高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)基礎(chǔ)過關(guān)練習(xí)專題15閱讀理解之細(xì)節(jié)理解題與推理判斷題 (含解析)

專題15閱讀理解之細(xì)節(jié)理解題與推理判斷題解題技巧一．學(xué)細(xì)節(jié)理解題解題技巧細(xì)節(jié)理解題題型特點(diǎn)(一)細(xì)節(jié)理解題常見設(shè)問方式1．特殊疑問句形式。以when,where,what,which,who,howmuch/many等疑問詞引出的問題。2．判斷是非形式。含有TRUE/FALSE,NOTtrue或EXCEPT等的判斷是非的問題。此時要注意題干中是否含有否定詞，如not,never等。3．以“Accordingto...”開頭的提問形式。4．填空形式。如Thebiggestchallengeformostmothersisfrom________.(二)細(xì)節(jié)理解題正確選項(xiàng)特征同義替換指對原文句子中的關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行同義替換。如把loseone'sjob換成了beoutofwork。有些細(xì)節(jié)理解題把原文中的一些詞變換一下詞性，如把important變換成ofimportance；改變原文中句子的語態(tài)，如主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換。信息歸納用精煉的語言來概括原文中比較分散或復(fù)雜的信息，設(shè)置為正確答案。正話反說把原文中的意思反過來表達(dá)而成為正確選項(xiàng)。原文原詞利用原文原詞作為正確選項(xiàng)。(三)細(xì)節(jié)理解題干擾選項(xiàng)特征張冠李戴是原文信息，但不是題目要求的內(nèi)容。無中生有符合常識，但不是文章的內(nèi)容。曲解文意與原文的內(nèi)容極其相似，只是在某個細(xì)節(jié)處有些變動。顛倒是非在意思上與原文大相徑庭甚至完全相反。正誤參半部分正確，部分錯誤。直接信息題考生可以采取“關(guān)鍵詞定位法”，即“帶著問題找答案”的方法，通過定位找題眼。先從題干中提取關(guān)鍵性詞語(題眼)，然后以此為線索，運(yùn)用略讀及尋讀的技巧快速在文章中尋找與此關(guān)鍵詞相關(guān)的段落、語句，快速定位該題與哪一段哪一句有關(guān)，然后仔細(xì)推敲，仔細(xì)比較所給選項(xiàng)與文中細(xì)節(jié)的細(xì)微區(qū)別，在準(zhǔn)確理解細(xì)節(jié)的前提下，最后確定答案。解題流程如下：第一步：依據(jù)題干信息，擇定位關(guān)鍵詞細(xì)節(jié)理解直接信息題一般是對文章局部內(nèi)容的考查,且題目相對簡單,所以,不必通篇細(xì)讀全文,可先通過題干信息來選擇定位關(guān)鍵詞。關(guān)鍵詞主要是題干中的名詞、動詞和數(shù)詞,即問題的核心信息第二步：依據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞,回原文定位信息進(jìn)行比對確定了定位關(guān)鍵詞后,運(yùn)用略讀及尋讀的技巧快速在文章中尋找與題于有關(guān)的關(guān)鍵詞,回到原文進(jìn)行信息定位,然后將選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容與原文信息比對,得出正確答案。例子1…（2021全國乙卷·A）TheBiggestStadiumsintheWorldPeoplehavebeenpouringintostadiumssincethedaysofancientGreece.Inaround8A.Q.,theRomansbuilttheColosseum,whichremainstheworld'sbestknownstadiumarecontinuestoinformcontemporarydesign.Rome’sColosseumwas157feettallandhad80entrances,seating50,000people.However,thatwassmallfrycomparedwiththecity’sCircusMaximus,whichaccommodatedaround250,000people.Thesedays,safetyregulations-nottomentionthemodernsportsfan’sdesireforagoodviewandacomfortableseat-tendtokeepstadiumcapacities（容量）slightlylower.Evensoccerfanstendtohaveaseateach;gonearethedaysofthousandsstandingtowatchthematch.Forthebiggeststadiumsintheworld,wehaveuseddatasuppliedbytheWorldAtlaslistsofar,whichranksthembytheirstatedpermanentcapacity,aswellasupdatedinformationfromofficialstadiumwebsites.Allthesestadiumsarestillfunctional,stillopenandstillhostingthebiggesteventsinworldsport.?Rungrado1stofMayStadium,Pyongyang,D.P.R-Korea.Capacity.150,000.Opened.May1,1989.?MichiganStadium,AnnArbor,Michigan,U.S.Capacity:107,601.Opened.October1,1927.?BeaverStadium,StateCollege,Pennsylvania,U.S.Capacity:106,572.Opened:September17,1960.?OhioStadium,Columbus,Ohio,U.S.Capacity:104,944.Opened:October7,1922.?KyleField,CollegeStation,Texas,U.S.Capacity:102,512.Opened:September24,1927.21.HowmanypeoplecouldtheCircusMaximushold?A.104,944. B.107,601. C.About150,000. D.About250,000.22.Ofthefollowingstadiums,whichistheoldest?A.MichiganStadium.B.BeaverStadium.C.OhioStadium.D.KyleField.[解題示范]第一步：定信息區(qū)間抓關(guān)鍵題干中的關(guān)鍵詞：CircusMaximus，hold鎖信息定位：用CircusMaximus，hold尋讀，在文中找到信息源——However,thatwassmallfrycomparedwiththecity’sCircusMaximus,whichaccommodatedaround250,000people.第二步：比對定答案選項(xiàng)選項(xiàng)意思定位A104,944。