匯編簡明英語語言學(xué)習(xí)知識教育教案第二版練習(xí)進步題參考材料規(guī)范標(biāo)準答案

,.《新編簡明英語語言學(xué)教程》第二版練習(xí)題參考答案Chapter1 IntroductionHowdoyouinterpretthefollowingdefinitionoflinguistics:Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.精品文檔放心下載答：Linguisticsisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure.Inordertodiscoverthenatureandrulesoftheunderlyinglanguagesystem,thelinguistshastocollectandobservelanguagefactsfirst,whicharefoundtodisplaysomesimilarities,andgeneralizationsaremadeaboutthem;thenheformulatessomehypothesesaboutthelanguagestructure.Thehypothesesthusformedhavetobecheckedrepeatedlyagainsttheobservedfactstofullyprovetheirvalidity.Inlinguistics,asinanyotherdiscipline,dataandtheorystandinadialecticalcomplementation,thatis,atheorywithoutthesupportofdatacanhardlyclaimvalidity,anddatawithoutbeingexplainedbysometheoryremainamuddledmassofthings.謝謝閱讀Whatarethemajorbranchesoflinguistics?Whatdoeseachofthemstudy?答：Themajorbranchesoflinguisticsare:感謝閱讀phonetics:itstudiesthesoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication;謝謝閱讀phonology:itstudieshowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication;精品文檔放心下載morphology:itstudiesthewayinwhichlinguisticsymbolsrepresentingsoundsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwords;感謝閱讀,.syntax:itstudiestheruleswhichgovernhowwordsarecombinedtoformgrammaticallypermissiblesentencesinlanguages;謝謝閱讀semantics:itstudiesmeaningconveyedbylanguage;精品文檔放心下載pragmatics:itstudiesthemeaninginthecontextoflanguageuse.謝謝閱讀Inwhatbasicwaysdoesmodernlinguisticsdifferfromtraditionalgrammar?謝謝閱讀答： Thegeneralapproachthustraditionallyformedtothestudyoflanguageover精品文檔放心下載theyearsisroughlyreferredtoas“traditionalgrammar.”Modernlinguisticsdiffers謝謝閱讀fromtraditionalgrammarinseveralbasicways.謝謝閱讀Firstly,linguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive.感謝閱讀Second,modemlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.謝謝閱讀Traditionalgrammarians,ontheotherhand,tendedtoemphasize,maybe精品文檔放心下載over-emphasize,theimportanceofthewrittenword,partlybecauseofits謝謝閱讀permanence.Then,modemlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaralsointhatitdoesnot感謝閱讀forcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.精品文檔放心下載4.Ismodernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicordiachronic?Why?謝謝閱讀答： Inmodemlinguistics,asynchronicapproachseemstoenjoypriorityovera謝謝閱讀diachronicone.Becausepeoplebelievedthatunlessthevariousstatesofa謝謝閱讀languageindifferenthistoricalperiodsaresuccessfullystudied,itwouldbedifficult謝謝閱讀todescribethechangesthathavetakenplaceinitshistoricaldevelopment.精品文檔放心下載Forwhatreasonsdoesmodernlinguisticsgiveprioritytospeechratherthantowriting?感謝閱讀,.答： Speechandwritingarethetwomajormediaoflinguisticcommunication.感謝閱讀Modemlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasthenaturalortheprimary精品文檔放心下載mediumofhumanlanguageforsomeobviousreasons.Fromthepointofviewof感謝閱讀linguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.Thewritingsystemofanylanguageis感謝閱讀always“invented”byitsuserstorecordspeechwhentheneedarises.Evenin感謝閱讀today'sworldtherearestillmanylanguagesthatcanonlybespokenbutnot感謝閱讀written.Thenineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwriting精品文檔放心下載intermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.Andalso,speechisalwaystheway精品文檔放心下載inwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongue,andwriting islearned感謝閱讀andtaughtlaterwhenhegoestoschool.Formodernlinguists,spokenlanguage謝謝閱讀revealsmanytruefeaturesofhumanspeechwhilewrittenlanguageisonlythe謝謝閱讀“revised”recordofspeech.Thustheirdataforinvestigationandanalysisare感謝閱讀mostlydrawnfromeverydayspeech,whichtheyregardasauthentic.