四川外國(guó)語(yǔ)翻譯川外英語(yǔ)2015

2015年攻讀入學(xué)考試試題科目名稱：翻譯英語(yǔ)WordDerivationDirections:Fillintheblanksinthefollowingsentenceswiththeappropriatewordsderivedfromthewordsgiveninparenthesesat ofthesentences. amongtheallieswasnosecrettotheenemy.Thesituationthere .Somethingmustbedonepromptly.Thisismade material.(resist Shewasavery socialscientist.Sheprovedthatapartfromself-love,therewereotherbasichumaninst ts.(observe) Youcanlivelongestandbestandmost byatainingandpreservingthehappinessoflearning.(reward)YouthinkI’mjoking?No!I’min .Manytimeshedemonstrated toothercops. Inmodernsociety,workersareindangerofbeing .They eextensionofthemachine.(human) ,mostofthesestudentstudyin erseaswillcomebackeventuallyinsteadofsettlingdowntherepermanently.(presume)Nobodyknowsforsurehowmuchthese officialbanquetshavecostthepeople,butitmusthaverachedon figue.(astronomy)MultipleChoiceDirections:ForeachsentencebelowtherearefourchoicesA,B,CandD.ChoosetheanswerthatBESTcompletesthesentence.ThenwritethecorrectletterontheAnswer11.Theemotionalstrainofattendinghisdying allhis(A) (B) (C) (D)12Thsocialworkerclaimedthatitwasimpossiblefortheoldmantoliveonhis(A) (B) (C) (D)Themysticfoundithard,ifnotimpossible, hisphilosophic(A) (B) (C) (D) rymagazinesgive$ forcriticalarticlesfrompeoplewhowanttomakenameforthemselvesinthis(A) (B) (C) (D)Hedis ignoranceinhandlingwhatwasanonly nel(A) (B) (C) (D) the npopulationtheymet(A)sup (B)dis (C) (D)Disappointmentfollowedhishopes afterthecostly(A) (B) (C) (D) Heattemptsto thetruthbyappealingtodishonest,ignorantandirresponsible(A) (B) (C) (D) Thetypical professorwasraptinsolvinganequationwhilecrossingred(A) (C)absent- (D) Anewlytcolonywasplungedinto bywarringfactionsandalackofcentralleadership.(A) (B) (C) (D) parentsarerelyingevenmoreheavilyontutorandcramschoolstohelptheirchildrensucceed.(A) (B) (C) (D)G.BShawwonderedho rentscouldwaituntiltheirangercooledinorderto oldblood.(A) (B) (C) (D) thatinthenextminuteturnedintoanembarrassed(A) (B) (C) (D) Thejudge’srulingthatpoliicabeliefsoftheaccusedwere tothequestionofhis(A)extr (B) (C) (D)Acorruptpublicofficial bycolleaguesafraidofinquiresintotheirown(A) (B)glossed (C) (D)“Theonlywaytogetridofatemptationistoyieldtoit,”wroteOscarWilde,acomposerof(A) (B) (C) (D)eThemanager aclerkwhoseclumsinesswasresponsibleforthecompletebreakdownofoperationsinhisdepartment.(A (B) (C) (D) themountingevidenceofdiscrepanciesinthereportasjustifyinganew(A) (B) (C) (D)AccordingtotheAmericanAcademyofOrthopedicSurgeons,only25%ofthosesufferhipeverfullyrecover;asmanyas20%willdiewithin12months.Evenwhenpatientsdorecover,nearlyhalfwillneedacaneorawalkertogetaround.(A)frankense(B) (C) (D)Asteadyflowoftheweaponsspreaditsgenialinfluencethroughoutthefrontier,andtherespectwhichthePathantribesmenentertainedforChristiancivilizationwasvastly(A) (B) (C) (D)ReadingPassage1Questions31-35arebasedonthefollowingreadingReadthefollowingpassage.Answerthequestionsbelowitbychoosing[A][B],[C],orChrisHrapkoisn'tafraidoftoughconverstions.Asthefounderofanonprofitsocial-serviceagency,shebattlesbureaucraciesonbehalfofthehomelessandtheworkingpoor.ButthereisoneconversationHrapkoavoided.Whenher92-year--oldmotherfellandbrokeherhipearlierthisyear,Hrapkoknewitwouldaffecthertmother'slivingarrangementsandhealth.ButHrapko51,wascluelessabouthermom'swishes."Wetalkedaboutalotofthings,"shesays,"butwenevertalkedaboutafutureinwhi