試析《豬之死》朱世達(dá)譯本中的被動語態(tài)翻譯策略

試析《豬之死》朱世達(dá)譯本中的被動語態(tài)翻譯策略IntroductionTranslationis,infact,akindoftransformationofmeaningandculture,whichconstitutesacross-culturalcommunicativeactofspreadingnewideasandknowledge.Theprocessoftranslationdealswithalotofaspects.Firstofall,thetranslationofsemanticequivalence.Andthenthetranslationofculturalequivalence.English-Chinesetranslationofpassivevoiceisasubjectworthyofin-depthstudy.However,passivevoicetranslationisunavoidableinthetranslationbetweenthetwolanguages.Itishardtotranslatethepassivevoicebecauseofthedifferentlanguagehabitsbetweenthistwolanguages.InordertoaddresspassivevoicedifficultiesintheEnglish-Chinesetranslation,thelearnersoftranslationneedtomastersomecertaintranslationskillsandsomehabitualtranslationmethods.Inpractice,humanbeingsconstantlyexplorethenaturalworldandcandescribeitwithlanguagefromdifferentperspectives,amongwhichactiveandpassivearetwoveryimportantperspectives.Inalinguisticsense,activeandpassiveareapairofgrammaticalcategories,thatis,“voice”.Voicecanmakepeoplelookatthesamethingfromdifferentangleswithoutchangingitsmeaningorfact.Asalanguagenotconfinedtoform,Chinesehasahighfrequencyofpassivesentenceswithoutsubject,formalpassivesentencesandmeaningpassivesentences,inadditiontoactivesentences.SometimesthestructureandmeaningofEnglishpassivesentencescanbereproducedintheChinesetranslation,butinmostcases,thedoublepreservationofvoiceandsemanticmeaningoftheoriginaltextcannotberealized.Thisrequirestranslatorstobroadentheirthinkingandusedifferenttranslationsflexiblyonthebasisofrespectingtheoriginaltext.Therefore,thisthesiscomparesandanalyzesthepassivevoicecharacteristicsbetweenEnglishandChinesefromacomparativeperspective.Andonthisbasis,thetranslationstrategiesofthepassivevoiceintheChinesetranslationofDeathofaPigwillbediscussed.Apartfromthis,italsotalksoverthefundamentalfactorsbehindthedifferencesinthepassivevoicebetweenthetwolanguages,namely,thedifferencesinthinkingmode.Thepurposeistomakepeopleunderstandthedifferencesbetweenthepassivityofthesetwolanguageswhiletounderstandthedistinctionintheirwayofthinking,soastobetterapplytothetranslationoftheEnglish-Chinesepassivevoice.Thethesisconsistsoffiveparts.Thefirstpartisanintroductiontotheresearchbackgroundandsignificance.Thesecondpartintroducesthesourcetextandtranslation,aswellastheresearchstatusandtranslationstrategiesofpassivevoiceathomeandabroad.Beforelaunchingtheformaldiscussionofthetranslationstrategiesofpassivevoice,thisthesisdescribesthedefinitionsandclassificationsofpassivevoiceinEnglishandChineseandcomparedthemindifferencesinthethirdpart.ThefourthpartsummarizestwotranslationstrategiesforpassivityintheChinesetranslationofDeathofaPigbyanalyzingillustrativesentences.Attheendofthethesis,theauthormakesaconclusionoftheentirestudyandspotsoutthelimitationsandimplicationsofthestudy.ChapterILiteraturereview1.1IntroductionofthesourcetextandthetranslationIntheeyesofChinesereaders,E.B.White,amodernAmericanwriter,isawriteroffairytales,whoserepresentativeworksincludeCharlotte'sWeb,StuartLittleandTheTrumpetoftheSwan.ResearchonhiminChineseacademiaalsofocusesonhiscreationoffairytales.White,however,wasprimarilyanessayist,andmostofhisworkwasprose.Thiskindofselectiveacceptancemaycomefrommanyreasons,butitdoesnotpreventhimandhisproseworksfromfinallyenteringthehorizonofChinesereadersandrevealingtheirownliteraryvalue.DeathofaPigisoneofhisfamousessayspublishedin1947,whichtellsabouttheauthor’slastdayswithhispig.Bycaringforthesickpig,theauthor'srolechangesdramatically.Throughthepainfulexperienceofthepig,hefeelsthatlifehasbecomeinsecure,unbalanced,fleetingandunpredictable.Whathappenstothepiggymayalsohappenintheseeminglypeacefulplacearoundhim.Readershavecompletelyforgottenthattheauthorisjustexpressingthesufferingofapig,theworryoftheowner,asiftheyarepartofthestory,concernedaboutthefateofthepig.Manyscholarshavedevelopedastronginterestinthisclassicessay.Forexample,HuangYuningpointedoutthattheprosenotonlyhasthethemeofdeath,butalsoisinclosecontactwithdeathbetweenthelines.YuFenggaobelievestheprosereferstotheauthor'spersonalexperiencetheauthorfeltdeeplyguiltythathefailedtosavehispig.Inaddition,ContemporaryCollegeEnglish(volume6)andYuJianhuaanalyzedthethemeandstylisticfeaturesofthisarticle.Theseanalyseshelpreaderstounderstandandappreciatethearticle.However,althoughthisarticleisprose,theauthorusedalotofpassivevoiceindescribingthepig’ssufferingtostressthefactandmiseryofthelittlevictim.Atpresent,therearetwoChineseversionsofthisessay,oneofwhichwastranslatedbyZhuShida.Zhu,graduatingfromFudanUniversityandmajoringinEnglishLanguageandLiteraturein1965,isamemberoftheChinaWritersAssociationandoneofthecouncilmemberoftheTranslatorsAssociationofChina.Zhushida'stranslationofDeathofaPighasahighdegreeofreductiontotheoriginaltext,andpreciselyconveysthedeathandtragiccolordrawnintheoriginaltext.Moreimportantly,histranslationofseveralpassivevoicesfromtheoriginaltextisalsoappropriate.ThispaperwillanalyzethepassivevoicetranslationstrategiesadoptedinZhu’sversion.1.2PreviousstudiesonpassivevoiceabroadandathomeInthepastfewdecades,variousdomesticandforeignscholarshavehadextensiveresearchonpassivevoiceandmadegratifyingachievements.Foreignscholarshaveanalyzedthepassivevoicefromthetraditional,formal,functional,cognitiveandotheraspects,whileChinesepassivevoiceresearchersmostlystudiedthemostobviousformofthepassivevoice“bei(被)”,andstudiedthepassivevoicefrom“bei(被)”asapreposition,verborotherform.SomescholarseventhinkthatwhethertheChinesepassiveformcanreallybecalledpassivevoiceremainstobestudied,becauseChinesehasnoobviouspassivestructure.Mr.WangLievenclassifies“wei(為)”and“yu(于)”sentencesaspassivesentenceswithpassivemeaningbutnostructuralcharacteristics.Whentalkingaboutpassiveforms,Mr.LuShuxiangonlylistedthesentencepatternsof“bei(被)”,“wei(為)”,“yu(于)”andotherstructuralmeanings.IntheEnglish-Chinesecontrastivestudies,someeminentscholarsincludingLiuMiqing,theauthorofComparativeStudyandTranslationBetweenChineseandEnglish,LianShuneng,PanWenguoetc,theyallhaveestablishedtheirownrespectiveresearchsystem.Sincethe21stcentury,thenumberofscholarsdevotedtotheEnglish-Chinesecontrastivestudiesforpassivevoicehasincreaseddramatically.Someofthemanalyzepassivevoiceonthebasisofdatabaseandsomeofthemanalyzeitfromtheperspectiveofmathematicaltheory.Thecomparativestudyinthistwolanguagesforpassivevoiceisnotonlyhelpfultounderstandthecharacteristicsanddifferencesoftwolanguages,butisalsohelpfultotranslateonelanguageintoanother.Therearelikewisemanypreviousstudiesontranslatingpassives.FanYonghuidividesthetranslationmeansintotwocategories.First,