曲解文意B107,601。曲解文意C大約About150,000。D大約250,000。原詞再現(xiàn)[分析]選D比對選項(xiàng)和信息句可知，根據(jù)第一段最后一句信息“……thecity’sCircusMaximus,whichaccommodatedaround250,000people”可知CircusMaximus最多容納250,000人。選項(xiàng)和原文中均出現(xiàn)250,000，故為直接細(xì)節(jié)理解題。故選D。間接信息題相比直接信息題，命題的隱蔽性更強(qiáng)，正確選項(xiàng)一般都會在原文基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行改造。此類題目需要考生將題目信息與原文相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行語義上的轉(zhuǎn)換，有時還需要進(jìn)一步的加工或整理。例子2…Ofthecommonberries,strawberriesarehighestinvitaminC,although,becauseoftheirseeds,raspberriescontainalittlemoreprotein(蛋白質(zhì)),ironandzinc(notthatfruitshavemuchprotein).Blueberriesareparticularlyhighinantioxidants(抗氧化物質(zhì)).TheyellowandorangestonefruitssuchaspeachesarehighinthecarotenoidsweturnintovitaminAandwhichareantioxidants.Asforcherries(櫻桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?However,theyarerichinvitaminC.…24．Whatdoestheauthorseemtolikeaboutcherries?A．Theycontainprotein.B．TheyarehighinvitaminA.C．Theyhaveapleasanttaste.D．Theyarerichinantioxidants.[解題示范]第一步：定信息區(qū)間抓關(guān)鍵題干中的關(guān)鍵詞：cherries鎖信息定位：用cherries尋讀，在文中找到信息源——Asforcherries(櫻桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?However,theyarerichinvitaminC.第二步：比對定答案選項(xiàng)選項(xiàng)意思定位A它們含有蛋白質(zhì)。張冠李戴B它們富含維生素A。張冠李戴C它們口感好。同義替換D它們含有豐富的抗氧化物質(zhì)。張冠李戴[分析]選C根據(jù)該段最后一句“Asforcherries(櫻桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?However,theyarerichinvitaminC．”可知，原文中的theyaresodelicious被替換成選項(xiàng)中的Theyhaveapleasanttaste，為間接細(xì)節(jié)理解題。故選C。概括、歸納信息題是指命題人用精煉的語言來概括原文中比較分散或復(fù)雜的信息，這是命題人設(shè)計(jì)細(xì)節(jié)理解題的正確選項(xiàng)時經(jīng)常使用的手段之一?？忌紫葢?yīng)依據(jù)題干指向，找到文中相應(yīng)的信息區(qū)間，然后嘗試用自己的語言去歸納總結(jié)文中的信息或事實(shí)，然后再看選項(xiàng)，挑選出和自己所歸納總結(jié)的信息最接近的選項(xiàng)作為正確答案。例子3…Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1,000;Africa2,400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位數(shù))ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld'slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.…30．Howmanylanguagesarespokenbylessthan6,000peopleatpresent?A．About6,800. B．About3,400.C．About2,400. D．About1,200.[解題示范]第一步：定信息區(qū)間抓關(guān)鍵題干中的關(guān)鍵詞：6,000鎖信息定位：用6,000尋讀，在文中找到信息源——Themediannumber(中位數(shù))ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld'slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.第二步：比對定答案選項(xiàng)選項(xiàng)意思原文意思定位A大約6800種。6800為現(xiàn)在世界現(xiàn)存語言數(shù)量。張冠李戴B大約3400種。世界語言總量的一半即為3400。信息歸納C大約2400種。2400為非洲語言數(shù)量。張冠李戴D大約1200種。數(shù)字1200在原文中沒有出現(xiàn)，也無法做出有效歸納。無中生有[分析]選B根據(jù)本段第一句“Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.”可知，目前世界上有大約6800種語言；再根據(jù)最后一句“Themediannumber(中位數(shù))ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld'slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.”可知，目前世界上一半的語言的使用人數(shù)少于6000，也就是說有大約3400種語言的使用人數(shù)少于6000。根據(jù)以上數(shù)據(jù)的歸納概括可知B項(xiàng)為正確選項(xiàng)。正誤判斷題是細(xì)節(jié)理解題中解題比較繁瑣的題目，說其繁瑣，因?yàn)槠湫畔⒉幌衿渌愵}目那樣集中在文章的某一句或某一段，而是分散在文章的各個角落。對于這類題目，考生要靜下心來，看清范圍，確定方向，找到每一個選項(xiàng)的對應(yīng)信息后，謹(jǐn)慎排除，綜合選優(yōu)。例子4FoodfestivalsaroundtheworldStiltonCheeseRollingMayDayisatraditionaldayforcelebrations,butthe2,000EnglishvillagersofStiltonmustbetheonlypeopleintheworldwhoincludecheeserollingintheirannualplans.Teamsoffour,dressedinavarietyofstrangeandfunnyclothes,rollacompletecheesealonga50-metrecourse.Ontheway,theymustnotkickorthrowtheircheese,orgointotheircompetitors'lane(賽道)．