ymomfacedaproblemthatcouldleaveherdisabled, bedriddenoronlifesupport.”ArecentsurveybyAARPfoundthatnearly70percentofadultchildrenhavenottalkedtotheirparentsaboutissuesrelatedtoaging.Somechildrenavoidthismostintimateofconversationsbecauseheybelievetheirparentsdon'twanttotalk.OthersthinktheyknowwhattheirparentswantAndsomesimplydon'twanttofacetheveryrealtruththatifyouareluckyenoughtohaveparentswholivewellintotheirsenioryears,chancesaregoodthatdisease,injury,frailty,evenloneliness,willaffectaparent'swell-being.Whileit'sclearthathavingaconversationwithagingparentsisimportant,thereisnoblueprintonhowtotwell.Whatworksforonefamilymaynotworkforyours.Thekeyistobeflexible,saysMaryAnneEhlert,founderofChicago-basedProtectedTomorrows,anadvocacyfirmforfamilieswithspecialneeds.Shehasfoundthatoneofthebestwaystogettheconversationalballrollingistotalkaboutyourparents'andwhattheywouldffacedwithasituationinwhichpeopletheylovedcouldnolongercareforthemselves.“Askyourparentsforadvice;seektheirwisdominhelyouhelpthem,”Ehlertsays.It'salsoimportantforadultstobehonestaboutwhattheyarepreparedtodofortheirprents.Asparentsageand efrail,manywillneedhelpwith alhygiene.It’sthesekindsofissuesthatcanmakethemostdevotedchildbalk.“Beforeyouagreetobeacaregiver,makesureyouunderstandwhatyoumaybeinfor,"saysMonikaWhite,-electoftheNationalAssociationofProfessionalGeriatricCareManagers.“Adultchildrenneedtoacknowledgetheirownlimitationsandthenbepreparedtomakesometypeofarrangementforthethingstheysimplycan'tdo.”Realizethatthereisnosuchthingasoneconversationaboutaging.“Nooneresolvesthefutureinoneafternoonoftalk,”sayspsychologistBrianCarpenterofWashingtonUniversityinSt.Louis.“It'saprocess.”O(jiān)nestrategyistoscheduletimetotalkaboutaspecificsubject,suchaswillsorlivingarrangements.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,ChrisHrapko [A]avoidedtalkingabouttheissueofagingwithhermotherrealizedthathermotherwantedtotalktoheraboutthefuturelife[C]believedthathermotherdidn'twanttotalktoherabouttheagingissue[D]knewthattheinjurywouldcausehermotherlonelierthanbeforeManyadultchildrenhavenottalkedtotheirparentsaboutagingnotbecause [A]somechildrenthinkthattheirparentsdon'twanttotalksomechildrenbelievethattheyknowtheirparentssomechildrenarenotluckyenoughtohavepaentswholivewellintotheirsenioryears[D]somechildrenshuntherealitythattheirparentsneedhelpWecanlearnfromparagraph3 ChrisHrapkoneedstoseekadvicesfromtheexpertandfollowthemstepbyTalkingaboutyour alvaluesmaymaketheconversationItisunadvisabletotalkaboutyourparents'futurelifewhereyoucannottakecareoftalkingwithyourparentsabouttheiragingbutfindanappropriateTheunderlinedword“balk”(Para.4)mostprobably Whichofthefollowingistrueofthe[A]ChrisHrapkosmotherrefusedtotalkaboutthefutureproblemwithher[B]nneEhlertadvisedpeopletocommunicatewiththeirparentsontheirown[C]MonikaWhitethoughtthatifpeoplecannotmeettheirparents'need,theycannotbeagodcaregiver..[D]BrianCarpentersuggestedthatpeopleshouldspendmoretime ommunicatingwiththeirparents.ReadingPassageQuestions36-40arebasedonthefollowingreadingReadthefollowingpassage.Answerthequestionsbelowitbychoosing[A],[B],[C],orLessthanfiveyearsago.ScottishOperawastrappedinafinancialquagmirefromwhichfewthoughtitcouldrecover.Today,however,thenational sealsitscomebackbyannouncingitsmostwide-reachingprogramtodate.InaninterviewwithTheTimes,AlexReedjik,generaldirectorofScottishOpera,exinedthataseriesofcollaborationswithothercompanieswouldenableitto izeitsoutputwithoutcompromisingitsbudget.Headmittedthatthepartnershipswereborneoffinancialnecessity,butarguedtheywouldallow toreachgrea udiencesthaneverbefore.