translatingEnglishpassivesentencesdirectlyintoChineseversion.Second,translateitintoChineseactivesentence.LiXingqiaocomparedthesentencestructureandusingfrequencyofpassivevoiceinthetwolanguages.Andthensheconcludedthreetranslationmethods:first,keeptheoriginalpassivesentencestructure;second,changethesentencestructure;third,translatesentencesbychangingtheircomponents.Fromtheperspectiveofsubordination,ZhengJiaqinsummarizedfourtranslationstrategiesbyusingtheparalleldichotomy:first,translateitintoChineseactivevoice;second,translateitintoChinesejudgmentsentence;third,translateitintoChinesewithoutsubject;fourth,translateitintoChinesepassivesentences.Althoughscholarshavehadextensiveresearchonthedefinition,structureandfunctionofpassivesentencesandmadesomeremarkableachievements,researchonpassivesentencetranslationstillhasalongwaytogo.Thelackofanalysisontheuniversality,disparitiesandguidingprinciplesofpassivetranslation,aswellasthelackofsystematicandreferentialtranslationmodels,arethemaindifficultiesofpassivetranslation.Therefore,amoredetailedanalysisofEnglishandChinesepassivesentencesandanin-depthstudyofthetranslationpatternsandrulesofpassivesentencesareofgreatsignificancetothestudyoftranslationtheoryandtranslationpractice.ChapterIIComparisonofEnglishandChinesepassivesInthischapter,theauthorwillmakeathoroughinquiryofthedistinctionsbetweenthepassivityofthetwolanguagesfromthreeparts.ThefirstpartdefinesandclassifiesEnglishpassivevoiceonthebasisofexistingresearch.ThesecondpartdefinesandclassifiesChinesepassivesentencepatterns,andthethirdpartcomparesEnglishandChinesepassivevoicefromthreedistinctiveaspects.2.1DefinitionandclassificationofpassivevoiceofEnglishTherearemanyrelevantworkathomeandabroadthatisaboutthedefinitionandclassificationofpassivevoice.Linguistsandgrammarianstrytodefinepassivevoicefromdifferentperspectives.Leechetal(1975)believedthatthetypicalfeatureofpassivevoiceistheformwith“be+done”,whileGranger(1983)pointedoutthatpassivevoiceisthestructureof“be+done”,whichcanbesemanticallyconvertedfromactivevoice.Wilson(1986)holdsthatthepassivevoiceiswhenthesubjectimposessomethingontheobject,thatis,inthepassivevoice,somethingisimposedonthesubjectbysomeoneorsomething.Jesperson(1933)reachedamorecomprehensiveconclusiontothepassivevoice.HenotedthatEnglishpassivityappearsfrequentlyinthefollowingfivesituations.First,theactorisunknownorisunabletobepointedout.Second,theactorisveryobviousinthecontext.Third,forspecialreasons,thefirstpersonisavoidedinthewrittenlanguage,sotheactorisspecified.Fourth,focusonthesubjectofthepassivesentenceratherthanthesubjectoftheactivesentence.Fifth,sometimespassivevoicecanbeusedinacertaincontexttomaintainthecohesionofthediscourse.Fromtheabovefindings,wecantellthatthedefinitionofpassivevoiceisgraduallydeepenedfromtheoriginalisolatedgrammaticalresearchtothecombinationofpassivevoiceandfunctionalresearch.Andthiscanmorefullyexplainthepragmaticvalueofpassivevoice.Traditionalgrammardividespassivevoiceintotwocategories.Firstly,passivitywithformalsigns.Secondly,passivitywithoutformalsigns.Quirketa1(1985:167-170)stressedthattherearethreemaintypesofpassivevoice:thecompletelypassivevoice,thesemi-passivevoice,andthepseudo-passivevoice.Thecompletelypassivevoicereferstothe“-ed”participlethatrepresentstheaction,followedbytheexecutorwhoisguidedby“-by”.Whentheexecutoroftheactioncannotbepointedout,itisusuallyexplainedbytheadverbialofmannerortimethattheactionisone-timeorrepetitive,andthereisacorrespondingmainactivevoice.Thesemi-passivevoicereferstothepropertyofthe“-ed”participlewithaqualityofverbandadjective.Thepseudo-passivevoicereferstothe“-ed”participlewhichhasthecharacteristicsofadjectives,butthereisnoactorandnocorrespondingactivevoice.Basedontheviewsoftheabovescholarsandthetextualfeaturesofthetranslatedmaterials,theEnglishactivevoicementionedinthispaperreferstothetypicalstructureof“be+pastparticiple”.2.2DefinitionandclassificationofpassivevoiceofChineseSpeakingfromthegrammarsystem,thepassivityinEnglishbelongstothecategoryofthevoiceofverb,whileinChineseitbelongstothespecialsentencepatternofChineselanguage.ThetermpassivestructurewasfirstproposedbyChineselinguistWangLiinhisbookmodernChinesegrammar(1981).WangLi(1981)namedthe“passivevoice”ofEnglishas“BeiDongShi(被動式)”inChinese,whileotherlinguistscalledit“BeiZiJu(被字句)”.AsforthedefinitionofChinesepassivesentence,domesticlinguistsexpressedtheirownviews.WangLi(1943)indicatesthatthebehaviorrepresentedbythepredicateistherecipientofthesubject,whichcanbecalledpassive.LiShan(1994)believedthatpassivesentenceswithobviousmarksrepresentpassivemeanings,while“subjectstatements”representpassivemeaningsalthoughtheyhavenoformalmarks.Asfortheclassificationofpassivesentencepatterns,WangLi(1943)dividedpassiveformsintotwotypes.Oneisthepassivewiththeword“bei(被)”,andanotherwithouttheword“bei(被)”butwiththewordssuchas“ai(挨)”or“shou(受)”,whichissimilartoactivesentenceinexternalform,buthaspassivemeaning.LuShuxiangandZhuDexi(1979)believedthattherearetwocategoriesofpassivesaswell,buttheirclassificationcriteriaweredifferentfromWang’s.Theybelievedthatthefirstcategorywascompletelypassivesentences,whichwerecharacterizedbythepresenceofnotonlytherecipientbeforetheword“bei(被)”,butalsotheagentafterit.Thesecondkindisthesimplifiedone,inwhichappearsonlytherecipient,buttheagentdoesnot,andthe“bei(被)”insuchpassivesentencemaynotbeused.Fromtheaboveviewpoints,theauthorthinksthatthedefinitionofpassivesentenceshouldbebasedonitssemanticmeaning,whetherithasobviousrecipient,whethertherecipientishighlightedinthesentence,andatthesametime,thesyntaxshouldbeincludedinthereference.Whenclassifyingpassivesentences,firstdeterminetheclassificationcriteriaandthenseewhethertherearesignsforpassives.BasedontheabovediscussionofpassivestructureinChinese,thispaperdividesthepassivestructureinChineseintotwocategories:thefirsttypeisthedominantpassivesentence,thatis,thesentencestructurewith“bei(被)”,andthesentencestructurewith“shou(受)”and“zaoshou(遭受)”,whichhavethesamemeaningas“bei(被)”,asthemainverbs;thesecondtypeisnotionalpassivesentence,thatis,thepassivesentencepatterninwhichtheactivevoiceexpressesthepassivemeaning(ShiDingxu,2003).2.3ComparisonofEnglishandChinesepassivityChineseisalanguagethatisnotrigidlyboundtoform.Inadditiontoactivesentences,therearepassivesentenceswithnosubject,sentencesinactiveformsbutwithpassivemeaningsandjudgementsentences.TheobvioustendencyofthepatienttoactasagentinmodernChineseusuallymakesitexpressitslogicalpassivitybyformalinitiative.Itspassiveformisusuallyexpressedbymeansoflexicalizationsuchasnotionalwordsandfunctionwords.However,thepassivevoiceinEnglishisveryobvious.AlthoughtherearesomenotionalpassivesentencesinEnglish,theexamplesareverylimited.Onthewhole,thepassivityinEnglishisquitestableandwell-defined.Thetablebelowbrieflyliststhedifferencesbetweenthistwolanguagesandtheirpassivity.EnglishChineseFamilyofLanguageIndo-EuropeanfamilySino-TibetanfamilyNatureofLanguagesyntheticlanguageanalyticallanguageMainPassiveStructurebe+pastparticiplemeansoflexicalizationsuchasnotionalwordsandfunctionwordsPassiveSentencePatternstructuralpassivesentencenotionalpassivesentencePassiveFormdominantpassivevoicedominantpassivevoice,semi-dominantpassivevoiceandrecessivepassivevoiceFeaturesofPassiveVoicethethemeisprominent;thesubjectisindispensable;theagentusuallycomesbeforetheverbthesubjectisnotindispensable;itcanbetheagent,therecipient,andcanalsobethetime,place,mannerMeaningofPassiveVoicenonegativeconnotationimplynegativemeaningAscanbeseenfromtheabovetable,oneofthebiggestdifferencesbetweenthepassivityofthetwolanguagesisthatEnglishpassivevoicehasobviousstructuralcharacteristics,whileChinesepassivevoiceisexpressedbymeansoflexicalizationsuchas“bei(被)”,“wei(為)”,“yu(于)”andsoon.Theauthorwillcomparethepassiveformsofthetwolanguagesmainlyfromthestructure,formandthinkinghabitsofthepassivevoiceinChineseandEnglish.2.3.1StructureandformofthepassivevoiceinEnglishThestructureandformofEnglishpassivevoicearerelativelysimple.Althoughthepredicateinpassivevoicechangeswiththetense,itsbasicstructureis”be+pastparticiple.”Forexample:Sheisusuallybeatenbyhisfather;Shewasbeatenbystrangersonthewayhome.Ofcourse,thereareotherformsofpassivevoiceinEnglishbesidesthemainformof“be+pastparticiple”,suchas:①theformof“be+preposition”,forexample:“Theplaneisoutofcontrol”;②usinganinfinitivestructuretoconveypassivemeaning,forexample,“Thehouseworkishardtofinish”;③usingsensoryverbstoshowpassivity,forexample,“Thatsoundsagoodnews”;④be+infinitive,forexample,forexample,“Themotorvehiclewastoblameforthisaccident”.Inaddition,sometransitiveverbsoradjectivesalsohavepassivemeanings,forexample,“Shedeservesallthepraise”.2.3.2StructureandformofthepassivevoiceinChineseHowever,thepassivestructureofChineseismorecomplicatedthanthatofEnglish,whichismainlydividedintothreeforms:dominantpassive,semi-dominantpassiveandrecessivepassive.Thestructureofdominantpassivestructuralistousetheprepositionssuchas“bei(被)”,“gei(給)”and“rang(讓)”plustransitiveverbstoformthesentencepatternof“be+Vt”or“be+agent+gei+Vt”,forexample:他們的衣服被蒙蒙細(xì)雨淋濕了。(Theirclotheswerewetwiththedrizzle.)摩托車叫我哥哥給騎走了。(Themotorcyclewastakenawaybymybrother.)我弟弟昨天給人打了。(Mybrotherwasbeatenupyesterday.)Inaddition,sentenceswithwordslike"shou(受)","zaoshou(遭受)","meng(蒙)"and"mengshou(蒙受)"aspredicatesalsobelongtodominantpassivesentences,forexample:他由于受了批評而無地自容。(Hefeltshamelessfromembarrassmentforbeingcriticized.)你蒙恩多久了？(Howlonghaveyoubeenfavored?)Thesecondissemi-dominantpassive,whichisakindofjudgementsentence:(1)Thestructureof“wei……suo(為……所)”,forexample:此逃犯終于為警方所控制。(Theescapedprisonerwasfinallyunderthecontrolofthepolice.)這門課為學(xué)生家長所重視。(Thiscourseisattachedgreatimportancebyparents.)Thestructureof“shi……de(是……的)”,forexample:花瓶是他打爛的。(Thevasewasbrokenbyhim.)這場革命是英雄們領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的。(Therevolutionwasledbyheroes.)Thestructureof“……deshi……(……的是……)”,forexample:早上叫我起床的是鬧鐘。