高考英語熱點(diǎn)專題復(fù)習(xí) 第三部分 閱讀理解專題九 閱讀技巧點(diǎn)撥試題

專題九：閱讀技巧點(diǎn)撥一、考點(diǎn)精要【授之以漁】閱讀理解題目主要考查考生快速閱讀英語短文的能力,要求學(xué)生能了解短文的主題思想,抓住短文中所包含的信息,并通過對短文提供的材料進(jìn)行分析、推理、判斷,把握上下文事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)之間的時(shí)空順序、邏輯聯(lián)系及作者的意圖、態(tài)度、觀念和文章的寓意等?？忌谧鲩喿x理解的過程中,要注意：1.全面注意,視野開闊。文章、題干、選項(xiàng)結(jié)合起來考慮。2.先略讀掌握文章主旨大意，再讀題干。了解命題人的命題方式和考查角度。再細(xì)讀全文搜集有用信息。3.分析細(xì)節(jié)，掌握準(zhǔn)確的信息，比較選項(xiàng)的異同點(diǎn)，做出準(zhǔn)確的判斷。4.推理文章的深層含義，揣測作者的真實(shí)意圖，不能用自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的觀點(diǎn)。5.閱讀文章中容許一定量的生詞，對于這些生詞不必要花過多的時(shí)間去考慮。它們有的對文章整體理解，不會構(gòu)成影響，有的根據(jù)上下文的意思可以推斷出其意義?？键c(diǎn)1.主旨大意題【巧點(diǎn)妙撥】主旨大意題主要考查對文章進(jìn)行概括或總結(jié)的能力，它要求在閱讀短文時(shí)，能夠提煉文章的中心思想，體會作者的寫作意圖，充分運(yùn)用邏輯概括能力，透過字里行間獲取文章最具代表性的觀點(diǎn)、論點(diǎn)以及作者的情感傾向。主旨大意題通常包括：選出文章最佳標(biāo)題或概括文章或段落大意。解題思路為：（1）尋找主題句，確定文章大意；（2）抓住段落大意，概括中心思想；（3）抓住文章主線和關(guān)鍵詞語，歸納文章中心。Facialexpressionscarrymeaningthatisdeterminedbysituationsandrelationships.Forexample,inAmericanculture(文化)thesmileisingeneralanexpressionofpleasure.Yetitalsohasotheruses.Awoman'ssmileatapoliceofficerdoesnotcarrythesamemeaningasthesmileshegivestoayoungchild.Asmilemayshowloveorpoliteness.Itcanalsohidetruefeelings.Itoftencausesconfusion(困惑)acrosscultures.Forexample,manypeopleinRussiaconsidersmilingatstrangersinpublictobeunusualandevenimproper.YetmanyAmericanssmilefreelyatstrangersinpublicplaces(althoughthisislesscommoninbigcities).SomeRussiansbelievethatAmericanssmileinthewrongplaces;someAmericansbelievethatRussiansdon'tsmileenough.InSoutheastAsianculture,asmileisfrequentlyusedtocoverpainfulfeelings.Vietnamesepeoplemaytellasadstorybutendthestorywithasmile.（2012年全國卷C）52.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetest?

A.CulturalDifferencesB.SmilesandRelationship

C.FacialExpressivenessD.HabitsandEmotions答案：C。解析：主旨概括題。整篇文章都在講facialexpressions或facialexpressiveness，當(dāng)然面部表情的表現(xiàn)形式與文化背景有關(guān)。所以，facialexpressions或facialexpressiveness是文章的主旨?？键c(diǎn)2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題【巧點(diǎn)妙撥】細(xì)節(jié)理解題要求考生對閱讀材料中的某一具體事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行理解。有些問題，考生可以直接從文中找到明確的答案，但有些則需要在理解的基礎(chǔ)上將有關(guān)信息進(jìn)行處理，比如計(jì)算、排序、判斷、比較等。因此此類題一般有兩種情況：直接事實(shí)題和間接事實(shí)題。解題思路為：瀏覽全文，了解信息，抓住關(guān)鍵詞，快速尋找，回讀信息，驗(yàn)證答案。Keepyourpetsinsideasmuchasyoucanwhentheweatherisbad.Ifyouhavetotakethemout,stayoutsidewiththem.Whenyou'recoldenoughtogoinside,theyprobablyaretoo.Ifyoumustleavethemoutsideforalongtime,makesuretheyhaveawarm,solidshelteragainstthewind,thickbedding,andplentyofnon-frozenwater.（2012年全國卷A）42.Whyarepetownersaskedtostaywiththeirpetswhentheyareoutincoldweather?

