生理學課件英文版

IntroductiontoPhysiologyXiaoqunQin,PhD.,MD.outlineWhatisphysiology?InternalenvironmentandhomeostasisFunctionaladjustmentandcontrolPrinciplethesisinphysiology:IdentityoffunctionwithstructureHomeostasisEssentialcharactersoflife:

metabolismexcitabilityadaptationreproductionMetabolism:Exchangeofmatterorenergybetweenthelivesandenvironment,basedonwhichthelivesrenewautomatically.Excitability:Theabilityoflifetoresponsetothechangesinenvironment(stimulus).

Inhibition:activityweakenordecrease

Excitation:activitystrengthorincrease

Threeelementsofastimulus:intensity,duration,rateAdaptation:Thecharacteroflifetoadjustitsinnerfunctionsaccordingtotheoutercircumstance.Reproduction:Organismsorlivesduplicatenewliveswhichresemblethemselves.ConceptualOrganizationoftheBodyandOrganSystemsBlood,acrucialfluidbywhichthediverseorgansystemscommunicateandexchangematerialsandenergy.Itisessentialtothefunctionofeveryotherorgansystem.Circulationsystem,includingtheheartandbloodvessels,whichpushbloodflowinginwholebody.Respiratorysystem,taketheexchangeofairbetweenthebodyandtheouterenvironment.Gastrointestinaltract,includingesophagus,stomach,smallandlargeintestines,liver,pancreasandgallbladder.Energymetabolismandthermoregulation.Renalsystem,formationandregulationofurine,basedonwhichthebodyregulatesthebalanceofwater,salts,andacid-base.Specialsenses,includingsight,hearing,tasteandsmell,etc.Thenervoussystem:sensorysystem,motorsystem,autonomicnervoussystem,andadvancedfunctionofbrain.Endocrinesystem.Reproductivesystem.Immunesystem.Others:skin,skeleton,muscles.InternalenvironmentInternalenvironmentwasfirstlyintroducedbyClaudeBernardat1870s.Itmeanstheliquidenvironmentinwhichcellslive,thatis,extracellularliquid.Fluidisabout60%ofwholebodyweight,approximatelytwothirdasintracellularfluidandonethirdasextracellularfluidthatincludeinterstitialfluidandplasma.Homeostasiswasinitiallytermedasthestateinwhichphysicalandchemicalpropertiesofinternalenvironmentkeeprelativesteady.Itisabasicconditionforfreeandindependentaliveofwholebody,andisessentialforcells’surviveandactivity.

Itisadynamicsteadystate,alloffunctionorregulationincellsororganscontributetomaintainhomeostasis.(coretheme)Theconceptionhasbeennowextendedtotheunderstandingofallphysiologicalactivitiesconstancy.HomeostasisRegulationforphysiologicalfunctionNervousregulation

basicmanner:reflexcharacter:rapidly,accurately,momentarilyHumoralregulation

basicmanner:hormone,localliquidfactors

character:slowly,extensively,persistentlyAutoregulation:organortissueitself

directlyandadaptivelyresponsetostimulus.character:directly,limitedPositivefeedbackcontroleffecteroutputfeedbackmessagecommand(+)Mathematicsmodel:

dX/dt=kX(k>0)orXt+1=kXtSignificance:

accelerateanfunctionalactivityreachtoaneededleveloramaximumthesystemcanreachinashorttime.Negativefeedbackcontroleffecteroutputfeedbackmessagecommand(-)Mathematicsmodel:

dX/dt=k(X0-X)(k>0)orXt+1=Xt+k(X0-Xt)(X0isthesetpoint)Significance:

keepanfunctionalactivitytowardtoastablelevelpersistently.Feedforwardco