2023年四級真題詳解段落匹配

SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.本文關(guān)鍵簡介了少數(shù)人擁有超強記憶原因，討論了她們幸運和不幸。TheBlessingandCurseofthePeopleWhoNeverForget擁有超強記憶之人福和禍Ahandfulofpeoplecanrecallalmosteverydayoftheirlivesinenormous detail—andafteryearsofresearch，neuroscientistsarefinallybeginningtounderstandhowtheydoit.有少數(shù)人幾乎能回憶起她們生活中每天大量細節(jié)。通過數(shù)年研究后來，神經(jīng)科學(xué)專家最終開始理解她們是怎么做到。HSAME)‘Highlysuperiorautobiographicalmemory’(orHSAMforshort),firstcametolightintheearlys,withayoungwomannamedJillPrice.EmailingtheneuroscientistandmemoryresearcherJimMcGaughoneday,sheclaimedthatshecouldrecalleverydayofherlifesincetheageof12.Couldhehelpexplainherexperiences?E）（43）這種“超級自傳體記憶”（簡稱HSAM）初次進入公眾視野是在二十一世紀初。一天，一位名叫古爾·普萊斯年輕女士給研究記憶神經(jīng)科學(xué)專家吉姆·麥克高夫發(fā)郵件，聲稱她可以回憶起12歲以來毎一天生活。麥克高夫能否協(xié)助解釋她經(jīng)歷？43.Ayoungwomansoughtexplanationfromabrainscientistwhenshenoticedherunusualmemory.43.【定位】由題干中A youngwoman，explanation和brainscientist定位到文章E）段。E）【精析】細節(jié)歸納題。定位段提到，—位名叫吉爾·普菜斯年輕女士給研究記憶神經(jīng)科學(xué)專家吉姆·麥克高夫發(fā)郵件，聲稱她可以回憶起12歲以來每一天生活。麥克高夫能否協(xié)助解釋她經(jīng)歷？題干中herunusualmemory是對定位段中shecouldrecalleverydayofherlifesincetheageof12概括。整個題干是對定位段概括歸納，故答案為E）。36.PeoplewithHSAMhavethesamememoryasordinarypeoplewhenitcomestoimpersonalinformation. 擁有“超級自傳體記憶”者在記憶非個人信息方面和一般人同樣。37.FantasypronenesswillnotnecessarilycausepeopletodevelopHSAM. 幻想傾向不一定會導(dǎo)致大家形成“超級自傳體記憶”。38.Veisehbegantorememberthedetailsofhiseverydayexperiencesafterhemethisfirstyounglove. 在碰到自己初戀后，維瑟開始能記住生活中每個細節(jié)。人名，專有名詞易定位——B）C）段39.ManymorepeoplewithHSAMstartedtocontactresearchersduetothemassmedia. 得益于大眾傳媒更多“超級自傳體記憶”者開始和研究者獲得了聯(lián)絡(luò)。40.PeoplewithHSAMoftenhavetomakeeffortstoavoidfocusingonthepast. “超級自傳體記憶”者不得不努力不去關(guān)注過去。41.Mostpeopledonothaveclearmemoriesofpastevents. 大部分人對過去發(fā)生事件沒有淸晰記憶。42.HSAMcanbebothacurseandablessing. “超級自傳體記憶”是福也是禍。43.Ayoungwomansoughtexplanationfromabrainscientistwhenshenoticedherunusualmemory. 一位年輕女士發(fā)現(xiàn)自己超常記憶力向腦科學(xué)家尋求解釋。44.SomepeoplewithHSAMfinditveryhardtogetridofunpleasantmemories. 部分“超級自傳體記憶”者發(fā)現(xiàn)忘掉不快樂記憶很困難。45.ArecentstudyofpeoplewithHSAMrevealsthattheyareliabletofantasyandfullabsorptioninanactivity. 一項有關(guān)擁有“超級自傳體記記”者研究表明她們有幻想傾向和全神貫注于某種活動傾向。A)Formostofus,memoryisamessofblurredandfadedpicturesofourlives.Asmuchaswewouldliketoclingontoourpast,eventhesaddestmomentscanbewashedawaywithtime.A）（41）對于大多數(shù)人而言，記憶就像一本逐漸模糊褪色人生畫冊。不管我們多想要抓住過去，雖然最痛苦時刻也會伴隨時間而消逝。41.Mostpeopledonothaveclearmemoriesofpastevents.41.【定位】由題干中Mostpeople，memories和past定位。A）【精析】細節(jié)歸納題。定位段指出，對于大多數(shù)人而言，記憶就橡一本逐漸模糊褪色人生畫冊。不管我們多想要抓住過去，雖然最痛苦時刻也會伴隨時間而消逝。也就是說，大部分人對過去發(fā)生事件沒有淸晰記憶。題干是對定位段概括，故答案為A）。