謝謝閱讀HowisSaussure'sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparolesimilartoChomsky'sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance?精品文檔放心下載答： Saussure'sdistinctionandChomsky'sareverysimilar,theydifferatleastin精品文檔放心下載thatSaussuretookasociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisa感謝閱讀matterofsocialconventions,andChomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychological感謝閱讀pointofviewandtohimcompetenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.精品文檔放心下載Whatcharacteristicsoflanguagedoyouthinkshouldbeincludedinagood,comprehensivedefinitionoflanguage?謝謝閱讀答：Firstofall,languageisasystem,i.e.,elementsoflanguagearecombined精品文檔放心下載,.accordingtorules.Second,languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnection謝謝閱讀betweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor.精品文檔放心下載Third,languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumforalllanguagesis感謝閱讀sound.Fourth,languageishuman-specific,i.e.,itisverydifferentfromthecommunication感謝閱讀systemsotherformsoflifepossess.精品文檔放心下載WhatarethemainfeaturesofhumanlanguagethathavebeenspecifiedbyC.感謝閱讀Hocketttoshowthatitisessentiallydifferentfromanimalcommunicationsystem?答：Themainfeaturesofhumanlanguagearetermeddesignfeatures.Theyinclude:精品文檔放心下載ArbitrarinessLanguageisarbitrary.Thismeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetween感謝閱讀meaningsandsounds.Agoodexampleisthefactthatdifferentsoundsareusedto謝謝閱讀refertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages.謝謝閱讀2)ProductivityLanguageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstruction感謝閱讀andinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Thisiswhytheycanproduceand精品文檔放心下載understandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingsentencestheyhave精品文檔放心下載neverheardbefore.3)DualityLanguageconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Atthelowerorthe謝謝閱讀basiclevelthereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaninglessbythemselves.But謝謝閱讀,.thesoundsoflanguagecanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberof感謝閱讀unitsofmeaning,whicharefoundatthehigherlevelofthesystem.感謝閱讀4)DisplacementLanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,real謝謝閱讀orimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inother精品文檔放心下載words,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediate精品文檔放心下載situationsofthespeaker.Thisiswhat“displacement”means.精品文檔放心下載5)CulturaltransmissionWhilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,i.e.,wewereallborn謝謝閱讀withtheabilitytoacquirelanguage,thedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenot感謝閱讀geneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned.精品文檔放心下載Whatarethemajorfunctionsoflanguage?Thinkofyourownexamplesforillustration.精品文檔放心下載答： Threemainfunctionsareoftenrecognizedoflanguage:thedescriptive精品文檔放心下載function,theexpressivefunction,andthesocialfunction.精品文檔放心下載Thedescriptivefunctionisthefunctiontoconveyfactualinformation,whichcanbe謝謝閱讀assertedordenied,andinsomecasesevenverified.Forexample:“Chinaisalarge精品文檔放心下載countrywithalonghistory.”感謝閱讀Theexpressivefunctionsuppliesinformationabouttheuser’sfeelings,preferences,精品文檔放心下載prejudices,andvalues.Forexample:“Iwillnevergowindow-shoppingwithher.”