CompetitionisfierceandthechiefprizeisacompleteStiltoncheeseweighingaboutfourkilos(disappointingly,butunderstandablythecheesesusedintheracearewoodenones).Allthecompetitorsareservedwithbeerorportwine,thetraditionalaccompanimentforStiltoncheese.FieryFoodsFestival—TheHottestFestivalonEarthEveryyearmorethan10,000peopleheadforthecityofAlbuquerque,NewMexico.TheycomefromasfarawayasAustralia,theCaribbeanandChina,buttheyallshareacommonaddiction—foodthatisnotjustspicy(辛辣),buthotenoughtomakeyourmouthburn,yourheadspinandyoureyeswater.TheirdestinationistheFieryFoodandBBQFestivalwhichisheldoveraperiodofthreedayseveryMarch.Youmightliketotryachocolate-coveredhabaneropepper—officiallythehottestpepperintheworld—oranyoneofthethousandsofproductsthatareonshow.Butonething'sforsure—ifyoudon'tlikethefeelingofaburningtongue,thisfestivalisn'tforyou!LaTomatina—TheWorld'sBiggestFoodFightOnthelastWednesdayofeveryAugust,theSpanishtownofBu?olhostsLaTomatina—theworld'slargestfoodfight.Aweek-longcelebrationleadsuptoanexcitingtomatobattleasthehighlightoftheweek'sevents.Theearlymorningseesthearrivaloflargetruckswithtomatoes—officialfight-startersgetthingsgoingbycastingtomatoesatthecrowd.…59．WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A．ThechiefprizefortheStiltoncheeserollingcompetitionisbeerorportwine.B．Morethan10,000ChinesetakepartintheFieryFoodandBBQFestival.C．ThousandsofspicyfoodsareonshowintheFieryFoodandBBQFestival.D．AnexcitingtomatobattletakesplaceatthebeginningofLaTomatina.[解題示范]第一步：定信息區(qū)間選項(xiàng)選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞信息區(qū)間AThechiefprizefortheStiltoncheeserollingcompetition第一段第四句BMorethan10,000Chinese第二段第一、二句CThousandsofspicyfoodsareonshow第二段倒數(shù)第二句DAnexcitingtomatobattletakesplaceatthebeginning第三段第二句第二步：逐一比對定答案選項(xiàng)選項(xiàng)意思原文意思定位AStilton滾動奶酪比賽的主要獎品是啤酒或波爾圖葡萄酒。獎品是acompleteStiltoncheese。張冠李戴B一萬多名中國人參加FieryFoodandBBQFestival。參加者來自世界各地。曲解文意C在FieryFoodandBBQFestival上，成千上萬種辛辣食物被展出。展出了成千上萬種食物。同義替換D在LaTomatina節(jié)日的開始，會舉行一場激動人心的“西紅柿大戰(zhàn)”?！拔骷t柿大戰(zhàn)”發(fā)生在節(jié)日結(jié)尾，而不是節(jié)日的開始。曲解文意[答案]C二、學(xué)推理判斷題解題技巧推理判斷3題型(一)細(xì)節(jié)推理判斷題細(xì)節(jié)推理判斷題要求考生根據(jù)語篇內(nèi)容，推斷具體細(xì)節(jié)，如時間、地點(diǎn)、人物關(guān)系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根據(jù)短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常識進(jìn)行推理判斷。考生只有正確把握文章的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，理解文章的真正含義，才可能作出準(zhǔn)確的推斷。注意題干中常用的六個動詞：infer(推斷),indicate(象征，暗示),imply(暗示),suggest(暗示),conclude(得出結(jié)論)和assume(假定，設(shè)想)。該類型的命題方式常常以下列形式呈現(xiàn)：Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat________.Comparedwithothersimilarproducts,thenewdesign________.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat________.Thewriter/authorindicates/suggests/impliesthat________.(二)觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度推理判斷題1．文章的觀點(diǎn)或結(jié)論推理判斷題此類試題問的不一定是全文的中心思想或作者的全文觀點(diǎn)，可能只是文章中的某一觀點(diǎn)。但要推測文中某一觀點(diǎn)，仍離不開對全文中心思想的把握，因?yàn)樗鼈冊谡Z義上是緊密相連的，次要的觀點(diǎn)是支撐說明全文主要論點(diǎn)的。所以了解全文的主要觀點(diǎn)或中心思想對正確解答此類試題至關(guān)重要。該類型的命題方式常常以下列形式呈現(xiàn)：·Whatistheauthor’sopinionon...?·Whatdoestheauthorthinkabout...?·Fromthepassagewecanconcludethat________.2．