英語語法-主謂一致

第一講主謂一致“一致”(Concord或Agreement)是指句子成分之間詞語之間在語法形式上的協(xié)調(diào)關系。主要有主語與動詞的一致，主語與補語的一致，限定詞與名詞中心詞的一致，人稱代詞與并列和非并列先行詞的一致，名詞與名詞或代詞的一致?！爸髦^一致”是指主語和謂語動詞之間在人稱和數(shù)的方面的一致關系,這又叫做“主一一動一致”(Subject——verbConcord)。主謂一致三原則主語和隨后的動詞(詞組),即謂語動詞之間的一致關系常為三種不同的原則所支配，即語法一致原則(GrammarConcord)，意義一致原則(NotionalConcord)和就近原則(PrincipleofProximity)。語法一致指作主語的名詞中心詞是復數(shù)，動詞就用復數(shù)形式；如果名詞中心詞是單數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，動詞就用單數(shù)形式。例如：Bothboyshavetheirownmerits.Inmyheartarepeaceandgoodwill.Theelevatorworksverywell.Mucheffortiswasted.1.2意義/概念一直指主語和動詞的一致關系并非取決于語法上的單、復數(shù)形式，而是取決于主語的單、復數(shù)意義。有時主語在語法形式上并非復數(shù)，但有復數(shù)意義，隨后的動詞就用復數(shù)；主語在語法形式上是復數(shù)，而在意義上可視為單數(shù)，隨后的動詞用單數(shù)。例如：Thejuryhasaskedmoretime.Thejuryareunabletoagree.Fiftyminutesisn'tenoughtimetofinishthistest.“Seniorcitizens”meanspeopleoversixty.1.3就近原則指謂語動詞的單、復數(shù)形式取決于最靠近它的詞語的單、復數(shù)形式，而不是與充當主語的名詞短語中心詞相一致。例如：Notjustthestudentsbuteventheirteacherisenjoyingthefilm.NeitherJulianorIamgoing.Onlyoneoutoffivewerepresent.*Nooneexcepthisownsupportersagreewithhim.但是在實際應用中，語法一致原則與其他兩個原則經(jīng)常發(fā)生矛盾，這時語法一致是

word專業(yè)資料-可復制編輯-歡迎下載

應遵循的根本原則。下面從幾個容易引起疑難問題的方面來進一步闡述主謂一致關系。并列主語和謂語動詞的一致2.1and連接的并列主語與謂語動詞的一致a.由and或both…and連接的并列結構作主語，指兩個或兩個以上的人或物，謂語動詞用復數(shù)。例如：Thefoodand(the)textileindustrydependmainlyonagricultureforrawmaterial.Tomeantodosomethingandtoactuallydosomethingaretwodifferentthings.Rain,hailandwindhavecausedanestimated$22,000damagetocropsandlivestock.Warandpeacearealternativesbetweenwhichmanmustconstantlychoose.作主語的并列結構表示單數(shù)意義，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。這時并列主語前常只有一個冠詞或限定詞，或者沒有冠詞或限定詞。例如：Thehammerandsicklewasflyingfromtheflagpole.Theironandsteelindustryplaysanimportantpartinournationaleconomy.Mycolleagueandfriendisneardeath'sdoor.TheBatandBallsellsgoodbeer.Warandpeaceisaconstanttheme.Hamandeggisagoodbreakfast.Fishandchips(adishoffood)isverypopularinNorway.Whiskyandsoda(adrink)ismyfavouritedrink.Peachesandcreamisdelicious.Totryandfailisbetterthannottryatall.有一些由and連接的并列主語，其單、復數(shù)意義不很明確，只能根據(jù)上下文判定。例如：Afriendandhelperwas/werestandingnearby.Thesecretaryandaccountantofthecompanywas/werepresent.Hisagedservantandthesubsequenteditorofhiscollectedpaperswas/werewithhimathisdeathbed.有的并列主語(常為抽象名詞)前只有一個或者沒有冠詞或限定詞，雖然表示單一概念，但既可接單數(shù)動詞，又可接復數(shù)動詞。例如：Hercalmnessandconfidenceis/areastonishing.Timeandtidewaits/waitfornoman.Lawandorderhas/havebeenestablished.Thesafetyandhappinessofthewholedepends/dependoneachindividual'seffort.