2023年中石油職稱英語考試真題及部分參考答案

2023年中石油職稱英語考試真題及參考答案

LVocabulary(20points)

1.Withindayshebecameparalyzed,andpeoplefearedthathemightdie.Buthe.

a.absorbedb.dissolvedc.discoveredd.recovered

2.Tilden,theotherpresidential,actuallyreceivedmorevotes.

a.advocateb.candidatec.sponsord.opponent

3.AnOlympicrunnerwinsa.

a.medalb.modelc.modled.modest

4.Tofindouthowthebeesmanagedtotelltime,anunusualexperimentwasfouryears

ago.

a.carriedonb.carriedawayc.carriedoutd.carriedout

5.Everysocietyhasitsownpeculiarcustomandofacting.

a.waysb.behaviorc.attituded.means

6.Theytheirknowledgeintheexplodingworldofideas.

a.modernizeb.supplyc.updated.upgrade

7.1shouldliketorentahouse,modern,comfortableandinaquietneighborhood.

a.allinallb.aboveallc.afteralldoverall

8.It'sdifficulttodivinewhatconstitutesantipinanycountry.

a.appropriateb.thoughtfulc.considerabled.sufficient

9.Shipbuilderswouldnottheirmoneyunlesstheyknewthattheycouldmakeaprofit.

a.investb.inventd.involved.invite

10.Attheendoffouryears,thesesixextrahoursofeachyeartwenty-fourhours,oronefull

day.

a.adduptob.makeupforc.comeupwithd.putupwith

11.Don'tthisnewstothepublicuntilwegiveyouthego-head.

a.releaseb.relievec.related.retain

12.Earthisoneofnineplanetswhicharoundthesun.

a.spinb.rollc.rotated.revolve

13.“Nosenseinyougettingusbothkilled!,91yelledhim.

a.atb.withc.tod.out

14.Whatyouhavedoneisdoctor9sorders.

a.attachedtob.responsibletoc.resistanttod.contraryto

15.1wanttoexpresstheofallofus,fbrthiswonderfullywarmwelcome.

a.appreciationb.enjoymentd.evaluationd.reputation

16.Wehireandpeoplemainlyfortheirabilitytodobusiness.

a.proceedb.progressc.promised.promote

17.AccordingtogovernmentmandateintheLionCity,tippingisnot.

a.admittedb.remittedc.permittedd.emitted

18.Theenvironmentalcostswereregardedmoreastemporaryinconveniencesthanas

liability.

a.imaginativeb.peculiarc.persistentd.original

19.Scientistspredictthattheworld'sknownoilresourceswillearlyinthenextcentury.

a.runoffb.runoutc.runupd.runover

20.Nowapersonworksforacertainamountofmoneyhecanpayforfoodandclothing,

a.incaseb.sothatc.astod.suchas

ILGrammar(20points)

21.Thebasicrockmaterialisrefeiredto.

a.asthematrixb.bethematrixc.byscientisttobethematrixd.asbeingthematrix

22.TheoilindustryofIndiatwoWorldWarsandwithstoodtheeconomic,socialand

politicalupheavalsofaparticularlytroubledcentury.

a.survivedb.hassurvivedc.wassurvivedtod.hasbeensurviving

23.Althoughbaleenwhalemayweightwentyelephants,itfeedsonseaplantsand

animals.

a.somuchtob.asmuchtoc.somuchasd.asmuchas

24.Manusestheenergyforeverythingfromflyingtothemoontoaboutit.

a.thinkb.thoughtc.thinkingd.willthink

25.hisarmsoverhishead,Lincolndeclaredhewasthe“bigbuckofthelick.”

a.Waveb.Wavingc.Wavedd.Beenwaved

26.retirearestillabletoreceivepensionthattheyhavepaidintothesocialsecuritysystem

duringtheirworkingdays.

a.Mostpeopleb.sincemostpeoplec.Mostpeopleared.Mostpeoplewho

27.Therewardwasnotalwaysgiventoeveryone,nortothosewhodeserveditmost.

