考研英語外報閱讀5

Passage1:

HackersGiveWebCompaniesaTestofFreeSpeech

ByASHLEEVANCEandMIGUELHELFT

Published:December8,2010

OnWednesday,anonymoushackerstookaimatcompanies

perceivedtohaveharmedWikiLeaksafteritsreleaseofafloodof

confidentialdiplomaticdocuments.MasterCard,VisaandPayPal,which

hadcutoffpeople'sabilitytodonatemoneytoWikiLeaks,werehitby

attacksthattriedtoblockaccesstothecompanies,Websitesand

services.

Toorganizetheirefforts,thehackershaveturnedtositeslike

FacebookandTwitter.ThathasdrawntheseWebgiantsintothefrayand

createdaprecarioussituationforthem.

BothFacebookandTwitter—butparticularlyTwitter-have

receivedpraiseinrecentyearsasoutletsforfreespeech.Governments

tryingtocontroltheflowofinformationhavefounditdifficulttoblock

peoplefromvoicingtheirconcernsorsettingupmeetingsthroughthe

sites.

Atthesametime,bothFacebookandTwitterhavecorporate

aspirationsthathingeontheirabilitytoserveasadplatformsforother

companies.Thisleavesthemwithtoughpublicrelationsandbusiness

decisionsaroundhowtheyshouldhandlesituationsaspoliticallycharged

astheWikiLeaksdevelopments.

Someinternetexpertssaythesituationhighlightsthecomplexitiesof

freespeechissuesontheInternet,asgrassrootsWebcompaniesevolve

andtakecentralcontroloverwhattheiruserscanmakepublic.Clay

Shirky,whostudiestheInternetandteachesatNewYorkUniversity,said

thatalthoughtheWebisthenewpublicsphere,itisactually“acorporate

spherethattoleratespublicspeech.5,

MarciaHofmann,alawyerattheElectronicFrontierFoundation,

said,“AnyInternetuserwhocaresaboutfreespeechorhasa

controversialorunpopularmessageshouldbeconcernedaboutthefact

thatintermediariesmightnotletthemexpressit.”

Sheadded,“Yourfreespeechrightsareonlyasstrongasthe

weakestintermediary.^^

TheproblemcameintoreliefonWednesday,throughaneffortcalled

OperationPayback,organizedbyagroupcallingitselfAnonymous.The

groupspentmuchofthedaypostingnotesonFacebookandTwitterthat

toldfollowerswhichcompaniestosingleoutandthatdocumented

hackingsuccesses.

ButFacebookbannedoneofthegroup'spages,sayingthatusingthe

sitetoorganizehackingattackslikethatviolateditstermsofuse.The

groupwentonTwittertocomplain.

AFacebookspokesmanissuedastatementsayingthatthecompany

was''sensitivetocontentthatincludespornography,bullying,hatespeech,

andthreatsofviolence^^andwould“takeactiononcontentthatwefindor

that'sreportedtousthatpromotesunlawfulactivity.^^

InaninterviewWednesdaymorning,JoeSullivan,Facebook'schief

securityofficer,addressedWikiLeaks'sownpresenceonthesite.Hesaid

thecompanyhadnotreceivedanyofficialrequeststodisablepagesor

accountsassociatedwiththeWikiLeaksorganization.

Facebookgenerallyresistsrequestsbygovernmentsoradvocacy

groupstotakedownmaterialifthatcontentisnotillegalordoesnot

violateFacebook'stermsofservice,whichprohibitattacksonindividuals

orincitementstoviolence.

“Facebookisaplacewherepeoplecometotalkaboutallsortsof

things,includingcontroversialtopics/'Mr.Sullivansaid.Itwasnotclear

whetheranyonehadaskedFacebooktotakedowntheOperationPayback

page.

TwitterallowedtheOperationPaybackaccounttostayactivemost

ofWednesday.Butthegroup'saccountwasdisabledlateintheday,after

itpostedalinktoafilethatprovidedthousandsofconsumercreditcard

numbers,accordingtoapersonwithdirectknowledgeofthesituation.

ATwitterspokesmandeclinedtodiscussthedetailsofthesituation.

“Wedon'tcommentaboutthespecificactionswetakearounduser

accounts,hesaid.

Thecompanyisnotoverlyconcernedabouthackers5attackingTwitter5s

site,hesaid,explainingthatitfacessecurityissuesallthetimeandhas

technologytodealwiththesituation.