感謝閱讀Thesocialfunctionservestoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationsbetween精品文檔放心下載people..Forexample:“Weareyourfirmsupporters.”感謝閱讀,.Chapter2 SpeechSoundsWhatarethetwomajormediaoflinguisticcommunication?Ofthetwo,whichoneisprimaryandwhy?謝謝閱讀答：Speechandwritingarethetwomajormediaoflinguisticcommunication.感謝閱讀Ofthetwomediaoflanguage,speechismoreprimarythanwriting,for謝謝閱讀reasons,pleaserefertotheanswertothefifthprobleminthelastchapter.謝謝閱讀2.Whatisvoicingandhowisitcaused?精品文檔放心下載答： Voicingisaqualityofspeechsoundsandafeatureofallvowelsandsome謝謝閱讀consonantsinEnglish.Itiscausedbythevibrationofthevocalcords.感謝閱讀3.Explainwithexampleshowbroadtranscriptionandnarrowtranscriptiondiffer?精品文檔放心下載答： Thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonlyiscalledbroadtranscription.Thisis精品文檔放心下載thetranscriptionnormallyusedindictionariesandteachingtextbooksforgeneral精品文檔放心下載purposes.Thelatter,i.e.thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththe精品文檔放心下載diacriticsiscallednarrowtranscription.Thisisthetranscriptionneededandusedby感謝閱讀thephoneticiansintheirstudyofspeechsounds.Withthehelpofthediacritics謝謝閱讀theycanfaithfullyrepresentasmuchofthefinedetailsasitisnecessaryfortheir謝謝閱讀purpose.Inbroadtranscription,thesymbol[l]isusedforthesounds[l]inthefour謝謝閱讀wordsleaf[li:f],feel[fi:l],build[bild],andhealth[helθ].Asamatteroffact,the謝謝閱讀sound[l]inallthesefoursoundcombinationsdiffersslightly.The[l]in[li:f],謝謝閱讀occurringbeforeavowel,iscalledadear[l],andnodiacriticisneededtoindicateit;謝謝閱讀,.the[1]in[fi:l]and[bild],occurringattheendofawordorbeforeanother感謝閱讀consonant,ispronounceddifferentlyfromtheclear[1]asin“l(fā)eaf”.Itiscalleddark精品文檔放心下載andinnarrowtranscriptionthediacritic[?]isusedtoindicateit.Theninthesoundcombination[helθ],thesound[l]isfollowedbytheEnglishdentalsoundθ],[itspronunciationissomewhataffectedbythedentalsoundthatfollowsit.Itisthuscalledadental[l],andinnarrowtranscriptionthediacritic[、]isusedtoindicateit.Itistranscribedas[helθ].感謝閱讀Anotherexampleistheconsonant[p].Weallknowthat[p]ispronounceddifferentlyinthetwowordspitandspit.Inthewordpit,thesound[p]ispronouncedwithastrongpuffofair,butinspitthepuffofairiswithheldtosomeextent.Inthecaseofpit,the[p]soundissaidtobeaspiratedandinthecaseofspit,the[p]soundisunaspirated.Thisdifferenceisnotshowninbroadtranscription,butinnarrowtranscription,asmallraised“h”isusedtoshowaspiration,thuspitistranscribedas[ph?t]andspitistranscribedas[sp?t].精品文檔放心下載4.HowaretheEnglishconsonantsclassified?謝謝閱讀答： Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintwoways:oneisintermsofmannerof謝謝閱讀articulationandtheotherisintermsofplaceofarticulation.Intermsofmannerof謝謝閱讀articulationtheEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintothefollowingtypes:stops,感謝閱讀fricatives,affricates,liquids,nasalsandglides.Intermsofplaceofarticulation,it謝謝閱讀canbeclassifiedintofollowingtypes:bilabial,labiodental,dental,alveolar,palatal,感謝閱讀velarandglottal.5.WhatcriteriaareusedtoclassifytheEnglishvowels?精品文檔放心下載,.答： Vowelsmaybedistinguishedasfront,central,andbackaccordingtowhich感謝閱讀partofthetongueisheldhighest.Tofurtherdistinguishmembersofeachgroup,謝謝閱讀weneedtoapplyanothercriterion,i.e.theopennessofthemouth.Accordingly,we精品文檔放心下載classifythevowelsintofourgroups:closevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-open精品文檔放心下載vowels,andopenvowels.Athirdcriterionthatisoftenusedintheclassificationof謝謝閱讀vowelsistheshapeofthelips.InEnglish,allthefrontvowelsandthecentralvowels感謝閱讀areunfoundedvowels,i.e.,withoutroundingthelips,andallthebackvowels,with謝謝閱讀theexceptionof[a:],arerounded.Itshouldbenotedthatsomefrontvowelscanbe精品文檔放心下載pronouncedwithroundedlips.