B)AskNimaVeisehwhathewasdoingforanydayinthepast15years,however,andhewillgiveyouthedetailsoftheweather,whathewaswearing,orevenwhatsideofthetrainhewassittingonhisjourneytowork.“Mymemoryislikealibraryofvideotapes,walk-throughsofeverydayofmylifefromwakingtosleeping,”heexplains.B）不過，假如你問尼瑪·維瑟過去23年中任意一天在做什么，她會告訴你從當(dāng)日天氣狀況到她衣著，甚至她去上班時坐在火車哪一側(cè)等所有細節(jié)。“我記憶就像一種寄存錄像帶圖書館，完全記錄我生活中從睜眼醒來到入睡每一天，”她解釋道。C)Veisehcanevenputadateonwhenthosetapesstartedrecording:15December,whenhemethisfirstgirlfriendathisbestfriend’s16thbirthdayparty.Hehadalwayshadagoodmemory,butthethrillofyoungloveseemstohaveshiftedagearinhismind:fromnowon,hewouldstartrecordinghiswholelifeindetail.“Icouldtellyoueverythingabouteverydayafterthat.”C）（38）維瑟甚至能說出這些“錄像帶”開始錄像時間：12月15日。那天，她在最佳好友16歲生日晚會上遇見了她初戀女友。她之前記憶力一直所有很好，不過年輕愛情沖動似乎撥動了她腦中某個機關(guān)。從那后來，她開始能記錄畢生中每個細節(jié)?！拔夷芨嬖V你從那后來每天發(fā)生所有事。”38.Veisehbegantorememberthedetailsofhiseverydayexperiencesafterhemethisfirstyounglove.38.【定位】由題干中Veiseh和first younglove定位到文章C）段。C）【精析】細節(jié)歸納題。定位段關(guān)鍵簡介了維瑟超強記憶啟動經(jīng)歷：在最佳好友生日晚會上碰到自己初戀后，維瑟開始能記住生活中每個細節(jié)。題干是對定位段概括總結(jié)，故答案為C）。D)Needlesstosay,peoplelikeVeisehareofgreatinteresttoneuroscientists（神經(jīng)科學(xué)專家）hopingtounderstandthewaythebrainrecordsourlives.Acoupleofrecentpapershavefinallyopenedawindowonthesepeople’sextraordinaryminds.Andsuchresearchmightevensuggestwaysforusalltoreliveourpastwithgreaterclarity.D）毋庸多言，那些想理解大腦怎樣記錄人類生活神經(jīng)科學(xué)專家對維瑟這樣人抱有極大愛好。近來部分學(xué)術(shù)論文最終揭開了這些人不凡記憶力冰山一角，這些研究甚至也許指導(dǎo)我們找到措施去愈加淸楚地重現(xiàn)我們過去生活。A）—D）段以尼瑪·維瑟超強記憶力為例，闡明科學(xué)家對超強記憶愛好，及對此研究意義。E)‘Highlysuperiorautobiographicalmemory’(orHSAMforshort),firstcametolightintheearlys,withayoungwomannamedJillPrice.EmailingtheneuroscientistandmemoryresearcherJimMcGaughoneday,sheclaimedthatshecouldrecalleverydayofherlifesincetheageof12.Couldhehelpexplainherexperiences?E）（43）這種“超級自傳體記憶”（簡稱HSAM）初次進入公眾視野是在二十一世紀初。一天，一位名叫古爾·普萊斯年輕女士給研究記憶神經(jīng)科學(xué)專家吉姆·麥克高夫發(fā)郵件，聲稱她可以回憶起12歲以來毎一天生活。麥克高夫能否協(xié)助解釋她經(jīng)歷？F)McGaughinvitedhertohislab,andbegantotesther:hewouldgiveheradateandaskhertotellhimabouttheworldeventsonthatday.Truetoherword,shewascorrectalmosteverytime.F）麥克高夫邀請她來她試驗室，并開始對她進行測試：她給出一種日期，讓她說出那天發(fā)生世界大事。成果不悖其言，她幾乎每次所有能答復(fù)對的。G)Itdidn’ttakelongformagazinesanddocumentaryfilm-makerstocometounderstandher“totalrecall”,andthankstothesubsequentmediainterest,afewdozenothersubjects(includingVeiseh)havesincecomeforwardandcontactedtheteamattheUniversityofCalifornia,Irvine.G）（39）沒用多長時間，雜志和紀錄片導(dǎo)演便來理解她“全面回憶”。得益于這些媒體后續(xù)愛好，幾十個其他受試者（包括維瑟）自告奮勇，和加利福尼亞大學(xué)歐文分校研究團體獲得了聯(lián)絡(luò)。39.ManymorepeoplewithHSAMstartedtocontactresearchersduetothemassmedia.39.【定位】由題干中contact, dueto和media定位到文章G）段。G）【精析】同義轉(zhuǎn)述題。定位段指出，得益于這些媒體后續(xù)愛好，幾十個其他受試者（包括錐瑟）自告奮勇，和加利福尼亞大學(xué)歐文分校研究團體獲得了聯(lián)絡(luò)。