(Iwaswakedupbythealarmclockinthemorning.)老師罵的是我，不是你！(Itwasmewhowasscoldedbytheteacher,notyou!)Thethirdiscompleterecessivepassive ,whichisakindoflabelingofpassivebehaviorasactive,forexample:這個問題正在研究。(Theproblemisnowbeingstudied)這種病毒只能通過血液傳播。(Thiskindofvirusisonlytransmittedbyblood.)Inaword,thepassivityinChineseisambiguous,andtherearemassiveChinesesentencesexpressingpassivemeaninginactivevoiceorbymeansoflexicalization.Moreover,inChinesecontext,activesentencesismorethanpassiveones.However,Englishpassivevoiceismoreexplicit,whichisreflectedintheinflectionoftheverbandbelongstothegrammaticalcategoryoftheverb.Inaddition,thepassivevoiceandtheactivevoicearebothemphasizedinthecontext.2.3.2DifferencesinChinese-EnglishthinkingbetweensubjectandobjectThedifferencesbetweenthepassivityofthetwolanguagesinformandfunctionultimatelydependontheculturalrootsofthetwolanguages,orthedifferentwaysofthinkingofthetwolanguages.Chineseemphasizesthesubjectthinkingandpaysattentiontoself-starting.ThroughoutthedevelopmenthistoryofChinaforthousandsofyears,themainstreamwayofthinkingisfromthesubject.ThephilosophyofConfucianencouragespeopletotakepartinsocialactivities;thephilosophyofTaoismencouragespeopletoblendinnature;thephilosophyofBuddhismgivesprioritytotheSamsaraofhumanbeings.ItcanbeseenfromtheabovephilosophiesthatChinesethoughtvalueshumansubjectivitymore,andoftenmakesvaluejudgementsfromtheperspectiveof“I”,basedonthefeelings,attitudesandconceptsof“I”,with“I”asthestartingpointandfinalpointofcognition.However,theEnglishnationstrictlydistinguishesbetweensubjectandobject,emphasizingtheobjective,rationalandcalmattitudetowardstheobjectiveworld,toseeknaturallawsandexplorescientifictruth.LianShunengpointedoutthatrationalismregardsthesubjectasaspectatorandexplorestheobject,especiallytheexternalworld.ThiskindofthinkingdifferenceisreflectedinthetwolanguagesthatEnglishemphasizestheimpersonalsubject,whileChinesestressesthepersonalsubject.TherearemanysentencesinEnglishthatdonottakehumanbeingsasthesubject,butuseabstractnounsornamesofthingsasthesubject,whileChineseoftentakeshumanbeingsorwordsandphrasesrepresentinghumanbeingsasthesubject.Asaresult,theuseofpassivestatementsinEnglishbecomesmorewidespreadbecausemanysubjectsarereplacedbyobjects,whiletheuseofpassivestatementsinChinese,whichusuallytakesthepersonasthesubject,isobviouslylesscommonthanthatinEnglish.Therefore,weshouldkeepinmindthedifferencesbetweenthetwokindofwaysofthinkingandtranslatethepassivevoiceflexibly.ChapterⅢThetranslationstrategiesforpassivevoiceintheChinesetranslationofDeathofaPigThetranslationmethodofEnglishpassivesentencesshowsflexibility.Generallyspeaking,therearefourwaystotranslateanEnglishpassivesentenceintoaChineseversion,thatistotranslateitintoaChineseactivesentence,passivesentence,judgementsentenceorsentencewithnosubject.Sofar,theliteratureonEnglishpassivevoicetranslatingmethodhasallmentionedthesefourtypicalmethods.SinceonlythefirsttwomethodsareusedinZhuShida'stranslationoftheproseDeathofaPig,thispaperonlyanalyzestheuseofthesetwotranslationstrategies.Thereare25passivesentencesintheoriginaltext.Apartfromthe6passivesentencesintheattributiveclause,theauthorsummarizesthefrequencyofthetwotranslationmethodsintheother19passivesentences,asshowninthetablebelow:AmountProportion(%)ConversionintoChineseActiveSentences