對我國農村人力資源合理開發(fā)問題的分析

對我國農村人力資源合理開發(fā)問題的分析OntheanalysisoftheruralhumanresourcesreasonabledevelopmentissuesinChina摘要：本文從數量和質量方面分析了我國農村人力資源的現狀以及進行合理開發(fā)的必要性，在此基礎上探討農村人力資源合理開發(fā)的措施，試圖為實踐操作提供一些理論指導。Abstract:ThispaperanalyzedfromtheaspectsofquantityandqualityofruralhumanresourcesinChina'spresentsituationandthenecessityofreasonabledevelopment,onthebasisofthedevelopmentofruralhumanresourcesreasonablemeasures,tryingtoprovidesometheoreticalguidanceforpractice.關鍵詞：農村人力資源，合理開發(fā)Keywords:ruralhumanresources，reasonabledevelopment自古以來，中國是一個農業(yè)大國，13億人口，9億在農村，農村人力資源數量多且質量低，這已經成為我國隱性的失業(yè)大軍。如何提高農村潛在人力資本的綜合素質，尤其是科學文化水平，通過一系列有計劃、有目的教育培訓機制解決農村人力資源的開發(fā)問題，使農村人力資源得到充分合理開發(fā)，加快我國小康社會的建設，已經成為我們經濟生活中不可避免的重要課題。Sinceancienttimes,Chinaisanagriculturalbigcountry,population1.3billion,900millioninthecountryside,theruralhumanresourcesquantityandqualityislow,ithasbecomeourcountryhiddenunemployed.Howtoimprovetheoverallqualityofruralhumancapitalpotential,especiallyinscientificandculturallevel,throughaseriesofplanned,purposefuleducationtrainingmechanismtosolvetheproblemofruralhumanresourcesdevelopment,makefullreasonabledevelopmentoftheruralhumanresources,speeduptheconstructionofawell-offsocietyinourcountry,hasbecomeaninevitableimportantsubjectinoureconomiclife.我國農村人力資源的現狀。First,thestatusofChina'sruralhumanresources.《中國教育與人力資源問題報告》描述了我國人力資源狀況。目前，我國人口構成仍以低層次文化人口為主體，國民總體文化程度偏低。高層次人才極為緊缺。人力資源整體水平與發(fā)達國家和新興工業(yè)化國家相比存在較大差距，這已經成為影響國家發(fā)展的重大障礙。而在我國農村人力資源現狀更是不容樂觀，主要表現為數量和質量兩個方面。TheChineseeducationandhumanresourcesissuesreportdescribesthehumanresourcessituationinourcountry.Atpresent,thepopulationdemographicsisstillatlowlevelcultureasthemainbody,thenationaloverallculturallevelislow.High-levelpersonnelisextremelyscarce.Overalllevelofhumanresourcescomparedwiththedevelopedcountriesandemergingindustrializedcountriesthereisabiggap,ithasbecomeinfluencenationaldevelopmentofsignificanthurdles.InChina'sruralhumanresourcespresentsituationisnotoptimistic,mainlyfortwoaspectsofthequantityandquality.數量現狀：我國農村人力資源在數量上呈現基數大，增長快的特點。據統(tǒng)計，1978年我國有9.63億人，農村人口為8.03億，農村人力資源為3.06億，農村人力資源占農村人口的38.11%，占全國人口總數的31.78%。2002年與1978年相比，我國人口總數和農村人口分別增長了33.44%、16.44%，年平均增長率分別為1.21%、0.64%。鄉(xiāng)村人口中有勞動力約4.80億，農村人力資源數量極其豐富，但是人口增長過快與農業(yè)發(fā)展相對滯緩形成了矛盾。農村人口眾多成為農村經濟發(fā)展沉重的包袱，農村人力資源的經濟價值得不到釋放。而且，建國以來，我國農業(yè)院校培養(yǎng)了大約130萬大中專畢業(yè)生，有80多萬人離開了農業(yè)，只有40多萬人留在農業(yè)系統(tǒng)，而正在農業(yè)第一線從事農業(yè)技術的只有15萬人，人力資源的浪費十分嚴重。