作者態(tài)度、語氣推理判斷題此類試題往往通過作者在文章里的措詞、感情色彩表現(xiàn)出來，并常常用一些詞匯進(jìn)行表述。如：褒義詞useful,interesting,admiring,positive等；貶義詞disappointed,critical,negative等；中性詞indifferent,humorous,neutral等。因此考生必須透過字里行間察其端倪，以此作為前提進(jìn)行推理。該類型的命題方式常常以下列形式呈現(xiàn)：·Theattitudeoftheauthortowardssomebody/somethingis________.·Theauthor’sattitudetowards...canbebestdescribedas________.·Thetoneofthispassageisbestdescribedas________.(三)寫作意圖推理判斷題寫作意圖推理判斷題要求考生根據(jù)文章的論述，揣測作者的寫作意圖及運(yùn)用某種寫作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陳述自己的意圖，而是通過文章所提供的事實(shí)，客觀地使讀者信服某種想法或觀點(diǎn)。這類題型不但要求考生能理解文章的大意，同時還要具備對作者闡述問題的方法進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)和分析的能力。該類型的命題方式常常以下列形式呈現(xiàn)：Themainpurposeofthistextis________.What’stheauthor’spurposeinwritingthisarticle?Itcanbeconcludedthatthepassageismainlywrittenfor________.Theauthorwritesthispassageto________.Theauthorinthispassageintendsto________.典例1Wemaythinkwe'reaculturethatgetsridofourworntechnologyatthefirstsightofsomethingshinyandnew,butanewstudyshowsthatwekeepusingourolddevices(裝置)wellaftertheygooutofstyle.That'sbadnewsfortheenvironment—andourwallets—astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.…32．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofnewdevices?A．Theyareenvironment-friendly.B．Theyarenobetterthantheold.C．Theycostmoretouseathome.D．Theygooutofstylequickly.[解題示范]題干信息Whatdoestheauthorthinkof：作者態(tài)度newdevices：新設(shè)備文體特點(diǎn)科技說明文：一項(xiàng)研究新舊設(shè)備耗能的報告。原文查找That'sbadnewsfortheenvironment—andourwallets—astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.信息整合①做同樣的事情舊設(shè)備耗能高(consumemuchmoreenergy)②舊設(shè)備不利于環(huán)境保護(hù)(badnewsfortheenvironment)③舊設(shè)備更浪費(fèi)錢財(cái)(ourwallets)信息推斷上面舊設(shè)備的缺點(diǎn)是在和新設(shè)備相比較(thanthenewerones)得出的結(jié)論，故新設(shè)備可以克服以上缺點(diǎn)。選項(xiàng)分析A．新設(shè)備是環(huán)保的(Theyareenvironment-friendly)；屬于正確信息推斷。B．新設(shè)備并不比舊設(shè)備好(Theyarenobetterthantheold)；屬于“無中生有”型錯誤。C．新設(shè)備在家中使用的費(fèi)用更高(Theycostmoretouseathome)；屬于“無中生有”型錯誤。D．新設(shè)備很快就過時了(Theygooutofstylequickly)；屬于“曲解文意”型錯誤。得出結(jié)論由以上信息分析可知，A項(xiàng)正確。深層推斷5注意(1)嚴(yán)格按照閱讀材料中所提供的信息進(jìn)行推斷，切忌摻雜自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)、態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)或愛好去理解文章的內(nèi)涵。(2)有些選項(xiàng)中的內(nèi)容是閱讀材料的簡單重復(fù)，而非推斷出來的結(jié)論。(3)注意文中的虛擬語氣和情態(tài)動詞，這些往往能流露出作者的弦外之音。(4)有時作者只是客觀地?cái)⑹鍪聦?shí)，并未做評論，考生閱讀時如果主觀地進(jìn)行推斷就容易出錯。如文中提到一樣?xùn)|西貴，并不意味著就買不起。(5)某些細(xì)節(jié)看似在原文中出現(xiàn)過，但與原文不符，或斷章取義，或因果倒置等。典例2We'veallbeenthere:inalift,inlineatthebankoronanairplane,surroundedbypeoplewhoare,likeus,deeplyfocusedontheirsmartphonesor,worse,strugglingwiththeuncomfortablesilence.…32．Whatphenomenonisdescribedinthefirstparagraph?A．Addictiontosmartphones.B．Inappropriatebehavioursinpublicplaces.C．Absenceofcommunicationbetweenstrangers.D．Impatiencewithslowservice.[解題示范]細(xì)研題干定題型由題干可知本題是對文章局部(第一段)進(jìn)行深層理解的考查。細(xì)讀語段明大意地點(diǎn)公共場合：①電梯中；②在銀行排隊(duì)中；③飛機(jī)上人物①專注地盯著自己的手機(jī)；②苦苦掙扎于令人不自在的沉默中甄別選項(xiàng)定答案細(xì)研干擾項(xiàng)A項(xiàng)為原文中的事實(shí)，不是推斷出的內(nèi)容。B項(xiàng)，文中提及的這些行為是否“合適”原文中沒有提及，屬于“無中生有”型錯誤。D項(xiàng)在原文中沒有提及，屬于“無中生有”型錯誤。斷定答案該段提到在公共場合中，周圍都是人的情況下，人們只是專注地盯著自己的手機(jī)，或者苦苦掙扎于令人不自在的沉默中，從中可以推斷出文章首段描述了陌生人之間缺少交流的現(xiàn)象。故選擇C項(xiàng)。此題型常常是考查作者對某個事件的態(tài)度和想法，這種題型一定要關(guān)注作者敘述時的口吻。