1157%ConversionintoChinesePassiveSentences843%ThefollowingisacasestudyoftheproseDeathofaPiganditsChinesetranslationtoexploretheabovetwotranslationstrategiesforpassivevoice.3.1ConversionintoChinesepassivesentencesInspiteofthefactthatChineseisseldomappearedwithpassivity,itspassiveformsaresundry.Inadditiontotheformof“bei(被)”,therearealsosomeformsofpassivesentenceslike,“gei(給)”,“zao(遭)”,“ai(挨)”,“jiao(叫)”,“rang(讓)”,“wei……suo(為……所)”andsoon.Forsentencesthatemphasizetheobjectiveactionorpassiveaction,theyshouldbetranslatedintoChinesepassivesentencestohighlighttheirpassivemeanings.Example1:Intheupsetposition,thecornersofhismouthhadbeenturneddown,givinghimafrowningexpression.Translation:它躺在地上時,嘴角被迫朝兩邊咧開,一副愁眉苦臉的神情。IntheoriginalsentenceinExample1,thesubjectis“thecornersofhismouth”,andthepredicateis“hadbeenturneddown”.Logically,thesubjectisthetruerecipient.Throughthepassivevoice,wecouldfindthattheemphasisintheoriginalsentenceisontherecipient.Forthisreason,themostappropriatetranslationmethodistokeeptheoriginalsubjectunchanged,andthenadd“bei(被)”or“beipo(被迫)”inChinesetranslationjustasZhudidinhistranslation,tomaintainthepassivemeaningoftheoriginalsentence.Example2:Iscratchedhimgentlywithoilyfingersandheremainedquiet,asthoughtryingtorecallthesatisfactionofbeingscratchedwheninhealth.Translation:我用油漬漬的手指輕輕摩挲它，它始終不聲不響，似乎想重溫健康時給人撫摸的愜意。IntheExample2,thereisapassivityappearedintheattributiveof“thesatisfaction”.Toconveythatthepigiswillingtobescratchedwhenitwashealthy,Zhuusedtheword“gei(給)”insteadof“bei(被)”inhistranslation,because“bei(被)”usuallyhasanegativemeaninginChinese.Asmentionedabove,Chinesepassivesoftenhavenegativemeanings.Therefore,whentherearesomenegativemeaningsbehindEnglishpassivity,itshouldbetransformedintoChinesepassivesentences.Example3:Thescreams,slightlymuffledbyoil,werepitchedinthehystericallyhighrangeofpigsound,asthoughtorturewerebeingcarriedout,buttheydidn'tlastlong:itwasalloverrathersuddenly.Translation:豬的號叫聲給蓖麻油嗆住,固定在歇斯底里般的高音區(qū)上,好像正在遭受酷刑,但也沒有持續(xù)多久,叫聲戛然而止。InExample3,theEnglishsentenceincludestwopassivevoice.Oneliesinthenon-predicateclauseandtheotherisintheadverbialclause.ZhutranslatedthemallintoChinesepassivesentencebutindifferentways.Theunderlyingpurposeofusingpassivevoiceinthenon-predicateclauseistostateafact,sothereisnoobviousemotionbehindit.ThereforeZhuusedtheword“gei(給)”againandkepttheoriginalsubject“thescream”.Asforthepassivevoiceintheadverbialclause,Zhuused“zaoshou(遭受)”insteadof“gei(給)”,whichhasonemorenegativemeaning.Althoughtheoriginalsubjectoftheclauseis“torture”,thehiddensubject,inotherwords,therealrecipient,shouldbethepig.So,Zhutranslated“beingcarriedout”intoaChineseverb“zaoshou(遭受)”,andkepttheambiguityofthesubjecthiddeninthetranslation.3.2ConversionintoChineseactivesentencesJiaYu(1999)pointedoutthattheproportionofdirecttranslationbetweenEnglishpassivesentencepatternsandChinesepassivestructuresisverylow,only9%.Asshowninthetableabove,whendealingwiththe19passivesentencesintheoriginaltext,Zhutranslated11ofthemintoactivesentencesinChinese.ItcanbeseenthatmostofthemaretranslatedintoactiveoneinlinewithChineselinguisticlawswhentranslatingthepassivevoiceinEnglish,whichisalsothefocusofthispaper.3.2.1TheoriginalsubjectactsasthesubjectiveinthetranslationThisstrategymeansthatwecantranslatethepassivevoicefromEnglishdirectlyint