“Collaborationsarethewayforward,”hesaid.“Wehaveoftendoneco-productionsinthepastbuttheyaremoreimportanttousnowtoenableustoachieveallofourhopes.Theproblemisthatsetsareveryexpensive.Ifyoucansharethosecostswithanotherorganizationandnotimpacton icintegrity,thatisa eandnecessarything.”Highlightsofthe2009-10seasonwillludeanewco-productionwithNewZealandOperaofRossini'sTheItalianGirlinAlgiers,andajointventurewithOperaNorthTheAdventuresofMr.Broucek,byLeosJánacek,featuringa40-strongchoirsingingHussitehymns,alongwithbagpipesandanorgan.AnunashamedlyItalianateseasonthisAutumnbeginswitharevivalofGilesHavergal'spopular1994productionofTheElixirofLove.TherewillalsobearevivaloftheTony-awardwinningdirectorStewartLaing'sproductionofPuccini'sLaBohème.Theturnaroundinthe 'sfortunesistriking.In2005.theyearbeforeMr.Reedjikjoinedtheorganization,ScottishOperawasdtomakehalfofitsstaff,ludingtheentirechorus,redundantandabandonitsmainscaleproductionsforaseasonafccumulatingdebtsofaround￡4.5millionThe 'scoregrant,whichatthattimecamefromtheScottishArtsCouncil(itisnowfundeddirectlybytheernment)hadnotrisenforseveralyears.However,ithadalsohaemorrhagedfundsbystagingthehugelyexpensiveRingCycle,andaccordingtosomecriticshadbeenoverspendingonprops,withrumorsofcastmemberswearing￡300designershoes.A￡7millionrescuepackageputtogetherbythethenLabor-ledScottishExecutivesavedthe fromgoingdarkonapermanentbasis,buttheeasewithwhichitalmostwentunderdarethinkofpriorities.Whilethe continuestostageseveralmajorproductionseachseason,ithasalsointroducedsmallertouringworks-theacclaimedFive:15serieswhichpairsleadingwriterswithcomposerstocreate15-minutechamberpiecesthatcouldbedevelopedintolongerproductions.Theaim,saysMr.Reedjik,istoputonasmuchoperainSotlandaspossiblewithoutbreakingthebank.Sofarthestrategyseemstobeworking,withaudiencesaveragingataround95,000peopleinthepastthreeyears,ariseofalmost50percentcomparedwith2004-05,theseasonbeforethe wentdark.“Whatwearetryingtodonowislivewithinourmeansandraiseasmuchaspossiblefromphilanthropicmeans,”saidMr.Reedjik.“Weseemedtohavedroppedoutofthenewsfordumbstuff-nowwe'reinthenewsforourinterestingwork.”Thistextisprobablyabridged aaananThephrase“compromisingitsbudget”(Line5,Para.l)probably agreeingonthe reasingthefinancialreachingthefinancialpromisinga Itcanbeinferredfromthe tenceinParagraph1 thequality icperformancesmaybeworsenedforlackofnecessarysharingthecostofsetscanhelptheScottishOperaoutoffnancial theseriesofcollaborationswithothercompanieshave izedtheScottishOpera'sit'simportantforaudiencetoholdapositiveviewonsuhco-Thefactthat“theease darethinkofpriorities”(Line23,Para.4)suggests. makesgreateffortsinadvocatingitsmajor hiresonlytheprestigiouswritersandcomposerstocreate triesitshandinproducingshortertouring seeksformorefundingfromthelocalpoliticalThebesttitleforthisarticle CollaborationHelpsReviveScottishARethinkofPrioritiesinTurnaroundinthe'sPersistence