漢字的發(fā)展(英文版介紹)Chinese-character

壹貳叁肆contentonetwothreefour漢字的簡介

漢字的發(fā)明漢字的發(fā)展?jié)h字的結構第一頁第二頁，共44頁。漢字的簡介世界上最古老的，承傳的手寫文字最早出現(xiàn)于5,000多年前中國的古老漢字構思來自形象和意象,簡單的形象結合在一起可以構成復雜的意象漢字是方塊字第二頁第三頁，共44頁。TheChineseLanguageIstheoldest,continuouswrittenlanguageintheWorldFirstwrittenover5,000yearsagoTheinventorsofthewrittenlanguagedrewpicturestoexpresswordsorideas,SimplepictureswerecombinedtomakemorecomplexthoughtsIssquare-shaped.第三頁第四頁，共44頁。Chinesecharacterswereinitiallymeanttobesimplepicturesusetohelppeoplerememberthings.Afteralongperiodofdevelopment,itfinallybecameauniquecharactersystemthatembodiesphoneticsound,image,idea,andrhymeatthesametime.漢字是從原始人用以記事的簡單圖畫，經(jīng)過演變發(fā)展最終成為一種兼具音·形·意·韻的獨特文字。第四頁第五頁，共44頁。形意音韻soundimageidearhyme第五頁第六頁，共44頁。

Chinesecharactersareusuallyroundoutsideandsquareinside,whichisrootedinancientChinesebeliefsofanorbicularskyandarectangularearth.漢字結構“外圓內(nèi)方”源于古人“天圓地方”的觀念。第六頁第七頁，共44頁。第七頁第八頁，共44頁。漢字的發(fā)明

TheinventionoftheChinesecharactersKeeprecordsbytyingknots(結繩說）TheEightDiagrams(八卦說）Cangjiecreatedthecharacters(倉頡造字說）第八頁第九頁，共44頁。

傳說上古時期有個名叫倉頡（jīé）的人，他是黃帝的史官。據(jù)說他長著4只眼睛，上面兩只觀日月星辰，下面兩只觀看山川鳥獸，據(jù)萬物的形狀創(chuàng)造了漢字。后人尊他為“造字圣人”。實際上，漢字這樣的文字系統(tǒng)，不是一人一時所能創(chuàng)造的，而是在發(fā)明、積累及形成過程中，由許多人慢慢豐富起來的。第九頁第十頁，共44頁。Inlegend,therewasafigureinremoteantiquitynamedCangJiewhowasanofficialhistorianofHuangdi(knownastheYellowEmperor).Itwassaidthathehad4eyes,andtheupper2wereforwatchingthesun,themoonandthestarswhilethelower2forwatchingmountains,rivers,beastsandbirds.Anditwashe,asthelegendgoes,whohadcreatedtheChinesecharactersaccordingtotheshapesofallthings.第十頁第十一頁，共44頁。Sohehasthetitleof“SageofCharacter-creation”,aslatergenerationsaddressedhim.Nevertheless,itisimprobableforanysinglepersontocreateacomplicatedcharactersystematonetime.Thecharactersisactuallydevelopedbymanypeoplegraduallyinthelongprocessofinvention,accumulation,andevolution.第十一頁第十二頁，共44頁。

漢字的發(fā)展

thedevelopmentofChinesecharactersOracleBoneInscription甲骨文BronzeInscriptions金文SealScript篆書OfficialScript隸書RegularScript楷書CursiveScript草書Runningscript行書第十二頁第十三頁，共44頁。

TheoldestChineseinscriptionsaretheOraclebonescript甲骨文(BC.14-11).MostofOracleBoneInscriptionaredivinationrecords,engravedonthetortoiseshellsoranimalbones.Nowwehavebeenfoundmorethan4600oracles,includingabout1000recognized.Oracleiscarvedwithaknife,verylittleiswritten,becausewordshavenotunified,manywordscanwrite,writeback,strokessimplifieddiffer,Chinesecharactercomponentisnotfixed,andsomanyvariantcharacters（異體字）.divination第十三頁第十四頁，共44頁。

BronzeInscriptions（金文）refertoancientinscriptioncastorcarvedonthebronzeware（青銅器）.TheyareusedFromShang,ZhoutoQin,Handynasties,butthemainfindingsarethewordsonthebronzewareofwesternzhoudynasty.第十四頁第十五頁，共44頁。SealScript（篆書）canalsobecalledas“ScriptofQin”,including“Dazhuan（大篆）”and“Xiaozhuan（小篆）”.AtthebeginningoftheQinDynasty,TheFirstEmperorcontendedtheideathatthewrittenscriptshouldbestandardizedinformbecausethecharacterformsweredifferentfromareatoareainZhoutimes.ItwassaidthatLiSi（李斯）compiledandTheScriptemergedfinally.

