抵押品評(píng)估與信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理 (中英版)

抵押品評(píng)估與信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理(中英版)CollateralEvaluationand

CreditRiskManagement

抵押品評(píng)估與信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理1.WhyisCollateralEvaluationImportant?為什么抵押品評(píng)估重要2.TypesofCollateralandRegulatoryPitfalls抵押品種類(lèi)和法規(guī)缺陷3.EvaluationofCollateral(RealEstate)抵押品評(píng)估（房產(chǎn)）4.EvaluationofCollateral(OtherAssets)抵押品評(píng)估（其他資產(chǎn)）5.ProtectionofCollateral抵押品保護(hù)CreationofSecurityInterest擔(dān)保利益的創(chuàng)立PerfectionofSecurityInterest擔(dān)保利益的完善6.CollateralManagement抵押品管理CollateralManagementforCreditRiskManagement信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理中的抵押品管理SafeguardingtheEnforcement維護(hù)強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行7.EnforcementofCollateral抵押品的強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行8.ExtinguishingSecurityInterestinCollateral抵押品利益的終止Contents目錄WhyisCollateralEvaluationImportant?

為什么抵押品評(píng)估很重要？

WhyisCollateralEvaluationImportant?

為什么抵押品評(píng)估很重要？Themoreaccuratetheevaluation,themoreenhancedcreditriskmanagementinplace.對(duì)抵押品的評(píng)估越是準(zhǔn)確，信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的管理的準(zhǔn)確性就越高

LargeactualloanlossexceedingtheestimatedLGDcouldleadtoaseriousdepletionofbank’sequitycapital.實(shí)際貸款損失如果大大超過(guò)預(yù)計(jì)的違約損失率會(huì)導(dǎo)致銀行的自有資本嚴(yán)重?fù)p耗。FundingCost資金成本OperatingCost運(yùn)營(yíng)成本ExpectedLoss(PD×LGD)預(yù)計(jì)損失UnexpectedLoss非預(yù)期損失(RequiredReturn×AllocatedEconomicCapital)ValueAdded價(jià)值增加MARGIN利潤(rùn)價(jià)格PRICEByreducinglossgivendefault,thebankcanreducethemarginwithoutreducingvalueadded.通過(guò)降低違約損失，銀行可以降低利潤(rùn)而不降低價(jià)值增加部分。EL:ExpectedLoss預(yù)計(jì)損失PD:ProbabilityofDefault違約概率LGD:LossGivenDefault違約損失率UL:UnexpectedLoss非預(yù)期損失WhyisCollateralEvaluationImportant?

為什么抵押品評(píng)估很重要LGDisestimatedfromdefault-weightedaveragelossrateduringacertaintimeperiod.違約損失率可以通過(guò)一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的加權(quán)平均違約損失率估計(jì)出來(lái)Lossrateisgivenby:損失率計(jì)算方法Toreduceaveragelossrate,banksneedtocollectonthedefaultexposureasmuchasandasfastaspossible.為了降低平均損失率，銀行應(yīng)該盡快收回盡量多的資產(chǎn)。Ifabankdoesnotproperlyestimatecollateralvalues,thecollectionupondefaultwouldbecomesmallerandtakealongerperiodoftime,leadingtoadepletionofcapitalandlowerprofits.如果銀行不能準(zhǔn)確估計(jì)抵押品價(jià)值，違約后能夠收回的價(jià)值就降低了，所需要的時(shí)間也更長(zhǎng)，導(dǎo)致資本損耗了利潤(rùn)降低。1-PVatthedefaultdateofrecoveries

+PVofcostsassociatedwithcollecting回收物在違約日的現(xiàn)值+會(huì)收的相關(guān)成本的現(xiàn)值EAD(Exposureatdefault)違約風(fēng)險(xiǎn)暴露WrongCollateralEvaluation錯(cuò)誤的抵押品評(píng)估HigherWright-offs更高的壞帳核銷(xiāo)CapitalWaste資本浪費(fèi)HigherLGDEstimation增高違約損失率HigherProvision更高的壞賬損失LowerProfits利潤(rùn)更低PV:Presentvalue現(xiàn)值RoleofCollateralinFinancialIntermediationII