A.Toknowwhentobringtheminside.

B.Tokeepthemfromeatingbadfood.

C.Tohelpthemfindshelters.

D.Tokeepthemcompany.

答案A。解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由文中的Ifyouhavetotakethemout,stayoutsidewiththem.Whenyou'recoldenoughtogoinside,theyprobablyaretoo.可知，讓主人陪著寵物一起在戶外的原因就是適時(shí)地讓它們回到屋里?？键c(diǎn)3.詞義猜測題【巧點(diǎn)妙撥】詞義猜測題是從特定的角度考查考生的閱讀理解和處理生詞的能力，它包括對詞、詞組和句意的理解。詞義猜測不僅是一項(xiàng)閱讀技巧，也是高考閱讀能力考查的一個方面。詞義猜測題常見的形式：直接對某個陌生的詞匯進(jìn)行理解；對文中的某個代詞確認(rèn)指代的對象；對多義詞或短語進(jìn)行文中含義的精確定義；對英語中的句子進(jìn)行直接的或解釋性的描述。解題思路為：根據(jù)定義猜測詞義；根據(jù)對比、比較關(guān)系猜測題義；通過構(gòu)詞法猜測詞義。Thehoneyguidedoesnotactuallylikehoney,butitdoeslikethewaxinthebeehives(蜂房).Thelittlebirdcannotreachthiswax,whichisdeepinsidethebees'nest.So,whenitfindsasuitablenest,itlooksforsomeonetohelpit.Thehoneyguidegivesaloudcrythatattractstheattentionofbothpassinganimalsandpeople.Onceithastheirattention,itfliesthroughtheforest,waitingfromtimetotimeforthecuriousanimalorpersonasitleadsthemtothenest.Whentheyfinallyarriveatthenest,thefollowerreachesintogetatthedelicioushoneyasthebirdpatientlywaitsandwatches.Someofthehoney,andthewax,alwaysfallstotheground,andthisiswhenthehoneyguidetakesitsshare.（2012年全國卷）61.Whatdothewords"thefollower"inParagraph2referto?A.Abee. B.Abird.C.Ahoneyseeker. D.Abeekeeper.答案C。解析：詞義猜測題。根據(jù)上下文可知，此處指尋找蜂蜜的動物或人。ahoneyseeker指尋找蜂蜜者。故選C?？键c(diǎn)4.推理判斷題【巧點(diǎn)妙撥】推理判斷題主要考查考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上，從文章本身所提供的信息出發(fā)，運(yùn)用邏輯思維，同時(shí)借助一定的常識進(jìn)行分析、推理、判斷的能力?？疾樾问綖椋和茢嚯[含含義；推斷作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度；推斷寫作目的和寫作意圖；推斷文章出處；推斷文中人物性格態(tài)度。解題思路為：抓特定信息推理；整合全文信息進(jìn)行推理；利用語境進(jìn)行推斷；根據(jù)上下文的邏輯思維進(jìn)行推理；根據(jù)文章的結(jié)論推斷作者的態(tài)度。Youmaythinkthatsailingisadifficultsport,butitisreallynothardtolearnit.Youdonotneedtobestrong.Butyouneedtobequick.Andyouneedtounderstandafewbasicrulesaboutthewind.（2012年全國卷）

48.Wherecanyouprobablyfindthetext?