a.itwasnotgivenb.wasgivenc.itwasnotgivennord.wasnotitgiven

28.Between1890and1970themonetarycostsofsupplyingenergymoreorlessconstant

ordeclined.

a.tostayb.wasstayedc.stayedd.hasstayed

29.ThewaterManhattanhasbeenveryimportanttoNewYork.

a.surroundb.issurroundedc.surroundingd.surrounded

30.Theassumptionhumancloningrestsisthatallgeneticcellscontainexactcopiesofthe

originalseto9fgeneticinstructions.

a.onwhichb.onthatc.atwhichd.which

31.Forthecreaturestobecomeoil,itwasnecessarythattheybetweenlayersofrockfor

anenormouslengthoftime.

a.beenimprisonedb.shallbeimprisonc.shouldbeimprisond.willbeimprisoned

32.Thegas-oilcontactorgas-watercontactthelowerlimitofproduciblegas.

a.isb.arec.wered.hasbeen

33.Thereisalsoaninterestinseahorse,puffersandothersaltytypeswithshapesandcolors

thaneventheshowiestoffresh-waterfish.

a.morestrange...morebrightb.stranger....brighter

c.stranger...morebrighterd.morestrange...brighter

34.wasaplantedsaplingoftheAmericanredwoodtree.

a.Thereisoneofthegiftsb.Oneofthegiftsthatc.Thatoneofthegiftsd.Oneofthe

gifts

35.Anairshipbyenergyfromthesunhasbeensuggested.

a.poweringb.topowerc.ispoweredd.powered

36.Mostscientistsagreewashotforatleastatime.

a.someofthemoonthatb.someofthemoonit

c.thatsomeofthemoond.whilesomeofthemoon

37.Agroupofscientistsdemandedthatthefederalgovernmentallthestudiesithasfounded

oncloning.

a.revealb.revealedc.isrevealingd.mustreveal

38.hearingisreallyproducedinallanimalsbytheeffectofpressureisnotdefinitely

knownbyscientists.

a.Ifornotb.Whetherornotc.haveneverheardofd.hadneverheardof

39.Itwassomethingwe.

a.neverhearofb.haveneverheardofc.neverheardofd.hadneverheardof

40."CouldIborrowyourbike?^^

“Yes,you_________

a.canb.couldc.mayd.would

III.Readingcomprehension(30points)

Question41-44

SaudiArabia,OPEC'scautiousgiant,understandsallthis.WhenBillClintonmetSaudi

Arabia'sCrownPrinceAbdullahthisweek,Mr.Clintonarguedforanoutputrisebigenoughto

putanendtothesepainfulprices.PrinceAbdullahhaspromisedto“makeeveryefforttoensure

equilibriumintheoilmarketsandtostabiliseprices.^^ThisweekherevealedthatSaudiArabiahas

beenquietlyleakinganextra600,000barrelsperday(bpd)ontothemarketsinceJulyinaneffort

tocoolprices.

.Ifthatistrue,itjustgoestoshowthatmanagingtheoilmarketsiseasiersaidthandone.

DespiteseveralSaudi-inspiredoutputincreasesbythecartelinrecentmonths,thepricehas

remainedstubbornlyhigh;thisweek,itsoaredtonearly$35abarrel,thehighestsincetheGulfwar

in1990.AsthecartersoilministersgatherinViennaonSeptember10thtohammeroutnew

productionquotas,theyareonceagainunderintensepressuretoreleasemoreoil,andfast.

TohearOPECmemberstalk,youmightthinkthatseriouspricereliefisontheway.Thereis

discussionof“managing“pricesdownthroughanewishpricemechanism.Atthecartersmeeting

inMarch,ministersquietlyagreedagrandnewplantokeepoilwithinatargetbandof$22-28a

barrel.IfthepriceofabasketofsevenOPECcrudesstaysbelow$22for20tradingdays,the

cartelissupposedtocutproductionby500,000barrelsaOay.Ifitstaysabove$28for20trading

days,itwillautomaticallyraiseproductionbythesameamount.Thispricebandhasbecomethe

maintopicofdiscussioninadvanceoftheupcominggatheringofministers.PrinceAbdullaheven

talksofareturntoastablemarketwithinmonths.