icInReadingPassageQuestions41-45arebasedonthefollowingreadingReadthefollowingpassage.Answerthequestionsbelowitbychoosing[A],[B],[C],orAmricansnolongerexpectpublicfigures,whetherinspeechorinwriting,tocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.Inhislatestbook,ngOurOwnThing:TheDegradationofLanguageandMusicandWhyweshouldLike,Cure,JohnMcwhorter,alinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviews,seethetriumphof1960scounter-cultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish.Blamingthepermissive1960sisnothingnew,butthisisnotyetanothercriticismthedeclineineducation.Mr.Mcwhorter'anacademicspecialtyislanguagehistoryandchange,andheseesthegradualdisappearanceof“whom”,forexample,tobenaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossthecase-endingsofOldEnglish.Butthecultoftheauthenticandthe al,“ngourownthing,”hasspeltthedeathofformalspeech,writing,poetryandmusic.Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960'seventhemostwellregardedwritingsethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.Equally,inpoetrythe al,performativegenreistheonlyformthatcouldclaimrealliveliness.InbothoralandwrittenEnglish,talkingistriumphinerspeaking,spontaneityovercraft.Illustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculture,thetrendthatMr.Mcwhorter sisunmistakable.Butitislessclear,totakethequestionofhissubtitle,whyweshould,like,care.Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,ludingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive-thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas,Heisnotarguing,asmanydo,thatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper.Russianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrychunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheads,whileItalianpoliticianstendtoelabortespeechthatwouldseemold-fashionedtomostEnglish-speakers.Mr.Mcwhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessary,andproposesnoradicaleducationalreforms-heisreallygrievinerthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.WenowtakeourEnglishonpapertesinstead”.Ashame,perhaps,butprobablyaninevitableAccordingtoMcwhorter,thedeclineofformal isinevitableinradicaleducationisbutalltoonaturalinlanguagehascausedthecontroversyoverthecounter-broughtaboutchangesinpublicattitudesintheTheword“talking”(Lin6,Para3) TowhichofthfollowingstatementswouldMcWhortermostlikelyLogicalthinkingisnotnecessarilyrelatedtothewayweBlackEnglishcanhemoreexpressivethanstandardNon-standardvarietiesofhumanlanguagearejustasOfallthevarieties,standardEnglishcanbestconveycomplexThedescriptionofRussians'loveofmemorizingpoetryshowsthe interestintheirappreciationoftheiradmirationfortheircontemptfortheirold-Accordingtothelastparagraph,“papertes”isto ” “temporary”isto“radical”isto“functional”isto “humble”istoReadingPassageQuestions46-50arebasedonthefollowingreadingReadthefollowingpassage.Answerthequestionsbelowitbychoosing[A],[B],[C],orThephenomenonofstresshasbeenwidelydiscussedandreferredtoasoneoftheentralproblemsofourage.Globalizationandtheimprovedtechnologyitbringsonlyseemstomakethisproblemworse,creatingmoreoptionswhileatthesametimemakingourlivesmorecomplex.Closelyboundupwithstressistheproblemof“timefamine”InBritain,forexample,thecombinationofthelongestworkinghoursinEuropeandthehighestproportionofworkingwomeninEuropemeanspeoplehavelessandlsstimetothemselves.Addtothistheriseinthenumberofsingle- householdsandtheworkethicpromotedbysuccessiveernmentss etheearlyeightiesandit eseasytoseewhytimeisnowatapremiumforsomanyofOneresponsetothishascomefromtheUSA,sooftentheforerunnerinwhatisfashionable,intheformoflifestylemanagement.Thisinvolveshiringa