Twitterisinaparticularlydelicatesituationbecauseitsfounders

havecelebratedtheirservice'sroleinpoliticalprotestandfreespeech.

Theyhavenotbeenshyabouttryingtocapitalizeonthegoodwill

engenderedbyplayingthatrole.

WikiLeaks'sownTwitteraccountremainsactive,anditisthe

group'smainchannelforreachingsupportersandthemedia.

Lastweek,Afellintoasimilarpositionwhenitdecided

tostopstoringfilesforWikiLeaks.AdvocatesofWikiLeakscomplained

thatAwasbowingtopoliticalpressuretocuttheorganization

fromitsWebservices.AnAspokesmansaidthecompanywas

simplybanninganorganizationthathadviolateditstermsofserviceby

tryingtodistributedocumentsitdidnotown.

Thelastweekhasgivenrisetoahackingwarinwhichgroupshave

blockedaccesstoWikiLeaks'sWebsitesbybombardingthemwith

requests.

AndnowtheWikiLeakssupportershaverespondedinkind,flying

thefreedomofspeechbannerasthemotivationfortheiractions.

Passage2:

U.S.UnionBackingBoostsKoreaTradePact

BySTEVENGREENHOUSE

Published:December8,2010

TheUnitedAutomobileWorkersarepleasedthattheagreementwill

increaseautoexportstoKorea,andtheUnitedFoodandCommercial

WorkersareencouragedthatthepactwillbolstermeatexportstoKorea.

Bothhaveembracedthedeal,whichisamodifiedversionofan

agreementthatPresidentGeorgeW.Bushfirstnegotiatedin2007.

Bysupportingtheagreement,thetwounionsarebreakingwith

organizedlabor'straditionaloppositiontofree-tradeagreementsasa

threattoAmericanjobs.Themachinists,unionhasdenouncedtheKorea

deal,whiletwootherpowerfulunions,thesteelworkersandthe

communicationsworkers,willannouncetheiroppositiononThursday,

unionofficialssay.

Sometradeexpertssaythatthesupportoftheautoworkersandthe

foodandcommercialworkersislikelytoswayenoughDemocratsinthe

HouseandSenatetoensureratification.Theagreementisalsosubjectto

approvalbySouthKorea'sNationalAssembly.

“TheratificationchancesfortheKoreanagreementareextremely

goodbecauseyounowhaveasplitinlabor,,5saidGaryC.Hufbauer,a

seniorfellowatthePetersonInstituteofInternationalEconomics.

Mr.Hofbauersaiditwasunusualforlabortobesodividedovera

tradeagreement.Unifiedlaboroppositionhashelpedblockratificationof

tradeagreementswithColombia,Panamaand,untilnow,SouthKorea.

Butfacingpressurefromtheautoworkersandotherunions,Mr.

ObamapressedSouthKoreatorenegotiateimportantprovisionsinthe

2007accord.Thereviseddealwouldreducetariffsandothertrade

restrictionsonAmericanautoandbeefexportsandcontinueAmerican

tariffsonKoreancarsandtrucksforanextendedperiod.

TheU.A.W/spresident,BobKing,praisedtheagreement,sayingit

wouldsignificantlyexpandAmericanautoexportstoSouthKorea.

“PmsupportingthisbecauseIthinkit'sinthebestinterestsofour

membersandinthebestinterestsofourcountry,hesaidinaninterview

onWednesday."Themostimportantthingfortheeconomicwell-beingof

theU.S.istoprotectjobsandcreatejobs,andIthinkthisagreementwill

dothat.^^

Theautoworkersarepleasedthatthedealkeepsa2.5percent

AmericantariffonKoreanautosforfouryearsanda25percenttariffon

Koreansportutilityvehiclesforsixyearsratherthanliftingthem

immediately,asthe2007accordcalledfor.

Korea,meanwhile,willimmediatelycutitstariffonAmericanauto

importsinhalf,to4percent,whileallowingin75,000Americancars

eachyearthatmeetAmericansafetystandards,eveniftheydonotmeet

Koreansafetystandards.

Mr.KingsaidtheObamaadministrationhadtakenlabor'sconcerns

intoaccountmorethananyadministrationhadinnegotiatingany

previoustradeagreement.

