignificantin

that

A.itprovidesaneasieraccesstoscientificresults.

B.itbringshugeprofitstoscientificresearchers.

C.itemphasizesthecrucialroleofscientificknowledge.

D.itfacilitatespublicinvestmentinscientificresearch.

9、

Withtheopen-accesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaper

isrequiredto

A.coverthecostofitspublication.

B.subscribetothejournalpublishingit.

C.allowotheronlinejournalstouseitfreely.

D.completethepeer-reviewbeforesubmission.

10、第30題Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemain

ideaofthepassage?

A.TheInternetisposingathreattopublishers.

B.Anewmodeofpublicationisemerging.

C.Authorswelcomethenewchannelforpublication.

D.Publicationisrenderedeasierbyonlineservice.

11、依據(jù)下列文章，回答31?35題。

Intheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneofonlythree

playersintheNationalBasketballAssociation(NBA)listed

atoversevenfeet.Ifhehadplayedlastseason,however,he

wou1dhavebeenoneof42.Thebodiesplayingmajorprofessional

sportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyears,andmanagers

havebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthe

growingnumbersofbigger,longerframes.

Thetrendinsports,though,maybeobscuringanunrecognized

reality:Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.Though

typicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsago,

today''speople-especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohave

livedintheU.S.formanygenerations-apparentlyreached

theirlimitintheearly1960s.Andtheyaren'tlikelytoget

anytaller.Inthegeneralpopulationtoday,atthisgenetic,

environmentallevel,we''veprettymuchgoneasfaraswecan

go,saysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightState

University.InthecaseofNBAplayers,theirincreaseinheight

appearstoresultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracticeof

recruitingplayersfromallovertheworld.

Growth,whichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20,

demandscaloriesandnutrients-notably,protein-tofeed

expandingtissues.Atthestartofthe20thcentury,

under-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.But

asdietandhealthimproved,childrenandadolescentshave,on

average,increasedinheightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery

20years,apatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.Yet

accordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,

averageheight-5*9"formen,5'4"forwomen-hasn,'treally

changedsince1960.

Geneticallyspeaking,thereareadvantagestoavoiding

substantialheight.Duringchildbirth,largerbabieshavemore

difficultypassingthroughthebirthcanal.Moreover,even

thoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyears,ourfeet

andbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcannot

easilywithstandrepeatedstrainimposedbyoversizelimbs.

Therearesomerealconstraintsthataresetbythegenetic

architectureoftheindividualorganism,saysanthropologist

WilliamLeonardofNorthwesternUniversity.

Geneticmaximumscanchange,butdon，'texpectthisto

happensoon.ClaireC.Gordon,senioranthropologistatthe

ArmyResearchCenterinNatick,Mass,ensuresthat90percent

oftheuniformsandworkstationsfitrecruitswithout

alteration.Shesaysthat,unlikethoseforbasketball,the

lengthofmilitaryuniformshasnotchangedforsometime.And

ifyouneedtopredicthumanheightinthenearfuturetodesign

apieceofequipment,Gordonsaysthatbyandlarge,youcould

usetoday'sdataandfeelfairlyconfident.

第31題WiltChamberlainiscitedasanexampleto

A.illustratethechangeofheightofNBAplayers.

B.showthepopularityofNBAplayersintheU.S...

C.comparedifferentgenerationsofNBAplayers.

D.assesstheachievementsoffamousNBAplayers.

12、

Whichofthefollowingplaysakeyroleinbodygrowth

accordingtothetext?

A.Geneticmodification.

B.Naturalenvironment.

C.Livingstandards.

D.Dailyexercise.

13、

Onwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormost

probablyagree?

A.Non-Americansaddtotheaverageheightofthenation.

B.Humanheightisconditionedbytheuprightposture.

C.Americansarethetallestonaverageintheworld.

D.Largerbabiestendtobecometallerinadulthood.

14、

Welearnfromthelastparagraphthatinthenearfuture

A.thegarmentindustrywillreconsidertheuniform,size.

B.thedesignofmilitaryuniformswillremainunchanged.

C.genetictestingwillbeemployedinselectingsportsmen.

D.theexistingdataofhumanheightwillstillbeapplicable.

15、

Thetextintendstotellusthat

A.thechangeofhumanheightfollowsacyclicpattern.

B.humanheightisbecomingevenmorepredictable.

C.Americanshavereachedtheirgeneticgrowthlimit.

D.thegeneticpatternofAmericanshasaltered.

16、依據(jù)下列文章，回答36?40題。

In1784,fiveyearsbeforehebecamepresidentoftheUnited

States,GeorgeWashington,52,wasnearlytoothless.Sohe

hiredadentisttotransplantnineteethintohisjaw-having

extractedthemfromthemouthsofhisslaves.

That'safardifferentimagefromthecherry-tree-chopping

Georgemostpeoplerememberfromtheirhistorybooks.But

recently,manyhistorianshavebeguntofocusontheroles

slaveryplayedinthelivesofthefoundinggeneration.They

havebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998,

whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredat

leastonechildwithhisslaveSallyHemings.Andonlyoverthe

past30yearshavescholarsexaminedhistoryfromthebottom

up.Worksofseveralhistoriansrevealthemoralcompromises

madebythenation'searlyleadersandthefragilenatureof

thecountry'sinfancy.Moresignificantly,theyarguethatmany

oftheFoundingFathersknewslaverywaswrong-andyetmost

didlittletofightit.