抵押品在金融中介活動(dòng)中的作用IILender出借方(specifically)EncouragewillingnessofpaymenttoreducePL.鼓勵(lì)出借方進(jìn)行借款降低損失SubstitutetherepaymentstoreduceLGD.代替還款降低違約損失率Protectsagainstborrower’sover-borrowing.保護(hù)出借方不至于過(guò)度借債Borrower借用方(specifically)Accesstocredit:letborrowersmonetizetheirilliquidassetstoraisefunds獲得融資：借用方可以抵押他們的非現(xiàn)金資產(chǎn)來(lái)獲取資金CostofCredit:potentiallyreducefundingcostsforthelowerELcalculatedbythelender融資成本：潛在的降低了融資成本，因?yàn)槌鼋璺接?jì)算出的預(yù)計(jì)損失較低Overcomingasymmetricinformationproblems:accesstofundseveninafinanciallydifficulttime,orevenwithoutauditedfinancialreports解決了信息不對(duì)稱(chēng)問(wèn)題：即是財(cái)務(wù)困難時(shí)期，或者沒(méi)有審計(jì)后的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表，也可以獲得融資EL:ExpectedLoss預(yù)計(jì)損失PD:ProbabilityofDefault違約概率LGD:LossGivenDefault違約損失率UL:UnexpectedLoss非預(yù)期損失2.TypesofCollateralandRegulatoryPitfalls

抵押品種類(lèi)和法規(guī)缺陷

WhatisCollateral?

什么是抵押品Undermoderncollaterallawsystems,collateralcanbeanyassetwhichproducesfuturecashflowdirectlyorindirectly,andcanbecreatedbyanylenderandborrower,inanypresentorfutureassetsandinalltransactions,tosubstitutepaymentsforapartortheentireoutstandingdebtupondefault.在現(xiàn)代擔(dān)保法體系中，抵押品可以是任何直接或間接產(chǎn)生現(xiàn)金流的資產(chǎn)，也可以是由任何出借方和借用方創(chuàng)造出來(lái)的，在違約時(shí)用現(xiàn)有或?qū)?lái)的資產(chǎn)以及交易中代替償還部分或全部借款Underunreformedcollaterallawsystems,therewouldbevariousconstraintsonassettypeseligibleforcollateral,onpersonsorlegalpersonsqualifiedtocollateralagreements,orontheenforceabilityofsomecollateral,duetothelackofefficacyandintegrityofthesystem.在創(chuàng)新性的擔(dān)保法體系中，由于系統(tǒng)缺乏有效性和不統(tǒng)一，其中有很多對(duì)抵押品資產(chǎn)形式，可以簽署擔(dān)保合同的個(gè)人和法人，或者是對(duì)抵押品的強(qiáng)制性實(shí)權(quán)的限制條件CollateralLawsandCollateralTypes