有時并列主語中省略了重復的并列名詞、修飾語，或者只有一個冠詞，但它們word專業(yè)資料-可復制編輯-歡迎下載不能表示結合成一體的概念，只能被視為不同事物或個體，只能接復數(shù)動詞。例如：Good(taste)andbadtasteareinculcatedbyexample.Amanand(a)womanaretalkinginthelivingroom.Whiteandbrownsugarareacceptableforthisrecipe.Theshort-term(loan)andthelong-termloanarehandledverydifferentlybythebank.Theshort-termand(the)long-termloan…AmericanandDutchbeeraremuchlighterthanBritishbeer.Theredand(the)whiterosearebeautiful.(Aredroseandawhiterose…)BeerfromAmericaandHollandismuchlighterthanBritishbeer.Theredandwhiteroseisbeautiful.(Arosewithredandwhitecolour...)在there,here和where結構中：正式語體，不管并列主語中的名詞是單數(shù)還是復數(shù)，謂語動詞都用復數(shù)形式；非正式語體，如果并列主語中的第一個主語是單數(shù)，謂語動詞就用單數(shù)形式。例如：Insidethereare/isadesk,atableandtwochairs.Therewere/wasbothcourageanddignityinhermanner.(Thereismoregraceandlesscarelessness.)Hereare/isJohnandMary.但當主語前帶有限定詞oneortwo時，謂語動詞只能用復數(shù)形式。例如：Thereareoneortwosubjectsonwhichyouareboundtohavebutoneopinion.如果并列主語中的第二個主語前有not，謂語動詞的單、復數(shù)形式應和not前的主語相一致。例如：Theteacher,andnotthestudentsdesignstheexaminationquestions.Itisyou,notIwhoareafraidtopursuethissubjectfurther.并列名詞詞組前有each,every,manya,no,morethanone等限定詞時，隨后的動詞常用單數(shù)。例如：Everyboyand(every)girlinthisclassisentitledtoacopy.Everyman,woman,andchildinthiscommunityisnowawareoftheterribleconsequencesofthehabitofsmoking.Manyamanandwomaninthiscommunityfindshimselforherselfinneed.Nomanandnowomanhaseverbrokensucharecord.并列wh-分句作主語，一般用復數(shù)動詞；一個含有并列謂語的wh-分句作主語，接單數(shù)動詞。例如：Whathesaysandwhathedoesaretwodifferentthings.word專業(yè)資料-可復制編輯-歡迎下載WhatIsayandwhatIthinkaremyownaffair.Whathesaysandthinksisnobusinessofyours.WhatIsayanddoismyownaffair.WhatIsayorwhatIthinkisnobusinessofyours.j.當“oneand+分數(shù)/百分數(shù)''這種結構作主語時，只能接復數(shù)謂語動詞。因為復數(shù)的概念不是至少兩個，而是一個以上。例如：HewentawayonJune,15,andoneandahalfmonthshavepassed,andit'sJuly30.Oneandahalfyearshavepassedsincewelastmet.（oneandahalf+復數(shù)名詞作主語，接復數(shù)動詞）*HewentawayonJune15,andnowamonthandahalfhaspassed,andit'sJuly30.Ayearandahalfhaspassedsincewelastmet.（a+單數(shù)名詞+andahalf作主語，接單數(shù)動詞）and以外的并列連詞連接的并列主語與謂語動詞的一致由or,either...or,nor,neither...nor,not...but,notonly...but（also）連接的并列主語，其謂語動詞通常采用就近原則。例如：Johnorhisbrothersaretoblame.Wereyouorheonduty?Youorheisondutytoday.AmIoryouresponsible?Eitheryourbrakesoryoureyesightisatfault.Notanyflowersnorevenabladeofgrassistobeseenthere.Neithertheplayersnorthecoachwasoverconfident.NotAngelabutherparentswanttolosefatbuttheyjustcan'tcontroltheirappetite.Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwiringhasbeenchanged.但是在非正式語體中，either.or,neither.nor連接的并列主語，即使均為單數(shù)主語，所接動詞可用復數(shù)形式。例如：EitheryouorIam/aregoing.Neitherhenorhiswifehas/haveseensuchafilm.NeitherJeannorJamesfinishes/finishtheworkproperly.當主語后面跟有with,alongwith,togetherwith,aswellas,inadditionto,asmuchas,except,but,ratherthan,nolessthan引導的詞組時，該詞組被視為從屬結構。隨后的謂語動詞形式通常采用語法一致的原則，即依主語本身的單、復數(shù)形式而定。例如：Theheadmasterwiththerestofthestaffwashavingaheateddiscussion.Thepresident,togetherwithhisadvisors,ispreparingastatementonthecrisis.Thefather,aswellashissons,isgoingtoenroll.word專業(yè)資料-可復制編輯-歡迎下載Thebarn,inadditiontothehouse,wasburned.Someoftheworkersasmuchasthemanagerwereresponsiblefortheloss.Man,nolessthanthelowerformsoflife,istheproductoftheevolutionaryprocess.Nooneexcepttwogirlswaslatefordinner.Hisbrotherratherthanhisparentsistoblame.以-s結尾的名詞作主語的主謂一致有一些以-s結尾的名詞，它們當中有的作單數(shù)意義，有的作復數(shù)意義，有的既可接單數(shù)動詞又可接復數(shù)動詞，其意義基本相同或不同。3.1以-s結尾的疾病名稱和游戲名稱以-s結尾的疾病名稱，如arthritis（關節(jié)炎），bronchitis（支氣管炎），mumps（腮腺炎）,diabetes（糖尿病），measles等，通常接單數(shù)動詞；但也有一些疾病名稱后既可接單數(shù)動詞，也可接復數(shù)動詞。例如：Mumpsisakindofinfectiousdisease.Generally，measlesoccursinchildren.Measlesaresometimescausedbytapeworm.以-s結尾的游戲名稱通常接單數(shù)動詞；但也有個別這樣的名稱接復數(shù)動詞。例如：Dartsisessentiallyafreeandeasygame.Marblesisoneoftheoldestgamesandwasnotconfinedtochildren.Cardsarenotallowedhere.*當darts,marbles等用于做這些游戲所用的“鏢”或“彈子”等意義時，隨后的動詞用復數(shù)形式。例如：Threedartsarethrownateachturn.Marblesvaryinkindandquality.3.2以-ics結尾的學科名稱以-ics結尾的學科名稱，如athletics，economics，linguistics，mathematics，mechanics，physics，politics，statistics等，通常作單數(shù)意義，接單數(shù)動詞；但若這類名詞表示學科以外的其他意義，便可作復數(shù)用。例如：Mathematicsisthestudyofnumbers.Athleticsisarequiredcourseofstudentsofallgrades.Mymathematicsis/arerathershaky.Athleticshavebeengreatlypromotedatthiscollege.Theeconomicsoftheprojectarestillbeingconsidered.Statisticsshowthatthenumberofhousewiveswhoworkpart-timehasincreasedinword專業(yè)資料-可復制編輯-歡迎下載thelastfewyearsintheU.S.3.3以—s結尾的地理名稱以-s結尾的表示國名、組織等政治實體的地理名稱，通常作單數(shù)；以-s結尾的表示山脈、群島、海峽、瀑布等地理名稱，通常用作復數(shù)。例如：TheUnitedStatesisacountryofpeoplewithvariedorigins.InJanuary1976,theNetherlandswashitbyitsworststormsince1953.TheWestIndies,apartfromtheBahamas,arecommonlydividedintotwoparts.TheHimalayashaveamagnificentvarietyofplantandanimallife.TheNiagaraFallsareperhapsthemostfamouswaterfallsintheworld.但“奧運會”無論含不含games都接復數(shù)動詞。TheOlympicGamesareaninternationalsportscompetition.TheOlympicswerestartedagaininthenineteenthcentury.3.4其他以-s結尾的名詞一些由兩部分組成的物體名稱通常是以-s結尾，如glasses,pincers,scissors,shorts,suspenders,trousers等。