感謝閱讀A.Givethephoneticsymbolforeachofthefollowingsounddescriptions:感謝閱讀voicedpalatalaffricatevoicelesslabiodentalfricative精品文檔放心下載voicedalveolarstopfront,close,shortback,semi-open,longvoicelessbilabialstopB.Givethephoneticfeaturesofeachofthefollowingsounds:謝謝閱讀1)[t]2)[l]3)[?]4)[w]5)[?]6)[?]答：A.(1)[?](2)[f](3)[d](4)[?](5)[?:](6)[p]B.(1)voicelessalveolarstop(2)voicedalveolarliquid(3)voicelesspalatalaffricate(4)voicedbilabialglide(5)back,close,short(6)front,open,.Howdophoneticsandphonologydifferintheirfocusofstudy?Whodoyouthinkwillbemoreinterestedinthedifferencebetween,say,[l]and[?],[ph]and[p],aphoneticianoraphonologist?Why?感謝閱讀答：(1)Bothphonologyandphoneticsareconcernedwiththesameaspectof謝謝閱讀language––thespeechsounds.Butwhilebotharerelatedtothestudyofsounds,,感謝閱讀theydifferintheirapproachandfocus.Phoneticsisofageneralnature;itis感謝閱讀interestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages:howtheyare感謝閱讀produced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheypossess,感謝閱讀howtheycanbeclassified,etc.Phonology,ontheotherhand,aimstodiscoverhow精品文檔放心下載speechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedto謝謝閱讀conveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.精品文檔放心下載Aphonologistwillbemoreinterestedinit.Becauseoneofthetasksofthephonologistsistofindoutrulethatgovernsthedistributionof[l]and[?],[ph]and[p].謝謝閱讀Whatisaphone?Howisitdifferentfromaphoneme?Howareallophonesrelatedtoaphoneme?謝謝閱讀答：Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearand精品文檔放心下載produceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.Aphonemeisnotany謝謝閱讀particularsound,butratheritisrepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphoneina謝謝閱讀certainphoneticcontext.Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemein感謝閱讀differentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.For感謝閱讀example,thephoneme/l/inEnglishcanberealizedasdark[?],clear[l],etc.which精品文檔放心下載,.areallophonesofthephoneme/l/.謝謝閱讀Explainwithexamplesthesequentialrule,theassimilationrule,andthedeletionrule.感謝閱讀答：Rulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalled精品文檔放心下載sequentialrules.TherearemanysuchsequentialrulesinEnglish.Forexample,ifawordbegins精品文檔放心下載witha[l]ora[r],thenthenextsoundmustbeavowel.Thatiswhy[lbik][lkbi]are感謝閱讀impossiblecombinationsinEnglish.Theyhaveviolatedtherestrictionsonthe感謝閱讀sequencingofphonemes.Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”afeature謝謝閱讀ofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.Assimilationof精品文檔放心下載neighbouringsoundsis,forthemostpart,causedbyarticulatoryorphysiological感謝閱讀processes.Whenwespeak,wetendtoincreasetheeaseofarticulation.This精品文檔放心下載“sloppy”tendencymaybecomeregularizedasrulesoflanguage.感謝閱讀WeallknowthatnasalizationisnotaphonologicalfeatureinEnglish,i.e.,it精品文檔放心下載doesnotdistinguishmeaning.ButthisdoesnotmeanthatvowelsinEnglishare感謝閱讀nevernasalizedinactualpronunciation;infacttheyarenasalizedincertain精品文檔放心下載phoneticcontexts.Forexample,the[i:]soundisnasalizedinwordslikebean,green,謝謝閱讀team,andscream.Thisisbecauseinallthesesoundcombinationsthe[i:]soundis感謝閱讀followedbyanasal[n]or[m].感謝閱讀Theassimilationrulealsoaccountsforthevaryingpronunciationofthe精品文檔放心下載alveolarnasal[n]insomesoundcombinations.Theruleisthatwithinaword,the精品文檔放心下載,.nasal[n]assumesthesameplaceofarticulationastheconsonantthatfollowsit.