Thequantitystatus:baseonChina'sruralhumanresourcesinquantityisbig,thecharacteristicsoffastgrowth.Accordingtostatistics,in1978ourcountryhas963millionpeople,theruralpopulationof803million,theruralhumanresourcesin306million,theruralhumanresourcesaccountfor38.11%oftheruralpopulation,accountingfor31.78%ofthetotalnationalpopulation.Comparedwith1978in2002,ourcountrypopulationandruralpopulationgrewby33.44%,33.44%respectively,averageannualgrowthrateof1.21%,0.64%respectively.Hasaworkforceofabout480millionruralpopulation,ruralmanpowerresourcesquantityisextremelyrich,butfastpopulationgrowthandagriculturaldevelopmentisrelativelylaggingformedacontradiction.Ruralpopulationbecomeaheavyburdenofruraleconomicdevelopment,theeconomicvalueofruralhumanresourcesisnotreleased.And,sincethefoundingoftheagriculturalcollegesanduniversitiesinourcountryabout1.3millioncollegegraduates,therearemorethan80tenthousandpeopleleftthefarm,onlymorethan40,tenthousandpeopleremaininagriculturalsystem,andareengagedinagriculturaltechnologyonagriculturethefirstlineofonly150000people,seriouswasteofhumanresources.2、質量現狀：我國農村人力資源質量現狀主要體現為農村勞動力的整體素質普偏低，不適應農業(yè)產業(yè)化和現代化的發(fā)展，防礙新農村的建設。其素質低主要表現在以下幾個方面：文化素質偏低。目前我國農村勞動力中，小學及以下文化程度占37.3%，初中文化程度占50.2%，高中文化程度占9.7%，中專文化程度占2.1%，大專及以上文化程度占0.6%。亦即4.8億農村勞動力中，初中及以下文化程度就有4.2億人。Qualitystatus:qualityofChina'sruralhumanresourcespresentsituationmainlyreflectsintheoverallqualityofrurallaborforce'slow,don'tadapttothedevelopmentofagriculturalindustrializationandmodernization,andhindertheconstructionofnewcountryside.Thelowqualityismainlymanifestedinthefollowingaspects.Theculturalqualityislow.Atpresentourcountryrurallaborforce,theprimaryschoolandbelowaccountedfor37.3%,levelofeducationjuniormiddleschoolculturelevelaccountedfor50.2%,highschooleducationaccountedfor9.7%,technicalsecondaryschooleducation(2.1%),juniorcollegeandaboveeducationlevelaccountedfor0.6%.-thatis,480millionrurallaborforceinthejuniormiddleschooleducationlevelandbelow420million.3、科技素質不高。目前，在我國農村勞動力中，95%以上的人基本上仍然屬于體力型和傳統(tǒng)型農民，缺乏職業(yè)技術知識和技能，不具備現代化生產對勞動者的初級技術水平的要求，這就影響了現代農業(yè)科技的推廣和應用。Thescienceandtechnologyqualityisnothigh.Atpresent,inChina'srurallaborforce,morethan95%ofpeoplebasicallystillbelongstothephysicalandtraditionalfarmers,lackofprofessionalknowledgeandskills,doesnothavemodernproductiondemandforthetechnicalstandardsoftheworkers,ithasaffectedthepromotionandapplicationofmodernagriculturalscienceandtechnology.農村人力資源合理開發(fā)的必要性。Second,thenecessityofruralhumanresourcesreasonabledevelopment.農村人力資源開發(fā)是發(fā)展現代農業(yè)的需要：《政府工作報告》強調指出，扎實推進社會主義新農村建設，首先要發(fā)展現代農業(yè)。然而目前我國農業(yè)仍處于傳統(tǒng)農業(yè)向現代農業(yè)的過渡階段，要實現傳統(tǒng)農業(yè)向現代農業(yè)、粗放型農業(yè)向現代集約型農業(yè)的轉化，則要依賴農業(yè)科技開發(fā)、農村勞動力素質的提高和農村人力資本積累的快速發(fā)展。這就要求我們必須大力開發(fā)農村人力資源。因為只有通過加快農村人力資源的開發(fā)，才能提高廣大農民的綜合素質，使其具備市場經濟知識、法律意識、民主意識，掌握各種專業(yè)技術和技能，推動農業(yè)的現代化和農村經濟社會的全面發(fā)展與進步。