TheUnitedStateshada$6.6billionmerchandisetradedeficitwith

SouthKoreainthefirstninemonthsofthisyear,accordingtotheCensus

Bureau,importing$35.5billioningoodswhileexporting$28.9million

worth.Inastudy,theU.A.W.saidtherewasan$8.9billiontradedeficit

inautomobileswithKorealastyear,representing70percentofthe

bilateraltradedeficit.

DenunciationoftheU.A.W.byotherunionsandantitradeactivists

hasbeenunusuallyharsh.

JaneHamsher,aprominentleft-wingbloggerwhofounded

Firedoglake,wrotethattheU.A.W.was“abunchofselfishpigs”for

embracingtheagreementandwasauChinese-styleunion”thatwas

“muchclosertotheinterestsofmanagementandthegovernmentthan

thoseofitslineworkers.^^SheassertedthattheU.A.W.embracedthe

accordinparttothankPresidentObamaforrescuingGeneralMotorsand

Chrysler.

Thenation'smainlaborfederation,theA.F.L.-C.I.O.,isusually

quicktodenouncetradeagreements,butsofarithasbeensilentaboutthe

Koreanpact,apparentlybecauseofthedisagreementamongitsmember

unions.

Severalunionofficialssaid,however,thattheA.F.L-C.I.O.would

issueastatementearlyThursdaycriticizingtheKoreandeal,inparticular

fornotdoingmoretoprotecttherightsofworkerstounionizeinboth

SouthKoreaandtheUnitedStates.

TheObamaadministrationhashailedtheagreement,whichcomes

astheUnitedStatesisshowingsupportforSouthKoreaafterNorth

KoreashelledaSouthKoreanisland,killingfourpeople.The

administrationsaysthetradepactwillfurtheritsgoalofdoublingexports

withinfiveyears,whileopeningupSouthKorea's$560billionservices

market.

TheadministrationpointedtoastudybytheInternationalTrade

CommissionthatpredictedthatAmericanmerchandiseexportstoKorea

wouldincreasetoaround$11billionayearasaresultoftheagreement,

whilemerchandiseimportsfromKoreawouldgrowabout$6.7billion.

RepresentativeSanderLevin,aMichiganDemocratwhoischairman

oftheHouseWaysandMeansCommitteeandahighlyinfluentialvoice

amongDemocratsontrade,praisedtheagreement,callingit“adramatic

steptowardchangingfromaone-waystreettoatwo-waystreetfortrade

betweentheU.S.andSouthKorea.”

ButsomeoftheDemocrats,traditionalunionalliesareunconvinced.

ThomasBuffenbarger,presidentoftheInternationalAssociationof

Machinists,voicedconcernthattheagreementwouldincreaseimportsof

aircraftcomponentsfromKorea,endangeringthejobsofhisunion's

members."WeseeitasjustarepeatofNafta,“hesaid,referringtothe

NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement,ratifiedin1993,whichremoved

manytradebarriersamongtheUnitedStates,MexicoandCanada.

Mr.BuffenbargersaidthattheKoreaagreement,likeNafta,

promotedfreetrade,butnotfairtrade,byincreasingimportsmadeby

lower-paidworkersinothercountries."Ithelpscorporations,butitreally

doesn'thelpworkers/5hesaid.

SomeSouthKoreansareworried,too.Farmersthereheldaprotest

thisweekoverthedeal.Theearlierversionalsodrewoppositionfrom

Koreanunions.

TheObamaadministrationsaidthedealwouldhelpAmerica's

farmersandranchersby,amongotherthings,eliminatingKorea's40

percenttariffonbeefimports.

ThereducedtariffsonbeefhelpedpersuadetheUnitedFoodand

CommercialWorkerstoembracethepact."Academicsestimatethatthe

Koreanagreementwillcreateover20,000jobsintheU.S.meat

export-producingsectorsthatemployhundredsofthousandsofU.F.C.W.

members,,5theunionsaid.

Italsopraisedthedealforcreating“amorelevelplayingfield^^for

theAmericanautoindustry.

Passage3:

JapanGrowsatHigherRateThanEstimate

ByREUTERS

Published:December8,2010

TOKYO(Reuters)—Japan'seconomygrewatarevised1.1percent

inthethirdquarterfromthesecondquarter,exceedinganinitial

governmentestimate.Butthatofferedlittlecomforttopolicymakers

waryofslowinggrowthinthecurrentquarter.

Therevisedgrossdomesticproducttranslatesintoannualized

growthof4.5percent,exceedinganinitialreadingof3.9percent.Itis

alsoabovethe4.1percentrateexpectedbyeconomists.