Oiltradersandanalystsnotethatthe20-daylimitlookslikelytobetriggeredagainthisweek.

AnewreportbyLehmanBrothers,aninvestmentbank,echoestheviewofmany:"Our

expectationisthatproductionwillbeincreasedby500,000bpd,eitherthroughtheprice

mechanismorthroughaseparateagreement.^^Whenitreleasednewfiguressuggestingthat

domesticoil-stocklevelsarelowerthanpreviouslythought,theAmericangovernment'sEnergy

InformationAdministrationaddedthatittooexpectsanincreaseofthatsize.Addingsupportto

thistheoryaremumblingsfromOPECdelegatesinsupportofthemechanism.

Twodecadesago,intheyearofthecarters20thbirthdaycelebrations,ministersgatheredin

Indonesiatohammeroutdetailsofaclevernewscheme:amechanismwherebythepriceofoil

wouldbefixed,andadjustedeveryquarterautomaticallyforsuchfoctorsasinflationandcurrency

fluctuations.Membershadagreedontheambitiousplan,exceptforonecrucialdetail:atwhat

pricetostartthisprice-pegcrawling.ThecautiousSaudis,theself-proclaimedguardiansoftheoil

market,wantedapricebelow$30abarrel;thehawksinthecartel,unconcernedaboutconsumers9

pain,demandedamuchhigherprice.Theensuingbickeringensuredthattheschemecollapsed.

Historymaynowberepeatingitself.Whenthecurrentprice-stabilizationschemewasfirst

unveiled,punterswithshortmemoriesplacedbigbetsthatthecartelwouldadheretoit.By

mid-June,thepricebaskethadsailedpastthe20-dayuppertrigger.ButOPECdidnot

“automatically”release500,000barrels.Variousconfusedandcontradictoryexplanationssurfaced

fromministers,butnottheoil.Onlyattheirnextofficiallyscheduledmeetingdidtheycomeup

withameagerquotaincrease.

41.Thepassageconfirmsthat

a.highoilpricescanbecontrolledifOPECincreaseoiloutput.

b.BillClintonaccomplishedhismissionforthevisittoPrinceAbdullah.

c.Abdullahmadeallhiseffortstocontroloilpricewithoutconsideringthebenefitsofhisown

country.

d.managingtheoilmarketiseasiersaidthandone.

42.HowmanyoilpriceschemeswererecommendedbyOPECministersaccordingtothepassage?

a.Oneb.Twoc.Threed.Four

43.What'stheauthor'sopinionaboutSaudiArabia?

a.SaudiArabiaisthelargestcountryamongthemembersofOPEC.

b.SaudiArabiaisthemostactivecountryinOPECtocontroloilpricesforthebenefitoftherest

oftheworld.

c.SaudiArabiaistheguardianoftheworldoilmarket.

d.SaudiArabiaseemstohavestrongintentiontocontroltheoilpricestoaacceptablelevel,butit

takesactionsverycarefullyfortheconsiderationofitsownbenefit.

44.Whatcanyouinferfromthepassage?

a.OPECis,inthemostcases,notreliable.

b.allthemembersofOPEChavetheintentiontoloweroilpriceswhenthepricesgetveryhigh.

c.TheoilpricesarefullycontrolledbythemarketandOPECcandonothingwiththemeven

thoughtheywishto

d.InmostcasesOPEChasbeenveryefficientinmanagingoilprices.