擔(dān)保法和抵押品種類(lèi)CollateralLaw擔(dān)保法Independentandcomprehensive“collaterallaw”israre:generallycollaterallawisasystemwhichisconstitutedbyseveralrelevantlawsandregulations.獨(dú)立和綜合的擔(dān)保法很少見(jiàn)：通常擔(dān)保法由一些相關(guān)法律和法規(guī)組成Extentofcollateral抵押品范圍After-acquiredproperty事后取得的財(cái)產(chǎn)Proceeds收益Supportingobligation相關(guān)義務(wù)UnmovableCollateral不動(dòng)抵押物RealProperty:LandandBuilding房地產(chǎn)：土地和建筑物PlantandEquipment車(chē)間和設(shè)備N(xiāo)aturalReserves自然資源Timbertobecut待采伐的木材Goods物品Consumergoods消費(fèi)品Farmproducts農(nóng)產(chǎn)品Inventory存貨Equipment設(shè)備Fixtures固定設(shè)備Accessions添加物Intangibles無(wú)形資產(chǎn)Negotiableinstrument流通票據(jù)Documentoftitle物權(quán)憑證Investmentproperty投資財(cái)產(chǎn)Account(bookdebt）應(yīng)收款GeneralIntangibles一般無(wú)形資產(chǎn)Otherkindsofcollateral其他抵押品Depositaccounts存款帳戶(hù)Lifeinsurancepolicy/health-careinsurancereceivable人生保險(xiǎn)/應(yīng)收健康保險(xiǎn)金Source:Collateral,CollateralLawandCollateralSubstitutes,B.BalkenholandH.Schutte,SocialFinanceProgramme,WorkingPaperNo.26,p17來(lái)源：抵押品，擔(dān)保法和擔(dān)保替代品PrinciplesofCollateralEvaluation

抵押品評(píng)估原則Collateralevaluationisnottofindanaccurate,uniqueprice,buttofindapriceandlogicwhicharerealistic,practical,andacceptablebyordinarymarketparticipants.抵押品評(píng)估并不是為了尋找一種精確的，唯一的價(jià)格，而是找到一個(gè)合理的、實(shí)際的、能夠被普通的市場(chǎng)參與者接受的價(jià)格和方法。Evaluatecollateralonthebasisofthemarketvalueratherthanbookvalue.抵押品的評(píng)估是依據(jù)市場(chǎng)價(jià)值而非帳面價(jià)值A(chǔ)pplythemostconservativeevaluationmethod.采取最保守的評(píng)估方法Ifpossible,collateralpropertyshouldbelocatedwithinadistancebankofficerscantakefrequentvisits.如果可能，擔(dān)保資產(chǎn)應(yīng)該放在銀行人員可以經(jīng)?？吹玫降牡胤絎atchthemarketpriceifit’srisingfast:apricebubblemaybedeveloping.如果市場(chǎng)價(jià)格增長(zhǎng)很快，那么小心市場(chǎng)價(jià)格，可能存在價(jià)格泡沫。BasicsofLandCollateralEvaluation

土地抵押品評(píng)估基礎(chǔ)Step1:Estimateapriceparsquaremeter/feeteitherby:估計(jì)每平方米/英尺價(jià)格方法：(1)

Thesalescomparisonapproach市場(chǎng)比較法(2)Theincomecapitalizationapproach(mainlyforleaseproperties)收益還原法（主要用于出租場(chǎng)地）(3)Thecostapproach(incaseofhousesandbuildings)成本法（用于房屋和建筑物）Step2:Adjustthepricebyfactorsuniquetotherealestate用房地產(chǎn)業(yè)獨(dú)有的因素來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)價(jià)格

(1)Usageoftheproperty房地產(chǎn)的用途(2)Trendsofrealestateprice房地產(chǎn)價(jià)格趨勢(shì)(3)Conditionsoftheproperty/natureofthesurroundingarea房地產(chǎn)的環(huán)境/附近地區(qū)的自然狀況(4)Legalissues法律問(wèn)題SalesComparisonApproach

市場(chǎng)比較法Ifrecenttransactionsorsellspricesforthesimilarrealestateareavailableinthecity,townorvillage,thesalescomparisonapproachprovidesgoodestimates.如果可以獲得所在城市、城鎮(zhèn)或鄉(xiāng)村最近同類(lèi)房地產(chǎn)的交易或銷(xiāo)售價(jià)格，那么市場(chǎng)比較法可以提供很好的預(yù)測(cè)。

PriceB(2,450$/m2)PriceA(2,000$/m2)PriceC(1,900$/m2)