感謝閱讀WeknowthatinEnglishtheprefixin-canbeaddedtomaadjectivetomakethe感謝閱讀meaningofthewordnegative,e.g.discreet–indiscreet,correct–incorrect.But謝謝閱讀the[n]soundintheprefixin-isnotalwayspronouncedasanalveolarnasal.Itisso感謝閱讀inthewordindiscreetbecausetheconsonantthatfollowsit,i.e.[d],isanalveolar精品文檔放心下載stop,butthe[n]soundinthewordincorrectisactuallypronouncedasavelarnasal,謝謝閱讀i.e.[?];thisisbecausetheconsonantthatfollowsitis[k],whichisavelarstop.Sowe精品文檔放心下載canseethatwhilepronouncingthesound[n],weare“copying”afeatureofthe謝謝閱讀consonantthatfollowsit.精品文檔放心下載Deletionruletellsuswhenasoundistobedeletedalthoughitisorthographically謝謝閱讀represented.Wehavenoticedthatinthepronunciationofsuchwordsassign,謝謝閱讀design,andparadigm,thereisno[g]soundalthoughitisrepresentedinspellingby謝謝閱讀the letterg.Butintheircorrespondingformssignature,designation,and謝謝閱讀paradigmatic,the[g]representedbythelettergispronounced.Therulecanbe感謝閱讀statedas:Deletea[g]whenitoccursbeforeafinalnasalconsonant.Giventherule,謝謝閱讀thephonemicrepresentationofthestemsinsign–signature,resign–resignation,精品文檔放心下載phlegm–phlegmatic,paradigm–paradigmaticwillincludethephoneme/g/,精品文檔放心下載whichwillbedeletedaccordingtotheregularruleifnosuffixisadded.精品文檔放心下載Whataresuprasegmentalfeatures?HowdothemajorsuprasegmentalfeaturesofEnglishfunctioninconveyingmeaning?感謝閱讀答： Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalled感謝閱讀suprasegmental features. The main suprasegmental features include stress,精品文檔放心下載,.intonation,andtone.ThelocationofstressinEnglishdistinguishesmeaning.There精品文檔放心下載aretwokindsofstress:wordstressandsentencestress.Forexample,ashiftof感謝閱讀stressmaychangethepartofspeechofawordfromanoun,toaverbalthoughits精品文檔放心下載spellingremainsunchanged.Tonesarepitchvariationswhichcandistinguish精品文檔放心下載meaningjustlikephonemes.感謝閱讀Intonationplaysanimportantroleintheconveyanceofmeaninginalmost謝謝閱讀everylanguage,especiallyinalanguagelikeEnglish.Whenspokenindifferent感謝閱讀tones,thesamesequenceofwordsmayhavedifferentmeanings.精品文檔放心下載Chapter3 Morphology1.Dividethefollowingwordsintotheirseparatemorphemesbyplacinga “+”謝謝閱讀betweeneachmorphemeandthenext:精品文檔放心下載a.microfile e.telecommunication謝謝閱讀b.bedraggled f.forefather精品文檔放心下載c.announcement g.psychophysics感謝閱讀d.predigestion h.mechanist精品文檔放心下載答：a.micro+file b.be+draggle+ed精品文檔放心下載c.announce+ment d.pre+digest+ion感謝閱讀e.tele+communicate+ion f.fore+father謝謝閱讀g.psycho+physics h.mechan+ist精品文檔放心下載Thinkofthreemorphemesuffixes,givetheirmeaning,andspecifythetypesofstemtheymaybesuffixedto.Giveatleasttwoexamplesofeach.謝謝閱讀,.Model:-orsuffix:-ormeaning:thepersonorthingperformingtheaction謝謝閱讀stemtype:addedtoverbsexamples:actor,“onewhoactsinstageplays,motionpictures,etc.”謝謝閱讀translator,“onewhotranslates”精品文檔放心下載答：(1)suffix: -ablemeaning: somethingcanbedoneorispossible謝謝閱讀stem

type:addedtoverbsexamples: acceptable,“canbeaccepted”精品文檔放心下載respectable,“canberespected”謝謝閱讀(2)suffix: -lymeaning: functionalstemtype: addedtoadjectives感謝閱讀examples: freely.“adverbialformof‘free’”感謝閱讀quickly,“adverbialformof'quick'”.感謝閱讀(3)suffix: -eemeaning: thepersonreceivingtheaction精品文檔放心下載stemtype: addedtoverbsexamples: employee,“onewhoworksinacompany”謝謝閱讀interviewee,“onewhoisinterviewed”謝謝閱讀,.Thinkofthreemorphemeprefixes,givetheirmeaning,andspecifythetypesofstemtheymaybeprefixedto.Giveatleasttwoexamplesofeach.