Question45-48

Thehorseprecededmanonearth.Althoughtheearliestremainsofprimitivehorseshavebeen

foundontheNorthAmericancontinent,manyscientistbelievethissmallspeciestraveledovera

landmassintheBeringSeatofoundthebeginningsofthemodernhorseinAsia.Itbecameextinct

inAmerica.OtherscientistsbelievethatthehorsemayhaveoriginatedinAsia.Inanyeventthe

animalsoonspreadintoChina,Europe,andtheMiddleEast.Thefirstmodernhorsestobe

introducedintotheAmericancontinentcamewiththeearlySpanishexplorers.Horseswerebred

intomanytypes.TheheavyhorsesdevelopedinthelowcountriesofEuropeandwereusedfor

Arabian.Theonlytruewildhorsesleftinthe20lhcenturyarefoundinMongolia.Horsesaresaidto

rateinintelligenceaftertheape,elephant,anddog.Theyhaveexcellentmemoriesandcan

sometimesfindtheirwayhomewhenlost,andsensedangerbetterthattheirmasters.Theearly

civilizationsofmanthathadmadeuseofhthorsedevelopedmorerapidlythanthosewhichdidnot.

45.Someofthecharacteristicsofthehorseare

a.poormemoriesb.greatloyalty

c.moreintelligentthedogd.insomeareastheycansurpasstheabilitiesofman

46.Thehorseoriginated

a.intheMiddleEastb.inEuropec.ontheNorthAmericancontinentd.inSpain

47.Theprimaryusesofthehorseforearlymanwere

a.forfoodb.forprestigec.tomakemoneyd.toworkfbrhim

48.Whatcanbesaidaboutthevarietiesofhorses?

a.Theearlyhorseswerelargerthanthemoremodernbreeds.

b.Theonlytruewildhorsesleftinthe20thcenturyareintheMiddleEast.

c.TheoldestbreedofthemodernhorseissaidtobetheArabian.

d.Medievalknightspreferredfast,activehorses.

Questions49-52

Recentintrusionsintothelivesofpublicfigureshavehighlightedthelackoflawsguarding

privacyinBritain.Asaresult,oneissueunderdiscussionasParliamentreturnsthisweekisthe

possibleintroductionoflegislationtocurbpresspowers.

Thegovernmentwillprobablytakenoactionuntilitreceivesareportfromacommitteechaired

bySirDavidCalcutt,dueinJanuary1993.thecommitteeisexaminingwhetherthepressshouldbe

regulatedbytougherlegislation.Itisalsoconsideringthewaysinwhichthepresshasinvadedthe

privatelivesofthefamous.

TheCalcuttcommitteehasreportedoncebefore,in1990.itrecommendationsledtothecreation

ofthePressComplaintsCommission,underwhichthepresswasgiventhechancetoregulateitself

withouttheneedforaprivacylaw.Italsoproposedanewcriminaloffenceofphysicalintrusionto

obtaininformationforpublication.

Thisproposal,whichwasnotactedupon,wouldhavemadeitunlawfultophotographpeopleon

privatepropertytorecordtheirconversationswithoutpermission.Itwouldhavemadeitanoffence

toenterapropertytoplaceabugorobtainpersonalinformation.

Thecommitteesaidthatthepressshouldbeallowedtoinvadetheprivacyofapublicfigureonly

whenitwaslikelytoexposeorpreventcriminalactivity,otherwisehisorprivacyshouldbeleft

alone.Butagenerallawprotectingprivacywasrejected.

Sincethen,reportsinsomenewspapersandmagazinesaboutpeople'sprivateliveshaveignored

thecommittee'srecommendations.TheprivatelivesofGovernmentMinistersandmembersofthe

RoyalFamilyhavefeaturedprominentlyinthepress.PhotographsoftheDuchessofYork

SunbathinginFrance,forexample,havebeenwidelypublished.

Somesectionsofthemediajustifytheirintrusionbysayingitisinthepublicinterest.Ina

democracy,theyargue,thepublichasarighttoknowwhatpeopleinpositionsofpoweraredoing.

Politiciansandothersareaccountablefortheirlives.Privacylaws,thesecriticssay,wouldprotect

theprivileged.

Additionally,manypoliticiansusetheirprivatelivestogainpopularsupport,fbrexampleby

paradingtheirfamiliesbeforecamerastoemphasized"traditionalvalue”.Hence,someeditorssay

theyarejustifiedinpryingintoprivatelivestouncoveranyfaults.

Likewise,theRoyalFamilyissupportedfrompublicfunds,andthereforeitisarguedthatits

membersshouldleadresponsibleprivatelives.

