lecture-7-semantics-當(dāng)代語言學(xué)導(dǎo)論課件

Lecture7FromMeaningtoFunctionLecture7FromMeaningtoFunct1Sign/symbolandmeaning^_^SmileSterlingHumantraceIconindexSign/symbolandmeaning^_^Sm2IconofpeaceIconofpeace3ChineseIconsofFortuneChineseIconsofFortune4Naturalindexlightning-->thunderNaturalindexlightning-->thu51.TheSymbolicSystemA.NaturalSymbols.Theyarepartofnaturalphenomena,e.g.lightninginthethunderstorm.B.ArtificialSymbols.Theyarementalrepresentationsofentities.1.TheSymbolicSystemA.Natur6lecture-7-semantics--當(dāng)代語言學(xué)導(dǎo)論ppt課件7Saussureanarbitrariness

Anassociationofconceptswithabstractrepresentationsofsound

Saussureanarbitrariness

An8Inanylanguagetherelationbetween

soundsandmeaningisarbitrary.

Thereareonlyasmallnumberofwordswhoserelationcanbeexplained,butwhosepronunciationstillcannotbeuniformamonglanguages.e.g.onomatopoeia(echowords):"cuckoo"(English),"coucou"(French),"Kuckuck"(German)"Kakuk"(Hungarian)"Kokkyx"(Greek)"bugu"(Chinese)Inanylanguagetherelationb9

Languageisasymbolicsysteminwhichtherelationbetweensigns(signified)andsounds(signifier)isarbitrary.Arbitrarinesscomesfromhavingtocodeawholeuniverseofmeanings.

Languageisasymbolicsyst10Semantics語義學(xué)

Thestudyofmeaningcommunicatedthroughlanguage.Ogden&Richards’SemanticTriangleSemantics語義學(xué)Thestudyof11

SemanticTriangleReferentConceptReferstosymbolevokesStandsforThereisnotadirectlinkbetweenthesoundoftheworddogandtheobjectitrefersto.Whatiscalledthesignifiedisnotactuallywhatwehavebeenshownbutanabstractconceptformedinourmind.SemanticTriangleRefere12Morewidely,cananyoneguaranteethataconceptcomingtohismindwhenheusesawordisgoingtobethesameastheonebroughttohisreader’smind?Therefore,aconceptsoproducedcannotberegardedsimplyastheword’smeaning.Pierce’s

SemioticTriangleisalsousefulinanalyzingsemanticrelationships.Morewidely,cananyoneguaran13Semiotics符號學(xué)

Thestudyoftherelationshipsbetweenasignandtheobjectitrepresents.Pierce’s

SemioticTriangle

Semiotics符號學(xué)14Asignisapatternofdatawhich,whenperceived,bringstomindsomethingotherthanitself.

Althoughthisdefinitionappearssimpleonthesurface,ithascompleximplications.Pleasepausetolookatthefollowingpictureforamoment.Asignisapatternofdatawh15

16Now,describebrieflytoyourselfthethoughtsthatthepicturebroughttoyourmind.Now,describebrieflytoyours17asemioticsystem.asemioticsystem.18Atthebeginningoftheexercise,didthissign:,bringtoyourmindalarge,AfricanorIndiananimal?Ormemoriesofatriptothezoo?Orimagesrecalledfromafavoritebookreadasachild,oratelevisionshow,oramovie...?Atthebeginningoftheexerci19VariablesignifiedPerhapsitbringstoyourmindanAmericanpoliticalparty;orperhapsthenotionofmemory(asin:"alargeanimalwithatrunkandbigears").Noticethatwhateverthesignbringstomind,theconceptisrelatedtothereader'spastexperiencewiththeobject.VariablesignifiedPerhapsitb20Pierce’sSemioticTriangleconventionPierce’sSemioticTriangleconv21EachofthelinesintheSemioticTrianglerepresentsatwo-waynegotiation,i.e.

Perception--theongoinggroupofbodilyprocessesbywhichhumanbeingsreceivedataabouttheirenvironments,Experience