①有時作者描述自己某種并不愉快但又搞笑的經(jīng)歷來娛樂讀者，是一種自嘲；②有時作者以貌似調(diào)侃的口吻描述對某種社會現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行抨擊；③有時作者描述某個或幾個事件表達(dá)自己的情感，可能是不滿、諷刺或感激等。這種題型，解題的關(guān)鍵都是要把握文章主旨，正確選項(xiàng)一定是與文章主旨緊密相關(guān)的。典例3[1]ManyofusloveJulybecauseit'sthemonthwhennature'sberriesandstonefruitsareinabundance.ThesecolourfulandsweetjewelsfromBritishColumbia'sfieldsarelittlepowerhousesofnutritionalprotection.[2]Ofthecommonberries,strawberriesarehighestinvitaminC,although,becauseoftheirseeds,raspberriescontainalittlemoreprotein(蛋白質(zhì)),ironandzinc(notthatfruitshavemuchprotein).Blueberriesareparticularlyhighinantioxidants(抗氧化物質(zhì)).TheyellowandorangestonefruitssuchaspeachesarehighinthecarotenoidsweturnintovitaminAandwhichareantioxidants.Asforcherries(櫻桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?However,theyarerichinvitaminC.[3]Whencombinedwithberriesorslicesofotherfruits,frozenbananasmakeanexcellentbaseforthick,coolingfruitshakesandlowfat“icecream”.Forthispurpose,selectripebananasforfreezingastheyaremuchsweeter.Removetheskinandplacetheminplasticbagsorcontainersandfreeze.Ifyoulike,asqueezeoffreshlemonjuiceonthebananaswillpreventthemturningbrown.Frozenbananaswilllastseveralweeks,dependingontheirripenessandthetemperatureofthefreezer.[4]Ifyouhavea_juicer,_youcansimplyfeedinfrozenbananasandsomeberriesorslicedfruit.Outcomesa“soft-serve”creamydessert,tobeeatenrightaway.Thismakesafunactivityforachildren'sparty;theylovefeedingthefruitandfrozenbananasintothetopofthemachineandwatchingtheicecreamcomeoutbelow.27．Fromwhichisthetextprobablytaken?A．Abiologytextbook. B．Ahealthmagazine.C．Aresearchpaper. D．Atravelbrochure.[解題示范]細(xì)研題干定題型文章出處題。文章內(nèi)容本文介紹了豐收的七月給我們帶來的多種漿果和核果，并告訴我們這些果實(shí)富含的營養(yǎng)成分和可以制作成各種美食。文章語氣第一段介紹了七月是水果豐富的季節(jié)；第二段介紹了各種莓類所含的營養(yǎng)成分；第三、四段介紹各種水果搭配的食用方法。在這一過程中作者使用了客觀的語氣，通俗易懂的方法，形象地說明了水果搭配的技巧。確定答案本文是向大眾介紹飲食方法，跟健康有關(guān)，應(yīng)該出自健康雜志。所以B項(xiàng)正確。典例4[1]IbeganreadingwordswhenIwaseightmonthsold.BythetimeIwastwo,IhadreadCharlotte'sWeb.Myparentsthoughtitwasodd,butbecauseIdidn'thaveanysiblingsforthemtocomparemewith,theydidn'trealizejusthowodd.[2]Atpre-schoolinNorthport,NewYork,Iquicklyovertookeveryone.Atseven,Iwasgoingintohighschoolformyclassesbutstilldoingallmysocialactivitieswithkidsmyage.ButwhenIwasnine,thepublicschooladministrationsaidthatIhadtogotohighschoolfull-timewith16-year-olds.Ididn'twantto,becausesomekidstherewerealwaysteasingme.Itwasprettyhorriblewhentheycalledmeaknow-it-allandtriedtograbmyhomework.[3]Myparentstriedtofindmeanotherschoolbut,intheend,becauseIwassoadvanced,theonlyplacethatwasonthesamelevelasmewasStateUniversityofNewYorkatStonyBrook.[4]TheadmissionspeoplesaidthatifIthoughtIcouldmanageIcouldhaveaplace,aslongasmymotheraccompaniedmetoclasses.[5]So,aged10,Istartedanundergraduatedegreeinappliedmathematics.Iwasfrightenedonmyfirstday,butIwasalsoexcitedthatIwasgoingtoattendmyfirstrealphysicsclass.Mostoftheteacherswerenicebutoneortwodidn'tlikeme.OneprofessorsaidthatjustbecauseIdidaswellastheothermalestudents,itdidn'tmeanIwasasgoodasthem.ButthestudentsweresupportiveandmyparentsalwaysmadesurethatIhadagroupoffriendsofmyownage;theydidn'twantmetobeasocialmisfit.[6]Igraduatedsummacumlaude(withthehighesthonor)whenIwas14—theyoungeststudentevertodosointheUS.