49.Whichofthefollowingoccun*edrecentlyinBritain?

a.areportfromacommitteechairedbySirDavidCalcutt.B.Intrusionintothelivesofpublic

figures

c.Introductionoflegislationtocubpresspowerd.TheGovernment'sactionto

protectprivacy.

50.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

a.ThepresshasmorefreedomtopublishprivacyofthefamousafterthefoundationofthePress

ComplaintsCommission.

b.Tophotographpublicfiguresonpublicpropertyislegal.

c.Aprivacylawisunnecessarysincethepresshastheabilitytoregulateitself.

d.ThePressComplaintsCommissionwasformedoutofthepressandthusdidsomethinginfavor

ofthepress

51.Whatkindofpeoplearelikelytoappreciatetheinvasionoftheirprivatelife?

a.ThemembersofCalcuttcommitteeb.royalfamilyc.popstarsd.some

governmentleaders

52.Whichisalawfulpurposefbrintrusionintoprivacy?

a.Todisclosecriminalactivityb.TobeinagreementwithPrivacyLaw

c.Togainpopularsupportd.Toprotecttheprivileged

Questions53-56

Whendidsportbegin?Ifsportis,inessence,play,theclaimmightbemadethatsprotismuch

olderthanhumankindfor,asweallhaveobserved,thebeastsplay.Dogsandcatswrestleandplay

ballgames.Fishedandbirdsdance.Theapeshavesimple,pleasurablegames.Frolickinginfants,

schoolchildrenplayingtag,andadultarmwrestlersaredemonstratingstrong,trans-generational

andtrans-speciesbondswiththeuniverseofanimalspastpresentandfuture.Younganimals,

particularly,tumble,chase,runwrestle,mock,imitate,andlaugh(orsoitseems)tothepointof

delightedexhaust.Theirplay,andours,appearstoservenootherpurposethantogivepleasureto

theplayers,andapparentlytoremoveustemporarilyformtheanguishoflifeinearnest.

Somephilosophershaveclaimedthatourplayfulnessisthemostnoblepartofourbasicnature.

Intheirgenerousconception,playharmlesslyandexperimentallypermitsustoputourcreative

forces,fantasy,andimaginationintoaction.Playisreleaseformthetediousbattlesagainstscarcity

anddeclinewhicharetheincessant,andinevitable,tragediesoflife.Thisisagrandconceptionthat

excitesandprovokes.Theholdersofthisviewclaimthatoriginsofourhighest

accomplishments-liturgy,literatureandlaw-canbetracedtoplayaimpulsewhich,paradoxically,

weseemostpurelyenjoyedbyyoungbeastsandchildren.Oursports,inthisratherhappy,

non-fatalisticviewofhumannature,aremoresplendidcreationsofthenon-datable,trans-species

playimpulse.

53.Thebesttitleforthepassageis

a.GamesforAnimalsb.TheOriginsandMeaningofPlay

c.APlayfulViewofModernPhilosophyd.TheRoleofSportinChildDevelopment

54.Itseemstotheauthorthatyounganimalsplayinorderto

a.gainpleasureb.learnspecificbehaviorpatterns

c.delighttheirownersd.exercisetheirgrowingmuscles

55.Onemayinferfromthepassagethatplayisimportanttoadultsbecauseithelpsthem

a.understandtheirchildrenb.interactmorewithanimalsandnature

c.channeltheircreativityd.improvetheirphysicalstrength

56.Theword“noble“couldbestbereplacebywhichofthefollowing?

a.snobbishb.wealthyc.royald.admirable

Question57-60

Toensuresimilarityinscientificinvestigationormonitoring,nationallyandinternationally

agreedstandardsarebeingintroduced.Severalsystemsofdocumentingexperimentalmethodsand

proceduresareinusetodayandarebecomingincreasinglyimportantfbrindicatingdataqualityand

verifyingtheintegrityofstudies.OnesuchapproachisGoodLaboratoryPracticewhichwas

introducedin1982bytheHealthandSafetyExecutivetomonitorthetestingofindustrialchemicals.