這類名詞通常用作復數(shù)；如果這類名詞前有單位詞，如apairof,twopairsof,則由單位詞的單、復數(shù)形式?jīng)Q定謂語動詞的單、復數(shù)形式。例如：Joe'snewtrousersareblackandwhite.Onepairofscissorsisn'tenough.由-s結尾的名詞，如archives,arms,clothes,contents,fireworks,goods,morals,remains,stairs,suburbs,thanks,wages，通常用作復數(shù)。例如：Thearchivesofthissocietyarekeptinthebasement.Thecontentsofthisbookaremostfascinating.Highwagesoftenresultinhighprices.Histhanksweremostprofuse.但也有不少這類名詞，用作單、復數(shù)均可，如whereabouts,dramatics等。例如:Hiswhereaboutswere/wasknownonlytohisparents.Thedramaticsoftheperformancewere/wasmarvelous.凡是由-ing結尾的名詞，如clippings,diggings,earnings,filings,lodgings,savings,surroundings,sweepings等，通常用作復數(shù)；但tidings（消息）既可用作復數(shù)，也可用作單數(shù)。例如:Theclippingsofthehedgesareusuallyburnt.Thesweepingsofthegodownhavebeendisposedof.Goodtidingshavecheeredthemup.word專業(yè)資料-可復制編輯-歡迎下載Thetidingshascomealittletoolate.d.還有一些以—s結尾的單、復數(shù)同形的名詞，如barracks,headquarters,manners,means,series,species,works,隨后動詞的單、復數(shù)形式取決于這些名詞在句中是用作單數(shù)意義還是復數(shù)意義。例如：Abarrackswasstormedbytheenemytroops.Twobarracksinthesuburbshavebeensurrounded.Aseriesofpre-recordedtapeshasbeenpreparedforlanguagelabuse.Therearetwoseriesofreaders:oneforbeginnersandoneforadvancedstudents.Anewspeciesofbutterflyhasbeenfound.Altogether,about120speciesofseasnailareknown.*但有少數(shù)這類名詞，用作單數(shù)或復數(shù)所表示意義不同。例如：Hisremains（遺體）lieinthechurchyard.Themartyr'sremains（遺體/遺物）wereburiedatthefootofthehill.Hereistheremains（遺址/遺跡）ofatemple.Theremains（剩余物）ofthemealwere/wasfedtothedogs.集體名詞的主謂一致集體名詞（CollectiveNoun）,如committee,government,group,police,team等，在意義上是復數(shù)，而在語法形式上是單數(shù)。以這類名詞作主語的主謂致問題往往是對“語法一致”或“意義一致”兩種原則的選擇。這種選擇通常遵循以下原則：通常用作復數(shù)的集體名詞有些集體名詞，如cattle,militia（民兵），people,police,poultry（家禽）,vermin（害蟲）等,通常作復數(shù)，隨后的動詞用復數(shù)。例如：Domesticcattleprovideuswithmilk,beefandhides.Suchverminasratsarehardtogetridof.TheChinesepeopleareagreatpeople.通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞又有一些集體名詞，如equipment,furniture,machinery,merchandise,通常作不可數(shù)名詞，隨后的動詞用單數(shù)。例如：Themerchandisehasarrivedundamaged.AllthemachineryinthefactoryismadeinChina.apieceofequipment/furniture*militaryequipments既可作單數(shù)也可作復數(shù)的集體名詞還有一些集體名詞，如audience,class,committee,crew,family,government,group,

