會計專業(yè)英語（第2版）課件 第9章

會計專業(yè)英語Chapter9CostAccounting9.1.1DefinitionofCostAccountingCostisthecashorcashequivalentvaluesacrificedorforgivesforgoodsandservicethatareexpectedtobringacurrentorfuturebenefittotheorganization.Costaccountingmeasures,analyzes,andreportsfinancialandnon-financialinformationrelatingtothecostsofacquiringorusingresourcesinanorganization.9.1OverviewofCostAccountingThemainfeaturesofcostaccountingareasfollows:1.CalculatingTheCostofProducts,Services,andOtherCostObjects2.ObtainingInformationforPlanning,ControlandPerformanceEvaluation3.AnalyzingtheRelevantInformationforDecisionMaking9.1.2FeaturesofCostAccountingThereisacloserelationshipbetweenfinancialaccounting,managementaccountingandcostaccounting.Costaccountingprovidesinformationforbothmanagementaccountingandfinancialaccounting.Moderncostaccountingtakestheperspectivethatcollectingcostinformationisafunctionofmanagementdecisionsmaking,thuscostaccountingisusuallyregardedasoneimportantcomponentofmanagementaccounting.9.1.3ComparisonBetweenCostAccountingandFinancialAccounting(1)Financialaccountingaimsatrecordingandreflectingthefinancialconditionsandoperatingperformanceduringanaccountingperiodintheformoffinancialstatements.CostAccountingaimsatcomputingcostofproductionorserviceinascientificmannerandfacilitatescostcontrolandcostreduction.(2)Financialaccountingprovidesreportstointernalseniormanagersaswellasexternalgovernmentoffices,creditors,investors,andothers.Costaccountingisaninternalreportingsystemandprovidesreportsonlytointernalmanagementfordecisionmaking.(3)Infinancialaccounting,costclassificationisbasedontypesoftransactions,forinstance,salaries,repairs,insuranceetc.Incostaccounting,costcouldbeclassifiedbasedonfunctions,costbehaviorandtheinformationneedsoftheorganizationaswell.Majordifferencesbetweenfinancialaccountingandcostaccounting9.2.1DirectCostsandIndirectCostsDirectcostsarecoststhatarerelatedtotheparticularcostobjectandcanbetracedtoiteasilyandaccurately.Indirectcostsarecoststhatarerelatedtotheparticularcostobjectbutcannotbetracedtoiteasilyandaccurately.9.2CostClassificationsProductcostsarethosecostsassociatedwithmanufacturinggoodsorprovidingservices.Productcostscanbefurtherclassifiedasdirectmaterials,directlaborandmanufacturingoverhead.Periodcostsarenon-inventoriablecosts.Theyaredeductedfromrevenueasexpensesduringthecurrentperiodwithoutpreviouslybeingclassifiedascostsofinventory.9.2.2ProductCostsandPeriodCostsCostbehavioristhebehavioroftotalcostswhentheactivitylevelchanges.Basedoncostbehavior,costsareoftencategorizedasvariablecosts,fixedcosts,andmixedcosts.Avariablecostreferstoacostwhosetotaldollaramountvariesindirectproportiontochangesintheactivitylevelwithintherelevantrange.Afixedcostisacostthat,intotal,remainsconstantwithinarelevantrangeastheactivitylevelchanges.Amixedcostissomethinginbetween,whichvariestothechangeintheactivitylevelbutnotinthedirectproportion.9.2.3VariableCosts,FixedCostsandMixedCostsIncrementalcostreferstoanincreaseintotalvariablecostfromonealternativetoanother.Opportunitycostisthepotentialbenefitthatisgivenupwhenonealternativeisselectedoveranotherone.Sunkcostisacostthathasalreadyincurredandthatcannotbechangedbyanydecisiontobemadenoworinthefuture.9.2.4.IncrementalCosts,OpportunityCostsandSunkCosts

Theselectionofcostingmethodisdependentonthecharacteristicsoftheproductionprocess.Thecommoncostingmethodsarejob-ordercosting,processcostingandactivity-basedcosting.9.3CostingMethod1.OverviewsofJob-OrderCostingWhenacompanyproducesawidevarietyofproductsorservicesthatarequitedifferentfromothersandtheseproductsareusuallylargeandhigh-cost,itisbettertoselectjob-ordercosting.Thekeyfeatureofthiscostingmethodisthatthecostofonejobdiffersfromthatofanotherone,andmustberecordedseparately.9.3.1Job-OrderCostingOnceanewjobisstarted,ajob-ordercostsheetwillbeprepared.Thejob-ordercostsheetisaformthatrecordscostsofdirectmaterials,directlabor,andoverheadchargedtothejob.Itservesasasubsidiaryledgertotheworkinprocessaccountandistheprimarydocumentforaccumulatingallcostsrelatedtoaparticularjob.Othersourcedocumentsarealsousedtorecordscosts.Materialsrequisitionformareusedtoassignthecostsofdirectmaterialtoajob,andthetimeticketisusedtoassignthecostsofdirectlabortothejob.2.CostFlowsAssociatedwithJob-OrderCostingInaddition,manufacturingoverheadisusuallyappliedtoproductsusingapredeterminedoverheadrate.Thepredeterminedoverheadrateiscomputedbydividingthetotalestimatedmanufacturingoverheadfortheperiodbytheestimatedtotalamountofallocationbaselikedirectlaborhoursandmachinehours.Further,theformulatocalculatethepredeterminedoverheadrateisasfollows:Theformulatodeterminetheamountofoverheadcosttoapplyoverheadcosttoaparticularjobis:

overheadcostappliedtoaparticularjob=predeterminedoverheadrate×amountoftheallocationbaseincurredbythejobInajob-ordercostingsystem,costsaretracedandallocatedtojobs.Byusingthetotalcostofthejobtobedividedbythenumberofunitsinthejobcouldarriveatthecostperunit.Hereajobisoftenassociatedwithaparticularcustomerorderwhosetimeofcompletionisrarelycoincideswiththeendofafiscalyear.Job-ordercostingiswidelyappliedinprintinghouses,contractors,furnituremakers,andautomobilerepairplants.1.OverviewofTheProcessCostingThemaintaskofprocesscostingistoassigncostsofeachproducingdepartmenttounitsofproductscompletedandtransferredoutduringanaccountingperiodandtheendinginventoryofworkinprocess.2.CostFlowsAssociatedinProcessCostingJournalentriesinaprocesscostingsystemaresimilartothoseinajob-ordercostingsystem,butwithoneexception.Ajob-ordercostingsystemtypicallyusesonlyoneWorkinProcessaccount,whileaprocesscostingsystemusesoneaccountforeachproducingdepartment.9.3.2ProcessCosting3.EquivalentUnitsofProductionInprocesscosting,partiallyfinishedunitsaremathematicallytransferredintoequivalentunitsoffullycomputedunits.theformulaisasfollows:Equivalentunits=Numberofpartiallycomputedunits×Percentageofcompletion1.OverviewofActivityBasedCostingActivityBasedCostingisacostingsystemthatfirsttracescoststoactivitiesandthenallocatecoststoproductsandothercostobjectsbasedonactivitylevels.Itisbasedonthenewconceptthatactivitiesconsumeresources,andproductsandothercostobjectsconsumeactivities.9.3.3ActivityBasedCosting(1)IdentifyActivities(2)ChooseCostDriver(3)CalculateActivityRate(4)AssignCoststoProducts2.ProcessesofActivityBasedCostingcostaccounting成本會計costmanagement成本管理costobject成本計算對象materialscost材料成本laborcost人工成本manufacturingoverheadcost制造費用rewardan