謝謝閱讀Model:a-prefix:a-meaning:“without;not”stemtype:addedtoadjectives感謝閱讀examples:asymmetric,“l(fā)ackingsymmetry”asexual,“withoutsexorsexorgans”感謝閱讀答：(1)prefix: dis-meaning: showinganopposite謝謝閱讀stemtype: addedtoverbsornouns感謝閱讀examples: disapprove,“donotapprove”感謝閱讀dishonesty,“l(fā)ackofhonesty”.精品文檔放心下載(2)prefix: anti-meaning: against,opposedto謝謝閱讀stemtype: addedtonounsoradjectives精品文檔放心下載examples: antinuclear,“opposingtheuseofatomicweaponsandpower”精品文檔放心下載antisocial,“opposedorharmfultothelawsandcustomsofan精品文檔放心下載organizedcommunity.”(3)prefix: counter-meaning: theoppositeofstemtype: addedtonounsoradjectives.感謝閱讀,.examples: counterproductive,“producingresultsoppositetothose感謝閱讀intended”counteract,“actagainstandreducetheforceoreffectof(sth.)”感謝閱讀Theitalicizedpartineachofthefollowingsentencesisaninflectionalmorpheme.Studyeachinflectionalmorphemecarefullyandpointoutitsgrammaticalmeaning.感謝閱讀Suemovesinhigh-societycirclesinLondon.謝謝閱讀AtrafficwardenaskedJohntomovehiscar.感謝閱讀TheclubhasmovedtoFriday,February22nd.精品文檔放心下載Thebranchesofthetreesaremovingbackandforth.精品文檔放心下載答：(1)thethirdpersonsingular精品文檔放心下載thepasttensethepresentperfectthepresentprogressiveDeterminewhetherthewordsineachofthefollowinggroupsarerelatedtooneanotherbyprocessesofinflectionorderivation.感謝閱讀a)go,goes,going,goneb)discover,discovery,discoverer,discoverable,discoverabilityc)inventor,inventor’s,inventors,inventors’謝謝閱讀d)democracy,democrat,democratic,democratize謝謝閱讀答：(略)6.Thefollowingsentencescontainbothderivationalandinflectionalaffixes.精品文檔放心下載,.Underlineallofthederivationalaffixesandcircletheinflectionalaffixes.謝謝閱讀Thefarmer’scowsescaped.精品文檔放心下載Itwasraining.Thosesocksareinexpensive.精品文檔放心下載Jimneedsthenewercopy.Thestrongestrowercontinued.精品文檔放心下載Shequicklyclosedthebook.謝謝閱讀Thealphabetizationwentwell.謝謝閱讀答：(略)Chapter4 Syntax1.Whatissyntax?Syntaxisabranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoform感謝閱讀sentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.精品文檔放心下載2.Whatisphrasestructurerule?精品文檔放心下載Thegrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelements(i.e.精品文檔放心下載specifiers,heads,andcomplements)thatmakeupaphraseiscalledaphrase感謝閱讀structurerule.ThephrasestructuralruleforNP,VP,AP,andPPcanbewrittenasfollows:謝謝閱讀NP→(Det)N(PP)...VP→(Qual)V(NP)...AP→(Deg)A(PP)...,.PP→(Deg)P(NP)...Thegeneralphrasalstructuralrule(XstandsfortheheadN,V,AorP):謝謝閱讀TheXPrule: XP→(specifier)X(complement)謝謝閱讀3.Whatiscategory?Howtodetermineaword'scategory?精品文檔放心下載Categoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilar謝謝閱讀functionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.精品文檔放心下載Todetermineaword'scategory,threecriteriaareusuallyemployed,namely精品文檔放心下載meaning,inflectionanddistribution.Aword'sdistributionalfactstogetherwith感謝閱讀informationaboutitsmeaningandinflectionalcapabilitieshelpidentifyits感謝閱讀syntacticcategory.4.Whatiscoordinatestructureandwhatpropertiesdoesithave?感謝閱讀Thestructureformedbyjoiningtwoormoreelementsofthesametypewiththe精品文檔放心下載helpofaconjunctioniscalledcoordinatestructures.感謝閱讀Conjunctionexhibitsfourimportantproperties:精品文檔放心下載Thereisnolimitonthenumberofcoordinatedcategoriesthatcanappearpriortotheconjunction.謝謝閱讀Acategoryatanylevel(aheadoranentireXP)canbecoordinated.謝謝閱讀Coordinatedcategoriesmustbeofthesametype.謝謝閱讀Thecategorytypeofthecoordinatephraseisidenticaltothecategorytypeoftheelementsbeingconjoined.精品文檔放心下載5.Whatelementsdoesaphrasecontainandwhatroledoeseachelementplay?