[7]Iwasaperfectionist;Idon'tthinkIwouldhavesettledforlessthanthat.IwentontoDrexelUniversityand,at17,IwasawardedaMaster'sandcontinuedtostudyforaPhD.[8]But_that_was_when_I_grew_disillusioned_with_the_science_world.Isawbadconductandrealisedthatsomeprofessorsweren'tmotivatedbyaloveofscience.IfelloutwiththeadviserwhowassupervisingmyPhD.IchargedDrexelUniversityinacivillawsuitandthecasehasnowgoneintoprivate,bindingarbitration(仲裁)．[9]Ibelievemyadviserappliedforgrantsandpatentsusingmyideas,andtookcreditforthem.Hedeniesthisandhasaccusedmeofstealinghiswork.Eventhoughtheuniversityhasclearedmeofplagiarism(剽竊)ithasstillrefusedtoawardmemyPhD.[10]AtthetimeIwasfullyexpectingtoreceivemyPhD,IappliedforapostteachingadvancedtechnologyfusionatKonkukUniversityinSeoul.WhenIwasappointed,Iwasjustunder19,soImadeitintoGuinnessWorldRecords.[11]InSouthKorea,Iwastreatedasaminorcelebrity.PeoplestaredatmewhereverIwentoncampus,andIwasaskedtogiveinspirationaltalkstoteenagers.ButIdidn'trenewmycontract:I'dhadagreatyear,butIwantedtocomehome.[12]Istilldon'thavemyPhDandIamangryanddisappointedaboutthat.Iworkedsohardallmylifeandmyresearchendedupgoingnowhere.[13]There'salwayshope,buttheexperienceatDrexelhasderailedme.Ifauniversitygavemeaplacetocompletemystudies,Iwouldtakeit.ButIamsomeonewhoissuingherformeruniversity,soalotofcollegesareafraidtotouchme.[14]Fornow,I'menrolledinlawschoolandtrainingtobealawyer.IwanttocombinelegalandscienceknowledgesothatIcanprotectpeople'sresearchrights.[15]It'sstrangebeingbackatschool:I'm21yearsoldandforthefirsttimeinmylife,I'mthesameageastheotherstudents.1．Theunderlinedsentence“ButthatwaswhenIgrewdisillusionedwiththescienceworld.”suggeststhattheauthor________.A．feltdisappointedwithwhatsomescientistsdoB．grewoldenoughtobeascientistC．wastreatedasarealscientistD．becamemotivatedbyaloveofscience[解題示范]細(xì)研題干定題型由題干可知，該題屬于第一種題型，類似詞義猜測題。通讀全文定基調(diào)細(xì)讀出處推答案讀畫線部分的上下文，尤其是下文中“Isawbadconduct...bindingarbitration(仲裁)．”提到她發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)校里不好的做法，意識到有些教授不是出于對科學(xué)的熱愛，所以感到失望，故選A項(xiàng)。2．Howdoesthewriterfeelwhenshewaswritingthispassage?A．Proudandfrustrated.B．Excitedandangry.C．Calmandsatisfied.D．Excitedanddisappointed.[解題示范]細(xì)研題干定題型由題干可知，該題屬于第二種題型，需要通過作者的描述和措詞來推斷作者態(tài)度。關(guān)注細(xì)節(jié)1.關(guān)注幾個年齡段2.關(guān)注第六段“highest”和“youngest”→再次凸顯自豪之情3.關(guān)注第八段中作者的挫折→開始失望4.關(guān)注第十二段中作者因未拿到博士學(xué)位而“angry”和“disappointed”→遭遇不順利5.關(guān)注第十五段用詞，“21歲”又和“同齡人”一起學(xué)法律→無奈→挫敗感確定答案由以上可看出作者在字里行間對自己天賦的一種肯定和自豪，同時也有著一連串的挫折和無奈，故選A項(xiàng)。解題關(guān)鍵這類題目常以文章出處為命題方式，要求通過閱讀文章內(nèi)容來推斷文章的寫作背景。理解文章的寫作目的、作者的措辭、語氣和文章所涉及的具體內(nèi)容等是這類題的解題關(guān)鍵。以環(huán)保類文章為例：(1)如果作者的目的是呼吁人們保護(hù)環(huán)境，措詞比較主觀，而語氣以激勵吸引為主，這樣的文章往往會出現(xiàn)在報紙上，也許會是某個環(huán)保活動的廣告；(2)如果是為了說明某個方面存在的問題，措辭比較嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)客觀，語調(diào)較嚴(yán)肅，那么文章很可能出現(xiàn)在比較正式的媒體上，很可能出現(xiàn)在關(guān)于社會問題的版塊上；(3)如果是為了告訴讀者有關(guān)新發(fā)現(xiàn)，在文中提到了調(diào)查研究及其結(jié)果，則文章很可能出現(xiàn)在報紙或雜志的科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)版塊上。[注意]一定要關(guān)注文章的措詞、語氣和寫作目的，僅關(guān)注文章大意是不夠的?？