A.Inapopularmagazine.B.Inatouristguidebook.

C.Inaphysicstextbook.D.Inanofficialreport.

答案A。解析：推測文章出處題。文章第一段開門見山地指出帆船運(yùn)動不難，只要反應(yīng)敏捷并了解風(fēng)向即可，由此可推知本文可能出自“通俗雜志”。二、典題對應(yīng)典題1.Accordingtothedesigner,thelampbrellawouldmoveatarelativelylowspeed,soasnottocauseharmtothepedestrians.Besides,itwouldbegroundedtoprotectfrompossiblelightingstrike.Eachlampbrellawouldofferenoughshelterforseveralpeople.Beinginstalledat2metersofftheground,itwouldonlybeadangerforthetallestofpedestrians.（2013年山東卷C）69.Whatdoesparagraph5mainlytellusaboutthelampbrella?A.Itsmovingspeed B.ItsappearanceC.Itsinstallation D.Itssafety【命題意圖】答案D。解析：主旨概括題。根據(jù)本段“…soasnottocauseharmtothepedestrians”“…toprotectfrompossiblelightingstrike”“Beinginstalledat2metersofftheground,itwouldonlybeadangerforthetallestofpedestrians”可以得知，這是lampbrella的人性化設(shè)計(jì)，為避雨的行人在安全方面作了充分考慮。故選D。典題2.ThePacificislandnationofNauruusedtobeabeautifulplace.Nowitisanecologicaldisasterarea.Nauru’sheartbreakingstorycouldhaveonegoodconsequence—othercountriesmightlearnfromitsmistakes.Forthousandsofyears,PolynesianpeoplelivedontheremoteislandofNauru,farfromwesterncivilization.ThefirstEuropeantoarrivewasJohnFearnin1798.HewastheBritishcaptainoftheHunter,awhalingship.HecalledtheislandPleasantIsland.(201257.WhatwasNaurulikebeforetheEuropeanscame?A.Richandpowerful B.ModernandopenC.Peacefulandattractive D.Greedyandaggressive【命題意圖】答案：C。解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題?？疾閷ξ恼绿囟?xì)節(jié)的理解和判斷能力。由第二段中的…livedontheremoteislandofNauru和第五段最后一句中的Gradually,thelovelyislandofNaurustartedtolooklikethemoon可知,瑙魯以前是一個平靜美麗的小島。典題3.Sparrowfailedtogrowforanothertwoyears.UntilanewCEO,CarlPearson,decidedtobuildupitsmarketshare.Hedidasurvey,whichshowedthatconsumerswhoalreadyusedSparrowrestaurantswereextremelypositiveaboutthechain,whilecustomersofotherfast-foodchainswereunwillingtoturnawayfromthem.Sparrowhadtodevelopanewpromotionalcampaign.（2013年山東卷D）72.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“them”inParagraph2referto?A.CustomersofSparrowrestaurants B.SparrowrestaurantsC.Customersofotherfast-foodchains D.otherfast-foodchains【命題意圖】答案：D。解析：詞義猜測題。根據(jù)單詞所在的語境句“consumerswhoalreadyusedSparrowrestaurantswereextremelypositiveaboutthechain,whilecustomersofotherfast-foodchainswereunwillingtoturnawayfromthem”可知，while表示對比，前后句結(jié)構(gòu)相似：那些Sparrow的顧客對Sparrow連鎖很支持，而其他快餐食物連鎖的顧客卻不愿意離開它們。顯然，此處的它們即指其他快餐連鎖。典題4.ThedesignersayshecameupwiththeideaafterwatchingpeoplegetwetonstreetsinRussia.“Once,IwasdrivingonacentralSaintPetersburgstreetandsawthestreetlampslightinguppeopletryingtohidefromtherain.Ithoughtitwouldbeappropriatetohaveacanopy(傘蓬)builtintoastreetlamp.”hesaid.（