Weighted-averageofAandB(PriceD)A和B的加權(quán)平均價(jià)格

UnadjustedestimatedPriceE($/m2)?調(diào)整前價(jià)格Note:Eachpricepointsshouldnotbeseparatedbyamajorstreetorriver,whichaffectthepricedifferences注：每個(gè)價(jià)格點(diǎn)不能被主要街道或河流分割，這會(huì)影響價(jià)格150m50m70m30mIncomeCapitalization收益還原法IFindageographicallyweighted-averagerentpriceperunitoflandinthesamewaybefore.和市場(chǎng)比較法一樣，找到每單位土地的加權(quán)平均出租價(jià)格

RentpriceB(320$/month)RentpriceA(350$/month)RentpriceC(360$/month)

Weighted-averageofAandB(priceD)A和B加權(quán)平均價(jià)格

EstimatedrentpriceE估計(jì)E出租價(jià)

($/month?)Note:Eachpricepointsshouldnotbeseparatedbyamajorstreetorriver,whichaffectthepricedifferences每個(gè)價(jià)格不能被主要街道或河流分割，這會(huì)影響價(jià)格40m10m30m15mCalculatethepresentvalueoftherentincomeforthecertainfutureperiod.計(jì)算將來(lái)一短時(shí)間內(nèi)的租金收入的現(xiàn)值Incomecapitalizationapproachusingrentsmaybeusedinasituationwherealoanofficerknowsthepropertyconcernedhasacertainvalueforthemarket,butthereisnowaytoreasonablyestimateandexplainthevalueduetothelackoftransaction.使用收益還原法時(shí)，貸款主管知道土地的市場(chǎng)價(jià)格，不過(guò)如果沒(méi)有類(lèi)似交易的時(shí)候，就沒(méi)有辦法合理估計(jì)和解釋價(jià)值了。Theestimatedvaluemaybemuchlowerthanapotentialmarketvalue(additionalmarginforvaluationuncertainty).估計(jì)的價(jià)值可能遠(yuǎn)低于潛在的市場(chǎng)價(jià)格（由于價(jià)格的不確定性而需要附加利差）Itdependsonbank’sloanpolicy,buttimehorizonshouldbelimitedto10to12years.這取決于銀行的貸款政策，不過(guò)一般的時(shí)間跨度應(yīng)該在10-12年以?xún)?nèi)IncomeCapitalizationII

收益還原法Annualrent–(maintenancecost+propertytaxes)年租金-（維護(hù)成本+房產(chǎn)稅）PV=Σ(1+r)nPV:Presentvalue現(xiàn)值A(chǔ)nnualrent年租金(336×12)–(maintenancecost維護(hù)成本300)(PriceD×40)+(PriceC×10)(PriceA×15)+(PriceB×30)IncomeCapitalizationApproach:Exle

收益還原法：舉例PV=Σ(1+0.08)tEvaluatethelandpriceE.估計(jì)土地E的價(jià)格Monthlyrentsofthethreeleasingpropertiesare三個(gè)出租場(chǎng)地的月租金分別為:A:$350,B:$320,andC:$360DistancesbetweenthesepropertiesareE到這三個(gè)場(chǎng)地的距離分別是:A-D:30m,D-B:15m,D-E:10m,andC-E40m.Usingtheaboveinformation,estimatedrentpriceEwillbe使用上述信息，估計(jì)E的出租價(jià)格是:Assumetheannualmaintenancecostincludingpropertytaxesis$300,interestrateis8%,andyoucalculateupto10years,thenestimatedcollateralvalueis:

假設(shè)包括房產(chǎn)稅的年維護(hù)成本是$300,利率*%，計(jì)算10年的估計(jì)擔(dān)保價(jià)值是RentD=30+15RentE=10+40=330($/month)=336($/month)

t=1

10=25,042($)PV:Presentvalue現(xiàn)值PriceAdjustmentI

價(jià)格調(diào)整Usageoftheproperty房產(chǎn)用途Own-useresidentialproperty自用住宅Mostuseful最有用的Own-usefarmandforestland/factoryandwarehouse自用農(nóng)場(chǎng)和林地/工廠和倉(cāng)庫(kù)Theincomecapitalizationapproach收入還原法Residential/businesspropertyforlease出租用住宅/商用房產(chǎn)物業(yè)Incomecapitalizationapproach收入還原法Rentpricesintheneighborhood附近社區(qū)的出租價(jià)格Futureoccupancyrateestimation未來(lái)占用率預(yù)計(jì)Residentialleasingpropertyandbusinessleasingproperty出租住宅物業(yè)和商用出租物業(yè)Forsale出售Speculativeinnature投機(jī)性PriceAdjustmentII