键c(diǎn)練透【真題再現(xiàn)】Passage01（2022年甲卷A篇）TheatresandEntertainmentStDavid’sHallStDavid’sHallistheawardwinningNationalConcertHallofWalesstandingattheveryheartofCardiff’sentertainmentcentre.Withanimpressive2,000-seatconcerthall,StDavid’sHallishometotheannualWelshPromsCardiff.Itpresentsliveentertainment,includingpop,rock,folk,jazz,musicals,dance,worldmusic,filmsandclassicalmusic.TheHayes,CardiffCF101AHwww.stdavidshallcardiff.co.ukTheGleeClubEveryweekendthisis“Wales”premiercomedyclubwherehavingagreattimeistheorderforbothaudiencesandcomedystarsalike.Itishardtonameacomedystarwhohasn’tbeenonthestagehere.Ifyouarelookingforthebestcomediesontourandbrilliantlivemusic,youshouldstarthere.MermaidQuay,CardiffBay,CardiffCF105BZwww.glee.co.uk/cardiffShermanCymruShermanCymru’stheatreintheCathaysareaofCardiffreopenedinFebruary2012.Thisspecialbuildingisaplaceinwhichtheatreismadeandwherechildren,artists,writersandanyoneelsehavetheopportunity(機(jī)會)todocreativethings.ShermanCymruisexcitedtopresentapackedprogrammeoftheverybesttheatre,dance,familyshowsandmusicfromWalesandtherestoftheworld.SenghennyddRoad,CardiffCF244YEwww.shermancymru.co.ukNewTheatreTheNewTheatrehasbeenthehomeofqualitydrama,musicals,danceandchildren’sshowsformorethan100years.PresentingthebestoftheWestEndalongwiththepickoftheUK’stouringshows,theNewTheatreisCardiff’soldestsurvivingtraditionaltheatre.Besuretopayavisitaspartofyourstayinthecity.ParkPlace,CardiffCF103LNwww.newtheatrecardiff.co.uk21.WhereistheWelshPromsCardiffhosted?A.AttheNewTheatre. B.AttheGleeClub.C.AtShermanCymru. D.AtStDavid’sHall.22.WhatcanpeopledoattheGleeClub?A.Watchmusicals. B.Enjoycomedies.C.Seefamilyshows. D.Docreativethings.23.WhichwebsitecanyouvisittolearnaboutCardiff’soldestsurvivingtheatre?A.www.newtheatrecardiff.co.uk B.www.shermancymru.co.ukC.www.glee.co.uk/cardiff D.www.stdavidshallcardiff.co.uk【語篇導(dǎo)讀】文章介紹了英國威爾士的首府加的夫市的四家劇院及其特色?！敬鸢浮緿【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章“StDavid’sHall”部分中的“StDavid’sHallishometotheannualWelshPromsCardiff(StDavid’sHall是Cardiff一年一度的WelshProms的舉辦地)”可知，Cardiff的WelshProms活動在StDavid’sHall舉辦。故選D。22.【答案】B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章“TheGleeClub”部分中的“Ifyouarelookingforthebestcomediesontourandbrilliantlivemusic,youshouldstarthere(如果你正在尋找巡演中最好的喜劇和精彩的現(xiàn)場音樂，你應(yīng)該從這里開始)”可知，人們可以在TheGleeClub享受喜劇。故選B。23.【答案】A【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章“NewTheatre”部分中的“TheNewTheatrehasbeenthehomeofqualitydrama,musicians,danceandchildren’sshowsformorethan100years(100多年來，NewTheatre一直是優(yōu)質(zhì)戲劇、音樂家、舞蹈和兒童節(jié)目的發(fā)源地)”以及其下面的網(wǎng)站“www.newtheatrecardiff.co.uk”可知，可以在www.newtheatrecardiff.co.uk網(wǎng)站找到Cardiff存在最久的劇院。故選A。Passage02（2022年甲卷B篇）Goffin’scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.Inarecentexperiment,cockatooswerepresentedwithaboxwithanutinsideit.Theclearfrontoftheboxhada“keyhole”inageometricshape,andthebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped“keys”tochoosefrom.Insertingthecorrect“key”wouldletoutthenut.Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage,butitwillbeanotheryearbeforetheyareabletodothesamewithlesssymmetrical(對稱的)shapes.Thisabilitytorecognizethatashapewillneedtobeturnedinaspecificdirectionbeforeitwillfitiscalledan“allocentricframeofreference”.Intheexperiment,Goffin’scockatooswereabletoselecttherighttoolforthejob,inmostcases,byvisualrecognitionalone.Wheretrial-and-errorwasused,thecockatoosdidbetterthanmonkeysinsimilartests.ThisindicatesthatGoffin’scockatoosdoindeedpossessanallocentricframeofreferencewhenmovingobjectsinspace,similartotwo-year-oldbabies.Thenextstepaccordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisualclues(線索),oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.24.Howdidthecockatoosgetthenutfromtheboxintheexperiment?A.Byfollowinginstructions. B.Byusingatool.C.Byturningtheboxaround. D.Byremovingthelid.25.Whichtaskcanhumanone-year-oldsmostlikelycompleteaccordingtothetext?A.Usingakeytounlockadoor. B.Tellingparrotsfromotherbirds.C.Puttingaballintoaroundhole. D.Groupingtoysofdifferentshapes.26.Whatdoesthefollow-uptestaimtofindoutaboutthecockatoos?A.Howfartheyareabletosee. B.Howtheytrackmovingobjects.C.Whethertheyaresmarterthanmonkeys. D.Whethertheyuseasenseoftouchinthetest.27.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.Cockatoos:QuickErrorCheckers B.Cockatoos:IndependentLearnersC.Cockatoos:CleverSignal-Readers D.Cockatoos:SkilfulShape-Sorters【語篇導(dǎo)讀】通過實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)，澳大拉西亞地區(qū)戈芬氏鳳頭鸚鵡的形狀識別能力相當(dāng)于兩歲的人類幼兒。24.【答案】B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.(雖然人們不知道這些鳥在野外會使用工具，但事實(shí)證明，它們在關(guān)在籠子里時就能熟練地使用工具)”以及“thebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped“keys”tochoosefrom.Inserting,thecorrect“keys”wouldletoutthenut.(研究人員給了這些鳥5把形狀各異的“鑰匙”供它們選擇。插入，正確的“鑰匙”會讓堅(jiān)果出來)”可知，在實(shí)驗(yàn)中，鳳頭鸚鵡是通過使用工具從盒子里取出堅(jiān)果的。故選B。25.【答案】C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage(在人類身上，嬰兒從一歲左右就可以把一個圓形的物品放進(jìn)一個圓形的洞里)”結(jié)合選項(xiàng)，可知，一歲兒童最有可能完成“將一個球放進(jìn)一個圓形的洞里”的任務(wù)。故選C。26.【答案】D【解析】推理判斷題。通過文章最后一段“Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisualclues,oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.(根據(jù)研究人員的說法，下一步是嘗試弄清楚鳳頭鸚鵡是完全依靠視覺線索，還是也使用觸覺來選擇它們的形狀)”可推知，后續(xù)測試的目的是了解鳳頭鸚鵡在測試中是否使用觸覺。故選D。27.【答案】D【解析】主旨大意題。通讀全文，再結(jié)合文章第一段“Coffin’scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.(科芬的鳳頭鸚鵡是一種原產(chǎn)于大洋洲的小鸚鵡，它的形狀識別能力與兩歲的人類相似)”可推知，本文主要介紹了會識別形狀的鳳頭鸚鵡。D項(xiàng)“Cockatoos:SkilfulShape-Sorters(鳳頭鸚鵡：識別形狀的熟練工)”符合文意，最適合作為本文標(biāo)題。故選D。Passage03（2022年乙卷B篇）In1916,twogirlsofwealthyfamilies,bestfriendsfromAuburn,N.Y.—DorothyWoodruffandRosamondUnderwood—traveledtoasettlementintheRockyMountainstoteachinaone-roomschoolhouse.ThegirlshadgonetoSmithCollege.Theyworeexpensiveclothes.SoforthemtomovetoElkhead,Colo.toinstructthechildrenwhoseshoeswereheldtogetherwithstringwasasurprise.TheirstayinElkheadisthesubjectofNothingDaunted:TheUnexpectedEducationofTwoSocietyGirlsintheWestbyDorothyWickenden,whoisamagazineeditorandDorothyWoodruff'sgranddaughter.Whydidtheygothen?Well,theywantedtodosomethinguseful.Soon,however,theyrealizedwhattheyhadundertaken.Theymovedinwithalocalfamily,theHarrisons,and,likethem,hadlittleprivacy,rarebaths,andablanketofsnowontheirquiltwhentheywokeupinthemorning.Somemornings,RosamondandDorothywouldarriveattheschoolhousetofindthechildrenweepingfromthecold.Inspring,thesnowwasreplacedbymudoverice.InWickenden'sbook,sheexpandedonthehistoryoftheWestandalsoonfeminism,whichofcourseinfluencedthegirls'decisiontogotoElkhead.Ahair-raisingsectionconcernsthebuildingoftherailroads,whichentailed（牽涉）drillingthroughtheRockies,ofteninblindingsnowstorms.ThebookendswithRosamondandDorothy'sreturntoAuburn.Wickendenisaverygoodstoryteller.Thesweepofthelandandthestoicism（堅(jiān)忍）ofthepeoplemovehertosomebeautifulwriting.HereisapictureofDorothyWoo