Since1982therangeoflaboratoriesinspectedhasbeenextendedtoincludethoseworkingwith

pharmaceuticals,agrochemicals,cosmeticsandfoodadditives.GoodLaboratoryPracticeis

concernedwiththeway.laboratoryorfieldstudiesareplanned,monitored,recordedandreported

andtheconditionsunderwhichthisoccurs.FollowingtheprinciplesofGLPensuresthatthestudies

areproperlyplanned,canbeadequatelycarriedoutandarefullyandaccuratelyreported.Aspanof

theplanning,executionandreportingofastudy,thevariousprocessescarriedoutarecarefully

documentedasStandardOperatingProcedures.

Thevalueoflong-termobservationofenvironmentalfactorshasonlybeenrecognized

relativelyrecentlyalthoughsomemonitoringoftheenvironmentalfactorshavebeeninexistence

fbroveracentury.Thebestknownlong-termstudyisprobablytheBroadbalkExperimentat

Rothamsted.Broadbalkandtheotherlong-termexperimentsatRothamstedandelsewherearenow

provingtobeextremelyvaluablebyansweringquestionsnotconsidered,norevenconceived,when

theywereoriginallysetup.Evensotheyarelimitedingeographicscopeandbythefactthatthey

areconfinedtoonelandusecategory.Currentenvironmentalandecologicalmonitoringnetworks,

whilenotlimitedgeographically,haveinthemainbeensetuptomeasurejustoneaspectofthe

environment.Incontrast,theEnvironmentalChangeNetwork(ECN)wassetuptogiveaddedvalue

tolong-termmonitoringanddatacollectionbyprovidinganetworkofsitesindifferentpartsofthe

U.K.andunderavarietyoflanduseconditionswherecomparablelong-termdataonawidevariety

ofenvironmentalvariablescouldberecorded.

TheideaofanetworksuchasECNwasfirstconsideredinthemid1970sbuttheconceptdid

notreachfruitionuntil1992.Theselectionoftheinitialnetworkofterrestrialsiteswasbasedona

rangeofcriteria.Oneofthemostimportantrequirements,giventheintendedlong-termnatureof

theproject,wasfinancialsecurityalthoughconsistentqualityofresearchwasalsorequired.The

projectintendedthatothersitesrepresentingmorevariableclimatezonesandlandusewill

eventuallyjointhenetworkasfundingbecomesavailable.

ThemonitoringcardedoutateachECNsitecoversarangeofphysical,chemicaland

biologicalmeasurements.Wherepossibleproceduresandmeasurementsusedbyexistingnational

monitoringschemesareemployedsothatECNprovidesanintegratingfunctionforthemore

extensivesectorialnetworks.Environmentalchangesduetofactorssuchasclimatechangeare

likelytobedifficulttoidentifyagainstthebackgroundnoisearisingfromthenumeroussources,

bothnaturalandman-made,ofenvironmentalvariability.Itisdesirable,therefore,tominimizeany

additionalvariationduetooperatorinvolvement.Tothisend,andtoensureconsistencyand

repeatability,protocolsforeachofthekeymeasurementswereproduced.

57.Howmanyexperiment(s)was(were)conductedonthemonitoringoftheenvironmentalfactors?

a.Unknownb.Twoc.threed.one

58.Whatdoestheunderlinedwordmeanin“OnesuchapproachisGoodLaboratoryPractice

whichwasintroducedin1982bytheHealthandSafetyExecutivetomonitorthetestingof

industrialchemicals?^^

a.Performanceb.Standardc.Experimentd.Repetition

59.Whichisthecorrectdescriptionof"EnvironmentChangeNetwork?"

a.Itisanetworkwhichisexpectedtoprovideenvironmentalandecologicaldatarepresenting

moregeographicalareas

b.Itisacurrentenvironmentalandecologicalnetworktomeasureonlyoneaspectofthe

environment

c.EnvironmentalChangeNetworkremainedfunctioninguntil1992.