價(jià)格調(diào)整Trendsofrealestateprice房地產(chǎn)價(jià)格趨勢(shì)Salesandtransactionprices銷(xiāo)售和交易價(jià)格Informationfromneighbors鄰近地區(qū)的信息Informationfromexperts,brokers,salesregistries,andmortgageregistries專(zhuān)家，經(jīng)紀(jì)人，銷(xiāo)售登記和抵押登記機(jī)構(gòu)的信息Incomelevelofthearea該地區(qū)的收入水平Demandandsupplyconditionsofthemarket市場(chǎng)的供求情況Publishedlandpricesandtaxrates公布的土地價(jià)格和稅率Regionaldevelopmentplan地區(qū)發(fā)展計(jì)劃Availabilityofmortgageloan/foreignlandownership是否存在抵押借款和外國(guó)土地所有權(quán)PriceAdjustmentIII

價(jià)格調(diào)整Conditionsoftheproperty/natureofthesurroundingarea周邊地區(qū)的房產(chǎn)/自然情況Geographicconditions,suchas,closetothecoast,river,cliffs,orlocatedontiltedland,inadip,ontheweakstratum地理情況，例如，靠近海灘，河流，懸崖或者位于傾斜的土地上，地層不牢固。Sizeoftherealestate房地產(chǎn)的規(guī)模Shapeoftherealestate房地產(chǎn)的形狀Locationoftherealestateintheblock房地產(chǎn)在街區(qū)的具體位置Accessibilitytothepublicroads是否可以方便地到達(dá)公共道路Accessibilitytopublicandcommercialfacilities是否可以方便的到達(dá)公共和商業(yè)設(shè)施Existenceofunfavorablefacilities是否存在不良設(shè)施Municipalservicesavailable是否有市政服務(wù)PriceAdjustmentIV

價(jià)格調(diào)整Legalissues法律問(wèn)題Easements:restrictions,encumbrances,leases,reservations,covenants,contracts,declarations,specialassessments,ordinances,orotheritemsofasimilarnature.地役權(quán)：限制，妨礙，租賃，保留，限制性條款，合同申明，特別估價(jià)，法令或者其他類(lèi)似性質(zhì)“Eminentdomain”:incommonlawcountries,thegovernmentmayhavetherightstobuyrealpropertywithouttheowner’sconsentforthepurposesofpublicusage,suchaspublicutilities,highway,airport,andrailroads.征用權(quán)：在普通法系國(guó)家，政府有權(quán)力不經(jīng)過(guò)所有者的同意購(gòu)買(mǎi)房地產(chǎn)用于公共用途，例如公共設(shè)施，高速公路，機(jī)場(chǎng)和鐵路。Legitimacyofbuildings(illegalconstruction/usage)建筑物的合法性（非法建筑/使用）Whatarethemostmajormethodstoevaluaterealestatecollateralinyourcountry?你們國(guó)家最主要的房產(chǎn)抵押評(píng)估方法是什么？Note:Whentheabovelegalissuesareinvolved,thepriceofthepropertycoulddropsubstantially.注意：當(dāng)涉及到以上法律問(wèn)題時(shí)，房地產(chǎn)的價(jià)格可能會(huì)大幅降低CollateralEvaluationI