題干中duetothemassmedia是對定位句中thankstothesubsequentmediainterest同義轉(zhuǎn)述；題干中researchers對應(yīng)定位句中theteam。故答案為G）。H)Interestingly,theirmemoriesarehighlyself-centred:althoughtheycanremember“autobiographical”lifeeventsinextraordinarydetail,theyseemtobenobetterthanaverageatrecallingimpersonalinformation,suchasrandom（任意選擇）listsofwords.Noraretheynecessarilybetteratrememberingaroundofdrinks,say.Andalthoughtheirmemoriesarevast,theyarestilllikelytosufferfrom“falsememories”.Clearly,thereisnosuchthingasa“perfect”memory—theirextraordinarymindsarestillusingthesameflawedtoolsthattherestofusrelyon.Thequestionis,how?H）(36)有趣是，她們記憶是高度自我中心化：盡管她們可以很詳細地記住“自傳式”生活事件，不過在記憶非個人信息方面，例如隨機排列單詞，她們似乎不比一般人強。再如，她們也不能愈加好地記住一圈飲料次序。盡管這些人記憶力很強大，她們?nèi)匀缓芤苍S會承受“虛假記憶”之苦。很明顯，世上不存在什么“完美無瑕”記憶——她們產(chǎn)生不凡記憶力工具和我們一般人所依托是同樣有瑕疵。問題在于，怎么會這樣？36.PeoplewithHSAMhavethesamememoryasordinarypeoplewhenitcomestoimpersonalinformation.36.【定位】由題干中memory和impersonalinformation定位到文章H）段第一句。H）【精析】同義轉(zhuǎn)述題。定位句闡明了擁有“超級自傳體記憶”者記憶特性是高度自我中心化；盡管她們可以很詳細地記住“自傳式”生活事件，不過在記憶非個人信息方面，例如隨機排列單詞，她們似乎不比一般人強。題干中havethesamememoryasordinarypeople是對定位句中seemtobenobetterthanaverage同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為H）。E）—H）段簡介這項研究起始狀況，提出“超級自傳體記憶”（HSAM）這一概念，指出擁有超強記憶人其記憶是高度自我中心化。I)LawrencePatihisattheUniversityofSouthernMississippirecentlystudiedaround20peoplewithHSAMandfoundthattheyscoredparticularlyhighontwomeasures:fantasyproneness(傾向）andabsorption.Fantasypronenesscouldbeconsideredatendencytoimagineanddaydream,whereasabsorptionisthetendencytoallowyourmindtobecomefullyabsorbedinanactivity—topaycompleteattentiontothesensations(感受）andtheexperiences.“I’mextremelysensitivetosounds,smellsandvisualdetail,”explainsNicoleDonohue,whohastakenpartinmanyofthesestudies.“Idefinitelyfeelthingsmorestronglythantheaverageperson.”I）（45）南密西西比大學(xué)勞倫斯·帕特西斯近來研究了差不多20位擁有“超級自傳體記憶”者，發(fā)現(xiàn)她們在幻想傾向和專注力兩方面得分尤其高?；孟雰A向可以理解為想象和做白日夢傾向，而專注力則是使自己思維全神貫注于某種活動（對感受和經(jīng)歷投人所有關(guān)注）傾向?！拔覍β曇簟馕逗鸵曈X信息很敏感，”尼古拉·唐納休解釋道，她參與了不少這樣研究，“我對事物感受確實比常人更強烈?！?5.ArecentstudyofpeoplewithHSAMrevealsthattheyareliabletofantasyandfullabsorptioninanactivity.45.【定位】由題干中fantasy，absorption和inanactivity定位到文章I）段第一，二句。I）【精析】同義轉(zhuǎn)述題。定位句指出，南密西西比大學(xué)勞倫斯·帕特西斯近來研究了差不多20位擁有“超級自傳體記記”者，發(fā)現(xiàn)她們在幻想傾向和專注力兩方面得分尤其高?；孟雰A向可以理解為想象和做白日夢傾向。而專注力則是使自己思維全神慣注于某種活動（對感受和經(jīng)歷投人所有關(guān)注）傾向。題干是對定位句同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為I）。J)Theabsorptionhelpsthemtoestablishstrongfoundationsforrecollection,saysPatihis,andthefantasypronenessmeansthattheyrevisitthosememoriesagainandagaininthecomingweeksandmonths.Eachtimethisinitialmemorytraceis“replayed”,itbecomesevenstronger.Insomeways,youprobablygothroughthatprocessafterabigeventlikeyourweddingday—butthedifferenceisthatthankstotheirotherpsychologicaltendencies,theHSAMsubjectsaredoingitdayin,dayout,forthewholeoftheirlives.J）帕特西斯說，專注力協(xié)助她們筑建起記憶牢固基礎(chǔ)，幻想傾向則意味著她們能在接下來幾周或多種月一再重現(xiàn)這些記憶。