word專業(yè)資料-可復制編輯-歡迎下載public等，既可用作單數(shù)，也可用作復數(shù)。隨后的動詞用單數(shù)還是用復數(shù)，取決于這些集體名詞在具體上下文中的確切意義。如將該名詞所表示的集體視為一個整體，則動詞用單數(shù)；如將側重點放在組成集體的成員上，動詞用復數(shù)。例如：Theanti-crimecommitteeistomakeitsreporttomorrow.Thecommitteearedividedinopinionaboutthisproblem.Thecrewislarge.Thecrewarepaidtodoalltheworkontheship.Afterlunch,thisbrilliantlydressedgroupofpersonsgoesdowntothegamblingroom.Thatgroupofsoldiershavethebestratingsofindividualperformance.4.4aboardof等+復數(shù)名詞結構如果主語是由aboardof/acommitteeof/apanelof+復數(shù)名詞構成，隨后的動詞常用單數(shù)。例如：Acommitteeoffivemenandthreewomenistoconsiderthematter.Apanelofdistinguishedpeoplehasbeenchosentojudgethiscompetition.Itismeetingtomorrow.Theboardofdirectorsisresponsibleforthemanagementofthefirm.以表示數(shù)量概念的名詞詞組作主語的主謂一致以表示確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組作主語當主語為表示確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組時，主謂一致問題應該遵循以下原則：如果作主語的數(shù)量概念被看作一個整體，動詞用單數(shù)；如果該數(shù)量概念被看作組成該數(shù)量的一個個的個體則動詞用復數(shù)。例如：Hethoughtthat65dollarswasnottoomuchtoask.Fivehoursisneededtocompletetheoutline.ThreemileswastoolongadistanceforFreedmantorun.Thereweresixsilverdollarsineachofthestockings.如果作主語的名詞詞組是由“分數(shù)/百分數(shù)+of-”詞組構成，其動詞形式依of-詞組中名詞形式而定。of-詞組中名詞是復數(shù)，謂語動詞就用復數(shù)；of-詞組中名詞是單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞就用單數(shù)。例如：Over60%ofthecitywasdestroyedinthewar.Nearlytwothirdsofthedoctorsarewomen.Onefourthofthestuffisgoingtowaste.主語是表示兩數(shù)相加或相乘的詞組，動詞可用單數(shù)，也可用復數(shù)；如果主語是表示兩數(shù)相減或相除的詞組，動詞用單數(shù)。例如：Sevenplus/andfivemakes/maketwelve.word專業(yè)資料-可復制編輯-歡迎下載Threeplussixequals/equalnine.Fivetimeseightare/isforty.Twicetwelvemakes/maketwenty-four.*Foursevensaretwenty-eight.Fortyminusfifteenleaves/istwenty-five.Fourfromsixleavestwo.Fortydividedbyeightequals/isfive.d.如果主語由“onein/oneoutof+復數(shù)名詞”構成，在正式語體中，動詞用單數(shù)（語法一致原則）；在非正式語體中，動詞也可按“就近原則”，用復數(shù)。例如：Oneintenstudentshas/havefailedtheexam.Oneoutoftwentybuildingswas/weredamaged.以表示非確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組作主語當主語為表示非確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組時，主謂一致問題應該遵循以下原則：如果主語是allof,someof,nounof,halfof,mostof...等表示非確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組，其后的動詞形式依of-詞組中的名詞形式而定。例如：Allofthecargowaslost.Allofthecrewweresaved.Someofthemoneyhasbeenstolen.Someofthebookswerelost.Halfofthebuildingwasdamagedintheexplosion.Halfofthestudentsaregirls.如果主語是由“l(fā)otsof,heapsof,loadsof,plentyof+名詞”構成，表示“許多”等概念時，隨后動詞的單、復數(shù)形式也依of-詞組中名詞形式而定。例如：Lotsoffoodisgoingtowaste.Lotsofpeoplearewaitingoutside.Loadsofmilkhasbeendistributedamongthechildren.Loadsofappleshavebeenpicked.如果主語是由“aportionof,aseriesof,apileof+名詞”構成，不管of-詞組中的名詞形式是單數(shù)還是復數(shù)，隨后的動詞通常用單數(shù)。