抵押品評(píng)估FarmProduct/Inventory農(nóng)產(chǎn)品/存貨Marketpricebasis依據(jù)市場(chǎng)價(jià)格Interviewwithmajorbuyers采訪主要買(mǎi)家Marketliquidity市場(chǎng)流動(dòng)性Marketsize市場(chǎng)規(guī)模Marketvolatility市場(chǎng)波動(dòng)幅度Perishableproducts容易腐爛變質(zhì)的產(chǎn)品Dealerlistings,marketsalesreports經(jīng)銷(xiāo)商清單，市場(chǎng)銷(xiāo)售報(bào)告Locationofthestorage存儲(chǔ)場(chǎng)地CollateralEvaluationII

抵押品評(píng)估MobileVehicle機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)Secondhandcarmarketpricebasis二手車(chē)市場(chǎng)價(jià)格Interviewwithexpertsanddealers采訪專(zhuān)家和經(jīng)銷(xiāo)商Maker,type,popularity,market,incaseofinventory如果是存貨：制造商，種類(lèi)，普及程度，市場(chǎng)Age,depreciationschedule,unpaidtaxes,priorlien,incaseofequipment設(shè)備：使用年限，折舊時(shí)間，未交納的稅款，之前的留置權(quán)Government’simporttaxpolicyorotherpoliciesaffectingmarket政府的進(jìn)口稅政策和其他影響市場(chǎng)的政策CollateralEvaluationIII

抵押品評(píng)估Intangibles無(wú)形資產(chǎn)Negotiableinstrument:validityoftheinstrument,obligor,creditrating,maturity,typeoftransaction:collateral/repurchaseagreement/discount流通票據(jù)：票據(jù)的有效性，債務(wù)人，信用等級(jí)，交易類(lèi)型：擔(dān)保/回購(gòu)合同，折扣Documentoftitle:billoflading:validityofthedocument,locationoftheproperty,quantity,species/variety,measure/weight,valueperunit,quality,condition,schedule,aswellasmarketabilityandmarketprice.物權(quán)憑證：提單：?jiǎn)螕?jù)的有效性，財(cái)產(chǎn)所在地，數(shù)量，種類(lèi)/品種，尺寸/重量，單位價(jià)值，質(zhì)量，條件，時(shí)間表以及可銷(xiāo)售性和市場(chǎng)價(jià)格InvestmentProperty:issuer,creditrating,marketprice,marketvolatility,(maturity),OTC/exchange投資財(cái)產(chǎn)：發(fā)行者，信用等級(jí)，市場(chǎng)價(jià)格，市場(chǎng)頗動(dòng)幅度（到期日），場(chǎng)外交易/交易方式Account(bookdebt):obligors,theextentofdiversification,thelengthofterms,agingschedule,thepastdefaultrate應(yīng)收款：債務(wù)人，多元化程度，期限長(zhǎng)度，帳齡時(shí)間，過(guò)去的違約情況Generalintangible:variabilityoftheright(document),termsandconditions,restrictionscontainedinthedocument,marketability,etc. 一般無(wú)形資產(chǎn)：所有權(quán)（單據(jù)）的可變性，條款和條件，文件中的限制條件，可銷(xiāo)售性，等5.ProtectionofCollateral

抵押品保護(hù)PerfectionofSecurityInterest

擔(dān)保利益的完善Afterperfectionthesecuredpartyisprotectedagainstothercreditorsandtransfereesofthedebtorandinparticular,againstanyrepresentativeofcreditorsininsolvencyproceedingsinstitutedbyoragainstthedebtor.*在完善擔(dān)保利益之后，被擔(dān)保方的利益對(duì)其他債權(quán)人和債務(wù)人的轉(zhuǎn)讓方是被保護(hù)的，特別是在債務(wù)人破產(chǎn)時(shí)，對(duì)其他債權(quán)人代表而言。Dependingonthejurisdiction,differentcollateralmayhavedifferentrulesforperfection根據(jù)權(quán)限，不同的抵押物有不同的完善規(guī)則Perfectionuponattachmentalone單獨(dú)附加的完善Temporaryperfectionincertaincollateral特定抵押物的暫時(shí)完善Perfectionbypledgeorpossessorysecurityinterest通過(guò)抵押或擁有擔(dān)保利益來(lái)完善Perfectionbyfiling(registration)歸檔（登記）完善Perfectionwherefilingisrequiredunderaspeciallaw特定法律規(guī)定需要通過(guò)歸檔來(lái)完善Perfectionbypublicnotice(exle:newspaperadvertisement)通過(guò)公告來(lái)完善（例：報(bào)紙廣告）*Basedon:LawinaNutshell:Securedtransactions,RichardB.Hagedorn,ThomsonWest,2007,p1236.CollateralManagement