torepairthehouse,dotheshopandahostofothertimeconsumingtasks.Someystsinsistthatthemanagementofpeople'stimecouldbebigbusinessinthenext10years.IntheUSAlifestylemanagementcompanieshavebenaroundforawhilebutnowitseemsthattheBritisharekeentousethemtooWhatmostpotentialcustomerswqualitytime.Thismeanstakingawaythedaytodayhasslesconnectedwihrunningourlives.Whereasinthepasttherealwaysseemedtobetimeforarrangingprivaivesandkeeupwitheverydaydemandsofhouse,health,chidrenorholidays,nowadaystheworkobsessedpopulation,tiedtotheoffice,donotappeartobeabletcopewithsuchonveniences.Inotherwords,peoplerequireaseparate Assistanforthirlifestyle!Thejuryisout,however,astowhetherthisnewserviceisbeneficialornot.Beingconstantlypressedfortimeisundoubtedlystressfulandwhatcouldbebetterthanrelievingsuchpressuresbyoffloadingsomeofourmoremundasksonawillinghelper?Perhapsthiscanalsobeawaytoensurethatyougetqualityservice.ItisoftensaidthatalargepartofBritain'sservicesectoraimspurelyandsimplyatshorttermprofitinreturnforbadqualitygoodsandpoorservice.Ifyouputexpertshargeoffindingagoodplumberatareasonablerateyoucanatleastbeassuredthatyourleakingpipeswillbefixedproperly.Thisraisesanimportantquestion,however.Isitreallygoodforustocreatemoretimetospendatworkwhenwearealreadyexhaustedfromworkinglonghours?Itmaybefarmoreimportanttotakecontrolofourprivaivesourselvesandinsongrelievestressbygivingourselvesaproperescapefromthecaresofthework-ce.Afll,ifyoudonothavetimetolookafteryourownhomeandtoorganizeyourownlife,then,justmaybe,youhavegotyourprioritieswrong.Theremaybeonereasonwhy,in ,thelifestylemanagementbusinesswillnottakeoffintheUKandthatistheinherentlyconservativenatureoftheBritish.Toreallyembracethisnewconceptwemightallneedtorethinkourlives!Thewritersuggeststhat isthemostimportantproblemofmodemiscausedbytechnologyandcanbemadeworsebecauseoftoomanycanbelessifwehadmoretimetospendat“timeisatapremium”(line8,paragraph1)probablymeansthat thelongerwework,thelessimportanttimetime eharderandhardertopeoplehave timeinAmericathaninsavingtimeisafashionablelifestyleAccordingtothetext,mostpotential donothave al theiraretoolazytoorganizetheirprivahaveproblemscowiththedemandsofdailyenjoythewayofspendingmoretimeatWhatistrueoflifestylemanagementcompaniesaccordingtotheTheywill eimportantevenittakestimetoacceptTheyaenotinterestdinlongtermrelationshipswithTheybenefitthecustomersbygivingacheapwayofsavingTheyhaveexpertieingettingtherightpeopletodojobsfor Theauthorprobablybelievesthatthe willaccepttheneedforlifestylemanagementhavtogivecarefulthoughttotheirwayofsouldturntoexpertswhendealingwithspecificshouldbewelltrainedwithagoodworkReadingPassageQuestions51-55arebasedonthefollowingreadingInthefollowingpassage,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.Forquestions51-55,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist[A][G]tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.TherearetwoextrachoicesthatdonotfitinanyoftheShopusedtobenothingmorethanawayofobtainingfood,clothingandothernecessitiesoflife.Today,however,shopsymbolizesthematerialisticcultureofwesternsocietyanditspopularityasaleisureactivityreflectstheriseofconsumerism.51. Havingmoremoneyhasmeantspendingpatternshavechanged.Whiletraditionalmodelsofeconomicbehaviorassumethatconsumersarerationalandweighupthecostsandbenefitsbeforemakingapurchase,anyonewhohaseverwalkedintoashopandleftfiveminuteslaterwithanewjacketand180lessintheirwalletknowsthatthistheorydoesnotalwaysholdtrue. .Herresearchonconsumerbehavioridentifiedimpulsivebuyingasanattemptbyshopperstobolstertheirself-image,particularlyforthosewhosufferedfromso-calledcompulsivebuyingorshopaddiction,aconditionthataffects2to5percentofadultsintheWest.Thethree-yearstudycomparedexcessivebuyerstoasimilargroupofordinaryconsumers.Excessiveshoppersweremorematerialisticandbelievedthatbuyinggoodswasapathwaytosuccess,happinessandidentity.“Excessivebuyingisacostrategytofillthegapsbetweenhowshoppersfeelaboutthemselvesand theywanttobe”DrDittmarsaid..Herresearchalsorevealsthatcertaintypesofgoodsaremorelikelytobeboughtonimpulsethanothers.Thosemostfrequentlyreported-clothes,jewellery,ornaments-arecloselyrelatedtoself-imageandappearance.Thisfindingiscontrarytousualtheoriesaboutimpulseshop,whichexinitasashort-termgratificationwinningoutoverlonger-termconcernssuchasdebt..Inotherwords,shoppersweremorewillingtowaitfor“l(fā)owimpulse”goodssuchaskitchenware,thantheywereforclothesorother“highimpulse”items.However,itwasfoundthatsomeofthe60consumersaskedtomaintainashopdiaryforthestudyoftenregrettedtheirimpulsivepurchasesDrDittmarsaid,“Whenpeoplehadexplicitlyboughtforself-imagereason,regretwsmorelikelytooccur.”Butthifindingwasambiguousbecauseshopaddictsweremoremotivatedbyself-imagethanordinaryhoppersandweremorelikelytoregrettheiractions.“It'snotquiteclearwhichwayroundthisrelationshipgoes,butthereisalinkbetweenbeingveryconcernedwithselfimagegoodsandregrettingimpulsebuying.”TheconclusionsdrawnbyDrDittmaraboutthetreatmentofcompulsiveshoppersarethatprescribinganti-depressantdrugsmightsolvethproblembutonlyaslongassuffererscontinuetotakethem.Instead,theyneededtherapeutichelptoaddresstheunderlyingcausessuchaspoorself-image..“Innosensedothesepeopledirectly anyobuyanything.Buttheyareverysophisticated,makingadvertisementsandshopenvironmentsveryseductiveyingontheideathatifyoubuyproductXyouwillbemuore Dr.Dittmarsaidthattheideathatconsumers'impulsivenessdiffered,dependingonthetypeofgoods,wasalsosupportedbythefindingthatshopperswerelesswillingtogratificationforitemsboughton Buttherearepitfalls,suchasdebtandaddictiontobuying.Addictsshopforshop'ssakeratherthantobuywhattheyneed. HelgaDittmar,seniorlecturerinpsychologyatSusUniversity,hasfoundthatconsumergoodsarethematerialsymbolsofwhoa isandwhotheywouldliketobe. Herresearchalsoraisesquestionsoverthemethodsusedtoattractshoppersandencouragethemtobuy.Althoughadvertisersandretailersreasinglyappealtoconsumrs'self-image,DrDittmarsaiditwasverydifficulttoarguethatthesefactorswereresponsibleforcompulsiveshop.Althoughtherewereotherwaysofdealingwithpoorself-image,suchasover-exercisingoralcoholism,shesaidthatshophad eoneofthemostimportantstrategies.Thiswasespeciallytrueforwomen,whowerethreetimesmorelikelytobecompulsiveshoppersthanmen,asshopwasasociallyapprovedactivityandallowedthosewhodonotgoouttoworktogetoutofthehouse,Dr.Dittmarsaid Womenmakethemajorityofbuyingdecisions-estimatesanywherefrom60-80%andgrowing.Despitethesefacts,someindustrieshvecreatedfrustratingwallsandbarriersfailingtocatertothebuyingcharacteristicswomenarelookingfor Thishasbeenmadepossiblebythe75percentreaseindisposable