Despitetheupwardrevision,recentweakdatahasunderscoredthe

viewthattheeconomywillcontractslightlyinthecurrentquarter

becauseofaglobalslowdownandapull-backfromthelast-minutesurge

instimulus-drivenconsumptionthatspurredthird-quartergrowth.

TheJapanesegovernmentisaimingthismonthtocompileitsbudget

fortheyearfromnextApril.Itisstrugglingtostrikeabalancebetween

shoringupaflaggingeconomyandreininginitshugepublicdebt,about

twicethesizeofthecountry'sgrossdomesticproduct.

Withlittleroomleftforthegovernmenttoraisespendingto

stimulatetheeconomy,analystsexpectthattheBankofJapanwillremain

underpressuretokeepitsveryeasymonetarypolicyandmightease

policyfurtheriftheeconomyslowsmorethanexpected.

“GivenaslumpinJapan'sautooutputandaslowdownindeveloped

economiesandChina,theeconomywillremaininaseveresituationuntil

thefirsthalfofnextyear,“saidTakeshiMinami,chiefeconomistat

NorinchukinResearchInstitute.

Passage4:

InTaxDeal,ManyPublicEmployeesWillPayMore

ByDAVIDKOCIENIEWSKI

Published:December8,2010

Atatimewhenstateandlocalgovernmentsacrossthecountryare

imposingfurloughsandlayoffs,andPresidentObamahasfrozenpayfor

federalemployees,itturnsoutthatoneofthefewgroupstofacehigher

federaltaxesnextyearmaybepublicsectoremployees.

TheproposaltoextendtheBush-erataxbreaksunveiledbyMr.

ObamathisweekwouldofferataxcutformostAmericans.Thedeal

wouldendtheMakingWorkPaycredit,whichgaveataxreductionofup

to$400toworkerswithlowandmiddleincomes.Thatcreditwillbe

replacedbya2percentdecreaseinthepayrolltaxforSocialSecurityfor

peopleofallincomes.

Butmorethansixmillionfederal,stateandlocalgovernment

employeesdonotpayintoSocialSecurityatall.Instead,theypayinto

publicpensionsystems.Soiftheagreedproposalbecomeslaw,such

employeeswilllosethe$400creditandwouldnotreapanybenefitfrom

thepayrolltaxcut.

AccordingtothemostrecentstatisticsbytheHouseWaysand

MeansCommittee,morethan174millionworkerspaidintoSocial

Securityin2007,butabout5.7millionstateandlocalgovernment

employeespaidintootherpensionsystems.Whilethefederalgovernment

hasbeenmovingitsworkforceintoSocialSecurityinrecentdecades,

therewerestill600,000employeesexcludedfromitin2007.

Sometaxexpertssaythatitisunfairfora$900billiontaxcut

packagetogiveaquarterofitsbenefitstothetop1percentofwage

earnerswhileforcingpublicsectorworkers,whoarelargelymiddleclass,

tohavetopaymore.

“Itmakessolittlesensethatyouhavetohopethatthepeoplewho

negotiatedthisdidn'tthinkitthrough,saidRobertMcIntyre,directorof

CitizensforTaxJustice,apublicinterestgroupalignedwithunions.t4And

whentheydothinkitthrough,they'11realizeit'snotfair.Itwouldbe

cruelnottodosomethingaboutit.”

AmyBrundage,aWhiteHousespokeswoman,acknowledgedthat

thecurrentversionoftheplancouldresultinahighertaxbillin2011

than2010forsomegovernmentworkers.Butshestressedthattheplan

wouldnonethelesssparethem,andalltaxpayers,amuchsteeperincrease

thatwouldhaveresultedifnodealhadbeenstruckandalltheBushtax

cutswereallowedtoexpireonDec.31.

WhileMr.ObamahadproposedanextensionoftheMakingWork

Paycredit,the$120billionpayrolltaxreductionworkedoutistwiceas

largeandwillofferabreakofupto$2,136eachtomillionsofmiddle-

andhigh-incometaxpayers.

“Thepayrolltaxcutwouldreducetaxesforover155million

workers,providingeffectivetaxreliefthatwillcreatejobsandboostthe

economy,Ms.Brundagesaid.

WhilemanyDemocratshavecriticizedMr.Obamaforabandoninga

campaignpledgetoletthecutsexpireonthewealthiest2percentofwage

earners,Ms.Brundagesaidthatthepresidentdidsoonlyafterwinning

theextensionofanassortmentofcreditsforlow-incomeAmericansanda

13-monthextensionofunemploymentbenefits.