--thememoryofpreviousperceptionsandconcepts,whichisconstantlybeingalteredor"updated"bynewexperience,Convention--theconstantlychangingsocial"rulesofmeaning"thatunifygroupsofpeoplewithintheircommunicationenvironments.EachofthelinesintheSemio22FloatingsignifierMalevoice:ShouldIputmorefireintomypoems?Femalevoice:Youshouldputmoreofyourpoemsintothefire.Question:Whatdoesthemanmean?signifier/signsignified/conceptobjectFloatingsignifierMalevoice:23fire激情火浮動的能指fire激情火浮動的能指24BreakdownmeaningBreakdownmeaning25SemanticfeaturesSemanticfeaturesaredefinedasaclassoftheoreticalconstructsdevelopedinanalogytothedistinctivefeaturesofphonology–theyareconsideredtobethesmallestsemanticunitsforthedescriptionoflinguisticexpressionsandtheirsemanticrelations.SemanticfeaturesSemanticfeat26Matrixof

semanticfeaturesforsomenounsmanwomanboygirlcowHUMAN++++-ADULT++--+MALE+-+--Matrixofsemanticfeaturesfo27Matrixof

semanticfeaturesforsomeverbswalkmarchrunlimpNATURAL+---HURRIED-++-FORWARD++++ONEFOOTALWAYSONGROUND++-+Matrixofsemanticfeaturesfo28Criticism

Toexhaustallthesemanticfeaturesofawordisnotaneasything,andsometimesevenimpossible,because,inphilosophicalparlance說法,thewholeismorethanthesumofitsparts,sohowcanthewholewordberepresentedbyitscomponents?CriticismToexhaustallthe29SHEWASTHEONLYMANINHERCABINETIndiraGandhiSHEWASTHEONLYMANINHERCA30Denotation外延,指示vs.connotation

內(nèi)涵Denotation外延,指示vs.connotation31Aconceptinanindividual’smindismostlytheconnotativemeaning,formedthroughone’sperceptionofsomefeaturesoftheobjectasignrefersto.Thedenotativemeaningisnotnecessarilygeneratedinsuchaprocess,buthaslongbeenanagreementamongallthepeopleinacommunity.perceptionconventionAconceptinanindividual’sm32Chomskyonmeaning(2000)SupposethelibraryhastwocopiesofTolstoy’sWarandPeace,Petertakesoutone,andJohntheother.DidPeterandJohntakeoutthesamebook,ordifferentbooks?Whatisthemeaningof"book"?Chomskyonmeaning(2000)Suppo33Ifweattendtothematerialfactorofthelexicalitem,theytookoutdifferentbooks;

ifwefocusonitsabstractcomponent,theytookoutthesamebook.Ifweattendtothematerialf34ThebookthatheisplanningwillweighatleastfivepoundsifheeverwriteitWeattendtobothmaterialandabstractfactorssimultaneouslyWhenwesayThebookthatheisplannin35

Chomsky’sconclusion

Thesemanticpropertiesofwordsareusedtothinkandtalkabouttheworldintermsoftheperspectivesmadeavailablebytheresourcesofthemind... Chomsky’sconclusionThesema36I-meaning內(nèi)化意義

Therelationofrhymethatholdsbetween“chase”and“l(fā)ace”isbasedonpropertiesofI-sound;Therelationofentailmentthatholdsbetween“chase”and“follow”isbasedonpropertiesofI-meaning.I-meaning內(nèi)化意義Therelationo37I-meaningHeknockedatthewindow.Hejumpedoutofthewindow.Themorninglightwasstealingthroughthewindow.Thewindowismaterial.Thewindowisabstract.Thewindowcaneitherbematerialorabstract.I-meaningHeknockedatthewin38Internalsemanticknowledgea)tellingthatthefollowingsentencesdescribethesamesituation:

Youcan’timaginehowImissyou.

YoucanimaginehowImissyou.

synonymyInternalsemanticknowledgea39Internalsemanticknowledgeb)noticingthatthefollowingsentencescontradicteachother:MyfatherhasjustcomefromParis.MyfatherhasneverbeentoParis.

contradictionInternalsemanticknowledgeb)40Internalsemanticknowledgec)judgingthatofthefollowingtwosentences,thefirstentailsthesecond:Theanarchistassassinatedtheemperor.Theemperorisdead.entailment蘊(yùn)含Internalsemanticknowledgec)41Internalsemanticknowledged)decidingthatofthefollowingtwosentences,thefirstpresupposesthesecond:

TheMayorofLondonisatallman.

ThereisaMayorofLondon.presupposition預(yù)設(shè)Internalsemanticknowledged)42Internalsemanticknowledgee)findingthatthesentencebelowhasmorethanonepossiblemeaning:

IfI’mapriest,I’llmarryyou.ambiguityInternalsemanticknowledgee)43Internalsemanticknowledgef)discoveringthatlet’sisdifferentfromletusinthesentencebelowbecausethelatterdoesnotinvolvetheaddressee:Let’sbegthemonstertoletusgo.inclusive-exclusivedistinctionInternalsemanticknowledgef)44Internalsemanticknowledgeg)understandingthemetaphoricexpressioninthesentencebelow:

Heisastorehouseofrepartee妙語,巧辯.metaphoricalinterpretation

Internalsemant