einthepast20years.Thenumberofcreditcardsinusehasmorethanquadrupled,andtheamountofoutstandingconsumerdebthasalmosttripledinthesameperiod.ReadingPassageQuestions56-60arebasedonthefollowingreadingInthefollowingpassage,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.Forquestions56-60,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist[A]--[G]tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoicesthatdonotfitinanyofthegaps.Inthegripofabubblementality,we—asinvestors,consumersandbusinesses—blithelyasumedriskandconvedourselvesitwasperfectlysafetodoso.Weboughthouseswithnomoneydown,tookonhugeamountsofdebtandlettheboomingstockandhousingmarketsperformtheheavyliftingofsaving.Afterall,new,securitizationandderivativespermittedfinancialwizardstoslice,dice,sell-and,ultimay,banish-anytypeofrisk.ButtheinlectualscaffoldingsurroundingthatcultureofdebtandriskhasfallenalongwiththestocksofCitigroupandAIG.Andnowthezeitgeisthasspun180degrees.Squeezeyournickels,slashdebt,stopgambling..Thosearethe$4trillionquestions.Earlierthisdecade,wetransitionedeffortlesslyfromthe bubbletoahousingandcreditbubble,whichsuggestsapowerfulresiliency.Butfinancialtraumacanleavedeepscartissue,asitdidaftertheGreatDepression.It'stemptinginthisperiodofcontractiontomimicThoreau,tolivesimplydeliberay.Butifweloseourpenchantforgainandrisk,we'lllosesomeoftheessenceofwhatmakesusAmerican.Economistswarnthatifwedon'tmanagetojolttheeconomybacktolifesoon,weruntheriskofrepeatingJapan's“l(fā)ostdecade”ofthe1990s.Wouldthatbesobad?.ButAmericaisdifferent.Thankstoourcontinuallyrisingpopulation,weneedsignificantgrowthjusttomaintainourstandardsofliving-andthehealthofourdemocracy.Savingcashandbuildingupreservesisanecessaryfirststeptorecovery.Buteventallythemountainofcashhastobeputtowork.Lastweek'ssharpmarketrallywascertainlyasign-howeverfleetingitmayturnouttobe-thatinvestorsareputtingmoneytoworkagain..Between1996and2007,accordingtotheKauffmanFoundation,about0.3percentoftheadultpopulationstartedanewbusinesseaonth,orabout495,000permonth.59 Inrecentyears,manynewbusinesseshavebeenfinancedthroughretirementsavings,secondmortgagesandcredit-carddebt.Noneofthosethreesourcesoffundingisparticularlydepnow.Evenso,layoffscanproveapowerfulspurtoentrepreneurshipThenewethosofthrift,whichisasmuchaboutefficiencyandsustainabilityasitisaboutpenny-phing,mayhavesignificantcommercialapplications-beyondgreenroofs.Startupsinwindpowerandsmart-gridtechnologyarestillfindingsourcesoffunding.Smallenterprisesthatinstallsolarpanelsandconductenergyauditsareexpanding60. Themarkets,andtheeconomyasawhole,arecontinuallybuffetedbythetwinsoffearandgreed.Forthepastyear,fearhasclearlyhadtheupperhand.Butovertime,asfearsubsides,ourinborninsttstoimproveourlot-AdamSmithwouldcallitself-interest--willmakeacomeback.They,andotherbusinesses,willbenefitfrommeasuresintherecentlypassedstimuluspackagetoweatherizehomes,andmake ernmentbuildin oreenergy-efficient. ll,whileJapanenduredaprolongedperiodofslowgrowth,nobodystarved,therewasnosoialunrestintheagingcountry,anditsbiggest toUntilAmeriaemergesfromitsbunker,theglobaleconomy-facingitsfirstyearofcontractions eWoldWarII-islikelytoremainmoribund.Isthiseraofthrftatemporaryphenomenon?Willwereverttoourrisk-takingselvesassoonaswlatchontothenextNew,NewThing?Butinvstingduringslacktimesrequiresaleapoffaith.It'spossiblethatallweneedisanoherboutofenthusiasmtojoltthenationoutofitstorpor. heresnoreasontothinksuchentrepreneurialactivitywilldeclineinthisrecession,althoughtherearesomebarriers.Evenso,layoffscanprove