Morethananything,thehistorianssay,thefounderswere

hamperedbythecultureoftheirtime.WhileWashingtonand

Jeffersonprivatelyexpresseddistasteforslavery,theyalso

understoodthatitwaspartofthepoliticalandeconomic

bedrockofthecountrytheyhelpedtocreate.

Foronething,theSouthcouldnotaffordtopartwithits

slaves.Owningslaveswas"likehavingalargebankaccount,“

saysWiencek,authorofAnImperfectGod:GeorgeWashington,

HisSlaves,andtheCreationofAmerica.Thesouthernstates

wou1dnothavesignedtheConstitutionwithoutprotectionsfor

the“peculiarinstitution,includingaclausethatcounteda

slaveasthreefifthsofamanforpurposesofcongressional

representation.

Andthestatesmen'spoliticallivesdependedonslavery.

Thethree-fifthsformulahandedJeffersonhisnarrowvictory

inthepresidentialelectionof1800byinflatingthevotesof

thesouthernstatesintheElectoralCollege.Onceinoffice,

JeffersonextendedslaverywiththeLouisianaPurchasein1803;

thenewlandwascarvedinto13states,includingthreeslave

states.

Still,JeffersonfreedHemings'schildren-thoughnot

Hemingsherselforhisapproximately150otherslaves.

Washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatal1menwerecreated

equalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduring

theRevolutionaryWar,overcamethestrongoppositionofhis

relativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill.Only

adecadeearlier,suchanactwou1dhaverequiredlegislative

approvalinVirginia.

第36題GeorgeWashington,sdentalsurgeryismentionedto

A.showtheprimitivemedicalpracticeinthepast.

B.demonstratethecrueltyofslaveryinhisdays.

C.stresstheroleofslavesintheU.S.history.

D.revealsomeunknownaspectofhislife.

17、

Wemayinferfromthesecondparagraphthat

A.DNAtechnologyhasbeenwidelyappliedtohistoryresearch.

B.initsearlydaystheU.S.wasconfrontedwithdelicate

situations.

C.historiansdeliberatelymadeupsomestoriesof

Jefferson'slife.

D.politicalcompromisesareeasilyfoundthroughouttheU.S.

history.

18、

WhatdowelearnaboutThomasJefferson?

A.Hispoliticalviewchangedhisattitudetowardsslavery.

B.Hisstatusasafathermadehimfreethechildslaves.

C.Hisattitudetowardsslaverywascomplex.

D.Hisaffairwithaslavestainedhisprestige.

19、

Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?

A.SomeFoundingFathersbenefitpoliticallyfromslavery.

B.Slavesintheolddaysdidnothavetherighttovote.

C.Slaveownersusuallyhadlargesavingsaccounts.

D.Slaverywasregardedasapeculiarinstitution

20、

Washington'sdecisiontofreeslavesoriginatedfromhis

A.moralconsiderations.

B.militaryexperience.

C.financialconditions.

D.politicalstand

三、SectioniT'SectionII”

1、依據(jù)下列文章，回答41?45題。

Directions：Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeen

removed.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefrom

thelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Thereare

twoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.Mark

youranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thetimefor

sharpeningpencils,arrangingyourdesk,anddoingalmost

anythingelseinsteadofwritinghasended.Thefirstdraftwill

appearonthepageonlyifyoustopavoidingtheinevitableand

sit,standup,orliedowntowrite.(41)

Beflexible.Youroutlineshouldsmoothlyconductyoufromone

pointtothenext,butdonotpermitittorailroadyou.Ifa

relevantandimportantideaoccurstoyounow,workitintothe

draft.(42)Grammar,punctuation,andspelling

canwaituntilyourevise.Concentrateonwhatyouaresaying.

Goodwritingmostoftenoccurswhenyouareinhotpursuitof

anidearatherthaninanervoussearchforerrors.

(43)Yourpageswillbeeasiertokeeptrackof

thatway,and,ifyouhavetoclipaparagraphtoplaceit

elsewhere,youwillnitloseanywritingontheotherside.

Ifyouareworkingonawordprocessor,youcantakeadvantage

ofitscapacitytomakeadditionsanddeletionsaswellasmove

entireparagraphbymakingjustafewsimplekeyboardcommands.

Somesoftwareprogramscanalsocheckspellingandcertain

grammaticalelementsinyourwriting.(44)These

printoutsarealsoeasiertoreadthanthescreenwhenyouwork

onrevision.

Onceyouhaveafirstdraftonpaper,youcandeletematerial

thatinunrelatedtoyourthesisandaddmaterialnecessaryto

illustrateyourpointsandmakeyourpaperconvincing.The

studentwhowrote：TheAPasaStateofMindwiselydropped

aparagraphthatquestionedwhetherSammydisplays

chauvinisticattitudestowardwomen.

______(45)Rememberthatyourinitialdraftis