“Thecumulativeimpactoftheseprovisionswillbegoodfor

America'sworkingfamiliesandoureconomy,5,Ms.Brundagesaid.

LeadersoftheAmericanFederationofState,CountyandMunicipal

Employeesweremutedintheirreactiontotheprospectofmoretaxesfor

publicemployees.

Theunionspent$90milliontohelpelectDemocratsduringthelast

electioncycle,whenMr.Obamapromotedaplantopreservetaxcutsfor

allbutthewealthiest2percentofAmericans.ButDemocraticleadersin

Congressdeclinedtovoteonthemeasurebeforetheelectionsand,after

RepublicanswoncontroloftheHouse,couldnotwinapprovalforit

duringthelameducksessionofCongress.

“Weareawareofit,“saidGregoryKing,aunionspokesman,<4and

wearediscussingitwiththeappropriateleadersinCongress75

Passage5:

December9,2010,5:00am

WhafsWrongWithCuttingTaxes?

BySIMONJOHNSON

SimonJohnson,theformerchiefeconomistattheInternationalMonetary

Fund,istheco-authorof"13Bankers.^^

ThepresidentandCongressionalRepublicanshavereachedadeal

thatwouldcuttaxes“forallAmericans.^^Theirargumentisthatthis

packagewillstimulatetheeconomy,createjobsandhelpleadto

economicrecoveryandsustainedgrowth.

Thisproposal,whichseems1汰elytopassCongress,isnotagood

idea.Why?(Toseemeexplainthesepointsinafive-minutevideo,click

here.)

VicePresidentDickCheneysaid,loudandclear,in2002:"Reagan

proveddeficitsdon'tmatter.5,HewasrightthatRonaldReaganshowed

theRepublicanPartythatyoucangetawaywithrunningsignificant

deficitsasaresultoftaxcuts-exactlythestrategyofPresidentGeorge

W.Bush.

ButMr.Cheneywascompletelywrongwithregardtothe

implicationthattherearenoeconomicconsequencesofsustainedfiscal

deficits.

TalktotheGreeks(nowintheInternationalMonetaryFund's

emergencyward)orthePortuguese(whoareheadedinthatdirection).

Forthatmatter,listentoanypolicymakerintheEuropeanUnion-they

areallfocusedonbringingdowndeficitsinacrediblemanner.Andwatch

theEuropeanfinancialmarkets-wherepeoplearedoubtingandtesting

thefiscalcredibilityofallgovernmentsintheeurozone.

Infact,trypersuadinganyresponsiblepolicyanalystanywherein

theworldoutsidetheUnitedStatesthatcuttingAmericantaxesfrom

currentlevelswillstimulategrowthsomuchthatthecutwillpayfor

itselfandendupreducingoratleastcontrollingthefiscaldeficit(the

propositionoftheLafferCurve).Youwillbemetwithgreatskepticism.

IftheI.M.F.couldspeaktruthtoauthorityintheUnitedStates,it

wouldsaythismostforcefully.

Thisdoesnotmeanthatweshouldimmediatelymovetocutour

fiscaldeficit-effortstopanicusinthisregardarecompletelymisplaced.

Asithappens,someofthefear-mongeringemanatesfromthesamepart

ofthepoliticalspectrumasthevociferousdemandsforlowertaxes;there

arenotruefiscalconservativesinAmerica.Here,too,isasharpcontrast

betweentheUnitedStatesandanywhereelseintheworld.

Butour“fiscalspace”islimited.Wecannotaffordtoblithely

increaseournationaldebt.Itcanbedone-andshouldbedonegiventhe

parlousstateofoureconomyandourdisastrouslyhighunemployment

levels.Butitmustbedonecarefully,sowegetasmuchstimulativeeffect

onjobsaspossibleforourdebt-increasedollars.

Cuttingtaxesfortheveryrichisanineffectivewaytostimulatethe

economyintheshortterm(foradetaileddiscussion,seethispostbymy

colleagueJamesKwak).Onthisthereiswidespreadagreement,including

fromthepagesofTheWallStreetJournal,whereRobertFrank,acareful

studentoftherichandfamous(andeditorofTheJournal'sWealthReport

andauthorof“Richistan"),said:"WhenIaskwealthybusinessowners

andentrepreneurswhythey'renothiring,theyrarelymentiontaxes.They

sayconsumerdemand.Andjobs.”