感謝閱讀Aphraseusuallycontainsthefollowingelements:head,specifierandcomplement.感謝閱讀,.Sometimesitalsocontainsanotherkindofelementtermedmodifier.感謝閱讀TheroleofeachelementHead:Headisthewordaroundwhichaphraseisformed.精品文檔放心下載Specifier:Specifierhasbothspecialsemanticandsyntacticroles.Semantically,ithelpsto感謝閱讀makemoreprecisethemeaningofthehead.Syntactically,ittypicallymarksa謝謝閱讀phraseboundary.Complement:Complementsarethemselvesphrasesandprovideinformationaboutentitiesand謝謝閱讀locationswhoseexistenceisimpliedbythemeaningofthehead.精品文檔放心下載Modifier:Modifiersspecifyoptionallyexpressiblepropertiesoftheheads.感謝閱讀6.Whatisdeepstructureandwhatissurfacestructure?感謝閱讀Therearetwolevelsofsyntacticstructure.Thefirst,formedbytheXPrulein精品文檔放心下載accordancewiththehead'ssubcategorizationproperties,iscalleddeepstructure謝謝閱讀(orD-structure).Thesecond,correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthe精品文檔放心下載sentencewhichresultsfromappropriatetransformations,iscalledsurfacestructure感謝閱讀(orS-structure).7.Indicatethecategoryofeachwordinthefollowingsentences. a)The old謝謝閱讀lady got off the bus carefully.感謝閱讀Det A N V P Det N Adv,.b)The car suddenly crashedonto the riverbank.精品文檔放心下載Det N Adv V P Det Nc)The blinding snowstorm might delay the opening of the schools.謝謝閱讀Det A N Aux V Det N P Det N精品文檔放心下載d)This cloth feels quite soft.謝謝閱讀Det N V Deg A（以下8-12題只作初步的的成分劃分，未畫樹形圖,僅供參考）謝謝閱讀Thefollowingphrasesincludeahead,acomplement,andaspecifier.Drawtheappropriatetreestructureforeach.謝謝閱讀a)richinmineralsXP(AP)→head(rich)A+complement(inminerals)PPb)oftenreaddetectivestories感謝閱讀XP(VP)→specifier(often)Qual+head(read)V+complement(detectivestories)NP精品文檔放心下載c)theargumentagainsttheproposals感謝閱讀XP(NP)→specifier(the)Det+head(argument)N+complement(againsttheproposals)PP感謝閱讀d)alreadyabovethewindow謝謝閱讀XP(VP)→specifier(already)Deg+head(above)P+complement(thewindow)感謝閱讀NPThefollowingsentencescontainmodifiersofvarioustypes.Foreachsentence,firstidentifythemodifier(s),thendrawthetreestructures（.劃底線的為動詞的修飾語，謝謝閱讀,.斜體的為名詞的修飾語）Acrippledpassengerlandedtheairplanewithextremecaution.謝謝閱讀Ahugemoonhungintheblacksky.精品文檔放心下載Themanexaminedhiscarcarefullyyesterday.謝謝閱讀Awoodenhutnearthelakecollapsedinthestorm.精品文檔放心下載Thefollowingsentencesallcontainconjoinedcategories.Drawatreestructureforeachofthesentences.（劃底線的為并列的范疇）精品文檔放心下載Jimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpants.精品文檔放心下載Helenputonherclothesandwentout.謝謝閱讀Maryisfondofliteraturebuttiredofstatistics.精品文檔放心下載Thefollowingsentencesallcontainembeddedclausesthatfunctionascomplementsofaverb,anadjective,aprepositionoranoun.Drawatreestructureforeachsentence.（劃底線的為補語從句）謝謝閱讀YouknowthatIhatewar.GerrybelievesthefactthatAnnaflunkedtheEnglishexam.精品文檔放心下載ChriswashappythathisfatherboughthimaRolls-Royce.感謝閱讀Thechildrenarguedoverwhetherbatshadwings.精品文檔放心下載Eachofthefollowingsentencescontainsarelativeclause.Drawthedeepstructureandthesurfacestructuretreesforeachofthesesentences.（劃底線的為關(guān)系從句）謝謝閱讀Theessaythathewrotewasexcellent.謝謝閱讀Herbertboughtahousethatsheloved感謝閱讀,.c)Thegirlwhomheadoresmajorsinlinguistics.謝謝閱讀Thederivationsofthefollowingsentencesinvolvetheinversiontransformation.Givethedeepstructureandthesurfacestructureofeachofthesesentences.謝謝閱讀Wouldyoucometomorrow?(surfacestructure)youwouldcometomorrow(deepstructure)精品文檔放心下載WhatdidHelenbringtotheparty?(surfacestructure)精品文檔放心下載Helenbroughtwhattotheparty (deepstructure)謝謝閱讀Whobrokethewindow?(surfacestructure)whobrokethewindow(deepstructure)精品文檔放心下載Chapter5 Sem