初次記憶軌跡每被“重播”一次，記憶就變得越來越強大。某種程度上，在某件大事，例如你婚禮過后，你也也許會經(jīng)歷這種“重播”過程——但不同樣是，擁有“超級自傳體記憶”者會在畢生中每一天所有進行“重播”，這是她們其他心理傾向?qū)е?。K)NoteveryonewithatendencytofantasisewilldevelopHSAM,though,soPatihissuggeststhatsomethingmusthavecausedthemtothinksomuchabouttheirpast.“Maybesomeexperienceintheirchildhoodmeantthattheybecameobsessed(著迷）withcalendarsandwhathappenedtothem,”saysPatihis.K）（37）不過，不是每一種有幻想傾向人所有能發(fā)展出“超級自傳體記憶”，因此帕特西斯認為一定存在觸發(fā)她們不停回憶過去開關(guān)?！耙苍S她們童年時代某種經(jīng)歷使得她們著迷于日歷和發(fā)生過事情，”拍特西斯說。37.FantasypronenesswillnotnecessarilycausepeopletodevelopHSAM.【定位】由題干中Fantasy和develop HSAM定位到文章K）段第一句。K）【精析】同義轉(zhuǎn)述題。定位句提到，不是毎一種有幻想傾向人所有能發(fā)展出“超級自傳體記憶”。題干中Fantasyproneness是對定位句中atendeocytofantasise同義轉(zhuǎn)述；題干中notnecessarily對應(yīng)定位句中Noteveryone。故答案為K）。I）—K）分析擁有超強記憶原因，指出擁有超強記憶人具有更強幻想傾向和專注力。L)ThepeoplewithHSAMI’veinterviewedwouldcertainlyagreethatitcanbeamixedblessing.Ontheplusside,itallowsyoutorelivethemosttransformativeandenrichingexperiences.Veiseh,forinstance,travelledalotinhisyouth.Inhissparetime,hevisitedthelocalartgalleries,andthepaintingsarenowlodgeddeepinhisautobiographicalmemories.L)（42）我所采訪擁有“超級自傳體記憶”者肯定所有會贊同這種能力福禍相依。好方面是它可以使人重溫最變化人生、最豐富經(jīng)歷。例如維瑟，她年輕時候去了諸多地方，空閑時間就去參觀當(dāng)?shù)孛佬g(shù)館，而那些畫作目前深深扎根于她自傳體記憶中。42.HSAMcanbebothacurseandablessing.42.【定位】由題干中HSAM和blessing定位到文章L）段第一句。L）【精析】同義轉(zhuǎn)述題。定位句提出了文章專題：“超級自傳體記憶”是福也是禍。下文分別舉例解釋福和禍詳細內(nèi)容。題干中bothacurseandablessing是對定位句中amixedblessing同義轉(zhuǎn)述，意為“禍福相依”，故答案為L）。M)“Imaginebeingabletoremembereverypainting,oneverywall,ineverygalleryspace,betweennearly40countries,”hesays.“That’sabigeducationinartbyitself.”Withthiscomprehensiveknowledgeofthehistoryofart,hehassincebecomeaprofessionalpainter.M）“想象一下可以記起近40個國家每一種美術(shù)館中每一面墻上每一幅畫，”她說?！斑@自身就是宏大藝術(shù)教育?！睉{借著對藝術(shù)史淵博學(xué)識，她因此成了一名專業(yè)畫家。N)Donohue,nowahistoryteacher,agreesthatithelpedduringcertainpartsofhereducation:“IcandefinitelyrememberwhatIlearnedoncertaindaysatschool.Icouldimaginewhattheteacherwassayingorwhatitlookedlikeinthebook.”N）唐納休目前是一名歷史老師，她同意“超級自傳體記憶”對她教育特定方面有協(xié)助：“我能淸楚記得某些天在學(xué)校學(xué)到東西。我能想象老師在說什么，和書本上看起來是什么樣?！監(jiān))NoteveryonewithHSAMhasexperiencedthesebenefits，however.Viewingthepastinhighdefinitioncanmakeitverydifficulttogetoverpainandregret.“Itcanbeveryhardtoforgetembarrassingmoments,”saysDonohue.“Youfeelthesameemotions—itisjustasraw,justasfresh...Youcan’tturnoffthatstreamofmemories,nomatterhowhardyoutry.”Veisehagrees:“Itislikehavingtheseopenwounds—theyarejustapartofyou,”hesays.O）（44）但不是每個擁