例如：Asubstantialportionofthereportsismissing.Aseriesofaccidentshasbeenreported.Apileoflogswassetbesidethegate.wordword專業(yè)資料-可復制編輯-歡迎下載如果主語是由“akindof,asortof,atypeof,thiskindof,thissortof,thistypeof+名詞”構成，隨后的動詞用單數(shù)。例如：Thiskindofmanannoysme.Thattypeofmenisdangerous.Thissortofapplesishighlypriced.但若在kind/sort/type之前的限定詞是these/those/two/three,同時of-詞組中的名詞又是復數(shù)，則動詞用復數(shù)。例如：Thesekindofmenannoyme.Thosesortofmachinesareuptodate.如果主語是由“manya,morethanone+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”構成，其意義雖屬復數(shù),但隨后的謂語動詞要遵循“語法一致”的原則，用單數(shù)。例如：Manyamanhasdonehisduty.Morethanonegamehaslost.如果主語是由“anaverageof,amajorityof+復數(shù)名詞”構成，而且明確表示多數(shù)個體概念,隨后的動詞用復數(shù)。例如：Anaverageof25personsapplyeachmonth.Amajorityofthetown'syoungermenaremovingtothecity.但如果這類主語的中心詞是“average,majority”，則動詞用單數(shù)。例如：Anaverageof25applicantsamonthisnotunusual.Amajorityofthreevotestoonewasrecorded.其他方面的主謂一致問題6.1以名詞性分句作主語的主謂一致由what,who,when,where,why,whether,which,how等疑問代詞/副詞引導的名詞性分句作主語，其后的動詞通常用單數(shù)；兩個由and連接的或多個并列名詞性分句作主語，動詞用復數(shù)。例如：Whatcausedtheaccidentisacompletemystery.Whatcausedtheaccidentandwhowasresponsibleforitremainamysterytous.在以what-分句作主語的SVC結構中，如果主句主語補語是復數(shù)名詞，主句謂語動詞可用復數(shù)；如果what-分句本身明顯表示復數(shù)意義，如what-分句的動詞和補語都是復數(shù)，那么主句動詞也應用復數(shù)。例如：Whatweneedmostis/arebooks.(Booksarewhatweneedmost.)Whatwasrealtohimwerethedetailsofhislife.Whatareoftenregardedaspoisonousfungiaresometimesedible.以非限定分句作主語的主謂一致以非限定分句(即不定式分句和-ing分句)作主語，隨后的動詞通常用單數(shù)；但是以兩個由and連接的或多個并列非限定分句作主語，如果指的是兩件或多件事，動詞用復數(shù)；如果指的是一件事，動詞用單數(shù)。例如：Toclimbmountainsrequirescourage.Increasingtheirwageshasraisedthecrew'smorale.ReadingShakespeareandsolvingaquadraticequationareentirelydifferentassignments.Drinkingcow'smilkandgettingplentyofexercisewereresponsibleforhisgoodhealth.Tomakelifeworthlivingandtoraisethestandardofcomfortsoundswell.Startingandstoppingtheflowofcurrentinawiremanythousandtimesasecondisalmostimpossible.關系分句中的主謂一致關系分句(RelativeClause)中謂語動詞的單、復數(shù)形式通常依關系代詞(RelativePronoun)的先行項(Antecedent)的形式而定。在“Oneof+復數(shù)名詞+關系分句”的結構中，關系分句的謂語動詞通常依照“語法一致”原則，用復數(shù)形式；如果在這類結構之前有定冠詞the或theonly等限定詞或強調(diào)詞時，關系分句的謂語動詞只能用單數(shù)。例如：Joanisoneofthosepeoplewhogooutoftheirwaytobehelpful.Heisoneofthosepeoplewhoareafraidtoact.(=Ofthosepeoplewhoareafraidtoact,heisone.)Heisoneofthosepeoplewhoisafraidtoact.(=Ofthosepeople,heisonewhoisafraidtoact.)Kevenistheonlyoneoftheplayerswhohaslearnedalltherules.Joeistheoneoftheboyswhoisontime.但是如果在這類結構之前有形容詞最高級作修飾語時，關系分句的謂語動詞只能用復數(shù)。例如：Thenewestoneoftheautomobilesthatareinworkingorderwasboughtnotlongago.Th