Threemuchmoreeffectivewaystosupportconsumerdemandand

jobswouldbe:

Reallyextendunemploymentbenefits.Thereisnothinginthe

proposalonthetablethatwillhelppeoplewhohavealreadybeen

unemployedfor99weeks-seethisexplanationfromNevada.

Don'tlayoffteachersanywhereinthecountry.Thebroadergoal,of

course,istoincreaseteacherquality,whichisnoteasyandtakestime

(seethefilm“WaitingforSuperman^^).Butfiringteachersatanylevelof

K-12educationmakesnosenseintheshortormediumrun.

Immediatelyhiremorepeopletoteachincommunitycolleges.The

unemployed-andthoseatriskofbeingfired-neednewskills,

particularlyaroundinformationtechnologyandtheabilitytorun

businesses.Givethelong-termunemployedtheopportunityandincentive

toattendtheseclasses.Helpthemgetjobs-orstarttheirownbusinesses.

Evenifthosecompaniesfail,theentrepreneurialexperiencewillkeep

theminthelaborforceandenablethemtoenhancetheirskills-and

becomemoreproductiveemployeeswhenlargercompaniesdecideto

starthiringinearnestagain.

Passage6:

U.S.andChinaNarrowDifferencesatClimateTalksinCancun

ByJOHNM.BRODER

Published:December7,2010

CANCUN,Mexico—TheUnitedStatesandChinahave

significantlynarrowedtheirdifferencesontheverificationofreductions

ingreenhousegasemissions,officialssaid,providinghopethataUnited

Nationsconferencehereonclimatechangecanachievesomemodest

success.

Theverificationissue,whichcutsdeeplyonmattersofnational

sovereigntyandinternationaltrust,wasamajorfactorinthetorpedoing

oflastyear'sclimatenegotiationsinCopenhagen.ButChinahassince

significantlysofteneditspositionandtheUnitedStateshasmoderatedits

insistenceontheissue.

Thereducedfrictionbetweenthetwonationshasgreatlyimproved

themoodhere,andenvoysfrombothexpressedguardedoptimismthata

dealcouldbereachedbytheendoftheconferenceonFriday.

“Idothinkthereisanagreementtobehad,“ToddStern,thechief

Americanclimatechangenegotiator,saidTuesday,althoughheadded,

“Atthesametimetherearealotofdifficulties,sowe'llhavetosee.”

XieZhenhua,China'stopclimateenvoy,alsosignaledawillingness

tosignanaccordhere,aslongasitmetChineseobjectivesonfinancial

aidtodevelopingcountries,transferofcleanenergytechnologytopoor

nationsandacontinuingofdiscussionsunderthe1997KyotoProtocol.

SpeakingtothepressonMonday,hepointedlydidnotraiseverification

ortransparencyissuesasabarriertothenegotiations.

Theoveralltalksaregrindingonslowly,andthereissomeconcern

thatwithonlythreefullnegotiatingdaysahead,therewillnotbeenough

timetoresolvedifferencesonremainingissueslikemoney,technology,

adaptation,emissionsreductionsandforestryprograms,thebasicagenda

oftheclimatenegotiations.

TheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange,

underwhoseauspicestheseannualtalksareheld,operatesonthe

principleofconsensus,meaningthatanyofthemorethan190

participatingnationscanholdupanagreement.

LastDecember,agroupofnationsledbyBolivia,Venezuela,Cuba

andSudanplayedtheroleofspoilerinCopenhagen.Thisyear,Boliviain

particularhasraisedobjectionsonanumberofmatters,includingplansto

compensatelandownersforpreservingforests.TheBolivianleader,Evo

Morales,saysthisthreatensthelivelihoodsoflandlesspeasants,andhe

planstoaddresstheconferenceonthisissue.

Thereissometalkinthecorridorsofbreakingofftheforestryissue

andnegotiatingaseparatedealthatwouldsavemillionsofacresof

forestlandwhileincreasingcompensationtocountrieslikeBraziland

Indonesiawhereforestsarefastdisappearing.

AnotherissueisthefateoftheKyotoProtocol,whoseemissions

targetsexpireattheendof2012.Mostdevelopingnationsareinsisting

thatnewtargetsbesetandthatmoneycontinuetoflowtothemfor

projectsthatreducetheemissionsthatcontribute