第十五頁第十六頁，共44頁。Inordertomakewritingmoretime-saving,heinventedanewformwhichwasappreciatedbyTheFirstEmperor.ItisLishu(隸書）TheformationoftheOfficialscriptisanimportantturning-pointinhistorybecauseitlaysafoundationforthesquattershapeofChinesecharacters.第十六頁第十七頁，共44頁。It’ssaidthattheRegularscript（楷書）emergedintheLaterHanperiod.Itisakindofmorebeautifulandsimplerformandcouldsetangoodexampleforwriting.Soitiscalled“Kaishu”inChinesebecause“Kai”meansgoodexamples.Inaddition,famouscalligrapherssuchasYanZhenqing（顏真卿）andLiuGongquan（柳公權）leftquantitiesofmasterpiecesforus.ThedevelopmentofChinesecharactersgrewintoahigherlevel.Regularscript（楷書）第十七頁第十八頁，共44頁。ItbecamepopularintheJinDynasty（晉朝）asweknowthefamouscalligrapherssuchasWangXizhi（王羲之）,WangXianzhi（王獻之）

andthelike.Regularscript（楷書）第十八頁第十九頁，共44頁。Cursivescript草書

CursiveScript（草書）includeZhangcao,JincaoandKuangcao,allhardtorecognize.ZhangcaoemergedatZhangemperorofeasternHan;JincaoemergedattheendoftheLaterHanperiod.Kuangcaowascreatedinthetangdynasty,changing,andverydifficulttoidentify,turnedintoapureart,therearefewpracticalvalue.第十九頁第二十頁，共44頁。

Runningscript（行書）

emergedattheendoftheEasternHanperiod.itisakindofformbetweenregularscriptandcursivescript.Ithashighartistryandpracticality.第二十頁第二十一頁，共44頁。漢字的結構thestructureoftheChinesecharacterThestructureuniteoftheChinesecharacter漢字的結構單位Theorderofstrokesofcharacter漢字的筆順Theformationofcharacter漢字的造字法第二十一頁第二十二頁，共44頁。1、ThestructureuniteoftheChinesecharacter（漢字的結構單位）

TherearethreeaspectstothestructureofaChinesecharacter:thestrokes,thecomponentsandthewholecharacter.Forexample,thecharacter“木”consistsofthestrokes"—","丨","丿","乀".Itisabasiccharacterandisalsousedasacomponentforsomeothercharacters.Forexample,“林”consistsoftwo"木"characters.ThecomponentsarethecorestructureofaChinesecharacter.Chinesecharacterscanbedividedintocharacter-partsandnon-character-parts.Forexample,"院"canbedividedintothefollowingthreeparts:"阝","宀","元"ofwhich"元"isacharacter-part,while"阝"and"宀"arethenon-character-parts.ThekeytolearningChinesecharacterswellistomastertheircomponents.第二十二頁第二十三頁，共44頁。

Chinesecharactersarewrittenbycombiningvariouskindsof"strokes".Thesestrokescanbedividedinto"basic"strokesand"combined"strokes.第二十三頁第二十四頁，共44頁。第二十四頁第二十五頁，共44頁。第二十五頁第二十六頁，共44頁。

Structurallyspeaking,Chinesecharactersfallintocategories:thesingle-componentcharactersandthemulti-componentcharacters.AllofthebasicChinesecharactersaresimple-componentcharacters,suchas"人","口","目","山","火","手","刀","馬","牛","日","月","羊".Themulti-componentcharactersconsistormorecomponents,suchas"爸","媽","你","們","朋".Theorderofwritingcomponentsinacharacterissimilartothestrokeorderofwritingacharacter.Therearethreebasictypesofconfigurationformulti-componentcharacters.第二十六頁第二十七頁，共44頁。第二十七頁第二十八頁，共44頁。ThebasicruleofChinesecharactersstrokeorderis:2、Theorderofstrokesofcharacter

（漢字的筆順）第二十八頁第二十九頁，共44頁。3、Theformationofcharacter（漢字的造字法）

TheformationofcharacterreferstothemethodtocreatetheChinesecharacters.Generallyspeaking,AncientChinesemethodofcreationtherearefourcategories:pictographs(shape),self-explanatory(mean),semasiography(knowing),andPictophonetic.ThecurrentcomparedwiththeancientChinesecharacters,andtherearesomespecialcases.第二十九頁第三十頁，共44頁。RénpeopleKǒumouth第三十頁第三十一頁，共44頁。mùeyemountainshān第三十一頁第三十二頁，共44頁。sunfirerìhuǒ第三十二頁第三十三頁，共44頁。goatswordyángdāo第三十三頁第三十四頁，共44頁。

HieroglyphicCharacters（象形），thiscreationmethodisclosertothepicture,butcomplexthings,abstractconceptcan'tpictograph,sorelyonpictographcancreateveryfewcharacters,butitisthebasisoftheformationofChinesecharacters.第三十四頁第三十五頁，共44頁。第三十五頁第三十六頁，共44頁。

Thewaytoformacharacterusingsymbolstoindicatethecharacter'smeaningiscalled"Self-explanatoryCharacters（指事）".Therearetwotypesofindication:oneispurelysymbolic,e.g.shorterhorizontaloveralongermeans"上（up）",andtheoppositemeans"下（down）";theothertypeistoaddasymboltohieroglyphiccharacter,e.g.e.g.addinga"一"to"木",ifupmeanstheendofatree(末)，ifdownmean