抵押品管理CollateralManagement

抵押品管理CollateralManagement抵押品管理Collateralmanagementincludestworiskmanagementconcepts:抵押品管理包括兩項(xiàng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理概念(1)Collateralmanagementforcreditriskmanagement信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理的抵押品管理(2)Safeguardingtheenforceability強(qiáng)制行使權(quán)的保護(hù)CollateralManagement抵押品管理CollateralManagementforCRM抵押品管理SafeguardingtheEnforceability保護(hù)強(qiáng)制行使權(quán)SafeCustody/CollateralBook保管/抵押品登記冊(cè)CreditFile信貸檔案

RecordKeeping檔案記錄Revaluation/Reappraisalagainstcreditexposure根據(jù)信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)再評(píng)估/再評(píng)價(jià)

Numbering/Tagging編號(hào)/標(biāo)簽MaturityManagement到期管理Renewalofsecurityinterest更新?lián)＠鍼eriodicalcheckofinventory

定期實(shí)物檢查CreditFile信用檔案IRecordKeeping檔案管理Appraiser’sname,theeffectivedateoftheevaluation,andsignatureandaddress(whentheevaluationisoutsourced)鑒定人名稱(chēng)，評(píng)估的有效日期，千字和地址（當(dāng)評(píng)估是由外部人員完成的）Descriptionofthecollateral抵押品描述Realestate:ownership,location,shape,condition,developments,pictures,maps,neighborhood,usage,acopyofconstructionapproval,attachedeasement,etc.房地產(chǎn)：所有者，位置，形狀，環(huán)境，發(fā)展?fàn)顩r，照片，地圖，附近情況，用途，建筑批準(zhǔn)書(shū)復(fù)印件，附屬物，等Goods:locationofthegoods,quantity,species/variety,measure/weight,valueperunit,quality,condition,schedule

商品：物品所在地，數(shù)量，種類(lèi)/品種，尺寸/重量，單價(jià)，質(zhì)量，情況，時(shí)間表Intangibles:pledgor,amount,quantity,thirdpartyobligor,attachedsecurityinterest,etc.無(wú)形資產(chǎn)：抵押人，金額，數(shù)量，第三方債務(wù)人，附加擔(dān)保利益，等Descriptionoftheevaluationmethodemployed對(duì)所用評(píng)估方法的描述Descriptionofthesourceinformationusedintheevaluation評(píng)估中信息來(lái)源的描述Anestimatedvalueofthecollateralandtheopinionoftheloanofficerontheevaluation抵押品的估計(jì)價(jià)值，以及貸款主管的對(duì)評(píng)估的意見(jiàn)Source:InteragencyAppraisalandEvaluationGuidelines,FDIC,1994CreditFile:Exle信用檔案：舉例Typeofloan貸款種類(lèi)Originalamountorcreditline金額/信用額度Loanproceedsoutstanding剩余借款Loancreditoutstanding剩余信用額度Typeofcollateral抵押品種類(lèi)OriginalCollateralEvaluation出示抵押品評(píng)估LatestCollateralEvaluation最近抵押品評(píng)估Haircut折扣CollateralValue抵押品價(jià)值TermloanATermloanBRevolvingline循環(huán)貸款額度501203010950109530Land土地Building建筑物Receivable應(yīng)收款PublicGuarantee公共擔(dān)保Timedeposits定期存款1105040109040401012401002500540301012Total105(A)135Total(B)106UnsecuredBalance不安全余額(A)-(B)29Borrower:ABCTradingCo.InternalCreditScore:4BExternal:n/aAsof:Mar08借款方：ABC貿(mào)易公司，內(nèi)部編號(hào)：4B，外部：不適用，日期：3月8日Thousand$Afterevaluationoflandandbuildingthefollowingcredit/collateralbalancetableisupdated.Howdoyouinterpretthetableandwhatshouldbedone?在評(píng)估了土地和建筑物之后，更新貸款/擔(dān)保余額表，你怎樣理解這張表和需要做什么SafeCustody/CollateralBookI