d.EnvironmentalChangeNetworkwaswetuptomakelong-termmonitoringofenvironment

morecostly

60.Thepassageimplies,thoughitdoesnotexplicitlystate,thatis(are)themost

promisingapproachtothelong-termmonitoringofenvironmentalfactors.

a.BroasbalkExperimentb.GoodLaboratoryPractice

c.EnvironmentalChangeNetworkd.StandardOperatingProcedures

Cloze(10points)

UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.Theythat

inthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingfbrtheman.Butthey

insistedthatitsresultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyand

miseryfortheoftheEnglishpopulation.contrast,theysawinthepreceding

hundredyearsfrom1650-1750,whenEnglandwasstillaagriculturalcountry,aperiodof

greatabundanceandprosperity.

Thisview,,isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialistshistoryandeconomics,

havetwothings:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750wasbygreatpoverty,andthat

industrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthe

majorityofthepopulace(平民).

61.a.admittedb.believedc.claimedd.predicted

62a.plainb.averagec.meand.normal

63.momentaryb.promptc.instantd.immediate

64.bulkb.hostc.grossd.magnitude

65.Inb.Withc.Ford.By

66.a.broadlyb.thoroughlyc.generallyd.completely

67.a.howeverb.meanwhilec.therefored.moreover

68.a.atb.inc.aboutd.fbr

69.a.manifestedb.approvedc.shownd.speculated

70.a.notedb.impressedc.labeledd.marked

Translation(20points)

Thechemicalindustrydependsveryheavilyonpetroleumandnaturalgasassourcesofraw

materials.Itislikelythatinexcessof80%oftheliterallythousandsofdifferentbasicorganic

chemicalsemployedtodayarederivedfromthesesources.

Thepetrochemicalindustryhasgrownwiththepetroleumindustry.Asisthecasewiththelatest

trendsinchangingcrudeoiltypes,itmustalsoevolvetomeetchangingtechnologicaland

humanitarianneeds.

Themanufactureofchemicalsfrompetroleumandnaturalgasconstituentsisanexcellent

exampleoftheconversionofsuchmaterialstomorevaluableproducts.Theindividualchemicals

madefrompetroleumandnaturalgasnumerousandincludeindustrialchemicals,household

chemicalsandpaints,aswellasintermediatesforthemanufactureofproducts,suchassynthetic

rubberandplastics.

Theprocessingofpetroleumhydrocarbontoyieldmaterialsthatare,essentially,thebuilding

blocksofotherchemicalsindustries,isnowveryextensive.

Theclassificationofmaterialssuchaspetrochemicalsisusedtoindicatethesourceofthe

chemicalcompounds,butitshouldberememberedthatmanycommonpetrochemicalscanbemade

formothersources,andtheterminologyisthereforeamatterofsourceidentification.,

Petrochemicalsaregenerallychemicalcompoundsderivedfrompetroleumeitherbydirect

manufactureorbyindirectmanufactureasby-productsfromthevarietyofprocessesthatareused

duringtherefiningofpetroleum.Gasoline,fueloils,lubricatingoils,waxes,asphalts,andthelike

areexcludedfromthedefinitionofpetrochemicals,sincetheyarenot,inthetruesense,chemical

compoundsbutareinfactintimatemixturesofhydrocarbons.

B級

Thechemicalindustrydependsveryheavilyonpetroleumandnaturalgasassourcesofraw

materials.Itislikelythatinexcessof80%oftheliterallythousandsofdifferentbasicorganic

chemicalsemployedtodayarederivedfromthesesources.

Thepetrochemicalindustryhasgrownwiththepetroleumindustry.Asisthecasewiththelatest

trendsinchangingcrudeoiltypes,itmustalsoevolvetomeetchangingtechnologicaland

humanitarianneeds.

Themanufactureofchemicalsfrompetroleumandnaturalgasconstituentsisanexcellent

exampleoftheconversionofsuchmaterialstomorevaluableproducts.Theindividualchemicals

madefrompetroleumandnaturalgasnumerousandincludeindustrialchemicals,household

chemicalsandpaints,aswellasintermediatesforthemanufact