保管/抵押品登記冊(cè)SafeCustody保管Inordertosafeguardandprotecttheenforceabilityofsecurityinterest,(1)collateralagreementand(2)pledgedgoodsanddocumentsshouldbeputinasafecustody.為了保管和保護(hù)擔(dān)保利益的強(qiáng)制行使權(quán)，必須安全保管(1)擔(dān)保合同(2)抵押品和文件Collateralagreement(togetherwithotherrelevantlegaldocuments,recordofregistry,fireinsurancepolicyforcollateralizedbuildings*,etc.)maybekeptinorderbyborrowername擔(dān)保合同（和其他相關(guān)法律文件，登記檔案，擔(dān)保建筑物的火災(zāi)保險(xiǎn)書(shū)）可以按照借款方名字有序保管Pledgedgoodsanddocumentsmaybekeptbytype抵押品和文件按種類(lèi)保管Collateralsforwhichlimitationperiodormaturitydateiscriticalshouldbekeptinorderbysuchdate.有期限或到期日臨近的抵押品應(yīng)該按照日期排放Limitedaccesstothesafecustody應(yīng)該限制人員接近保管場(chǎng)所Protectionfromnaturaldisaster避免自然災(zāi)害Note:Fireinsurancepolicyforcollateralizedbuildingmaybekeptseparatelyinorderbyexpirationdatebecauseoftheimportanceoftheexpirationdatemanagement.注意：擔(dān)保建筑物的火災(zāi)保險(xiǎn)書(shū)應(yīng)該按照期滿(mǎn)日單獨(dú)排列，因?yàn)楣芾肀ｋU(xiǎn)到期日很重要。SafeCustody/CollateralBookIII

保管/抵押品登記冊(cè)Maturityforcertaintypesofcollateral部分抵押品的到期Negotiableinstrumentssuchasdraft,certificateofdeposit,andpromissorynotehavematuritydate.有到期日的流通票據(jù)，例如：支票，定期存款，期票Inaccordancewiththecollateralagreement,suchnegotiableinstrumentsneedtobesettledwithoutdelay.根據(jù)擔(dān)保合同，流通票據(jù)應(yīng)該立刻兌現(xiàn)Expirationforcertaintypesofsecurityinterest擔(dān)保利益的到期Dependingonjurisdictionandontypeofcollateral,aperfectionofsecurityinterestmayexpireafteracertainperiod(limitationperiodeffects).根據(jù)擔(dān)無(wú)誤的權(quán)限和種類(lèi)，擔(dān)保利益的完善可能在一定時(shí)期之后終止（有限期間有效）。Suchlimitationperiodsshouldbecarefullymanagedinthecollateralbook.Acontinuationstatementshouldbefiledwithinacertainperiodbeforetheexpirationtorenewtheperfectionofsecurityinterest.應(yīng)該在抵押品登記冊(cè)上仔細(xì)控制這樣的有限期限，再過(guò)期日前的一短時(shí)間內(nèi)，應(yīng)該得到并歸檔更新?lián)＠娴难永m(xù)申明。Howoftendoyoureappraiserealestatecollateral?你多久進(jìn)行一次房地產(chǎn)抵押品的再評(píng)估？7.EnforcementofCollateral

抵押品的強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行EnforcementofSecu