Theruralhumanresourcesdevelopmentistheneedofdevelopingmodernagriculture,thegovernmentworkreportemphasizedthatsocialistnewruralconstruction,todevelopmodernagricultureinthefirstplace.However,atpresentourcountryagricultureisstillatthestageoftransitionfromtraditionalagriculturetomodernagriculture,torealizethetraditionalagriculturetomodernagriculture,extensiveagriculturetothetransformationofmodernintensiveagricultureshouldrelyonagriculturalscienceandtechnologydevelopment,theimprovementofqualityofrurallaborandtherapiddevelopmentofruralhumancapitalaccumulation.Thisrequiresthatwemustvigorouslydeveloptheruralhumanresources.Becauseonlybyspeedinguptheruralhumanresourcesdevelopment,toimprovetheoverallqualityoffarmers,makeitsknowledgeofmarketeconomy,legalconsciousness,democracyconsciousness,masterallkindsofprofessionaltechnologyandskills,promotethemodernizationofagricultureandruraleconomicandsocialdevelopmentandprogress.2、農村人力資源開發(fā)是農村剩余勞動力有效轉移的前提。Theruralhumanresourcesdevelopmentisthepreconditionofeffectiveruralsurpluslabortransfer.目前，我國農村勞動力嚴重過剩，但農村剩余勞動力的轉移并不順暢。農村勞動力的轉移一般分為三類，一是轉移到鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)，二是從事服務業(yè)，三是進入城市各行各業(yè)。但是隨著產業(yè)結構調整以及產業(yè)和就業(yè)擴張對人力資源素質要求的提升，不論是哪一種轉移，都對農村現有勞動力提出了新的和更高的要求。Atpresent,ourcountrysurplusrurallaborforceseriously,butthetransferofruralsurpluslaborforceisnotsmooth.Thetransferofrurallaborforceisgenerallydividedintothreecategories,oneistransferredtothetownshipandvillageenterprises,seconditisengagedintheservicesector,thethirditistoenterthecityinallwalksoflife.Butastheindustrystructureadjustmentandindustryandemploymentexpansion,tothepromotionofhumanresourcesqualityrequirementswhetherwhatkindoftransfer,alltheexistingrurallaborputforwardnewandhigherrequirements.可以說，如果沒有素質的提高，農村勞動力就無法適應轉移后的工作和生活環(huán)境，就要退回來重新回到農村，農村剩余勞動力的轉移就沒有得到有效實現。因此，要實現農村剩余勞動力的有效轉移，必須通過多種方式和途徑，開發(fā)農村人力資源，提高他們的科學文化素質和社會適應能力。Itcansay,ifthereisnoqualityenhancement,aftertherurallaborforcetransferwillnotbeabletoadapttoworkingandlivingenvironment,willreturntoreturntoruralareas,thetransferofruralsurpluslabor,thereisnoeffectiveimplementation.Therefore,torealizetheeffectivetransferofruralsurpluslabor,mustpassthroughavarietyofwaysandmeans,developingruralhumanresources,improvetheirscientificandculturalqualityandsocialadaptationability.加快我國農村人力資源開發(fā)的措施。Third,toacceleratethedevelopmentofruralhumanresourcesinChina.農村人力資源受教育水平是影響我國農村人力資源素質提高的決定性因素，也是影響有效開發(fā)農村人力資源的重要因素，低素質的農村勞動力會嚴重制約我國農村改革的深化和農村經濟進一步發(fā)展。因此，建立健全農村教育體系就成為加快我國農村人力資源開發(fā)的最有效措施。RuralhumanresourcesisinfluencedbyeducationlevelisthedecisivefactortoimprovethequalityofruralhumanresourcesinChina,isalsotheimportantfactorsinfluencingtheeffectivedevelopmentofruralhumanresources,lowqualityofrurallaborforcewillseriouslyrestrictthedeepeningandtheruraleconomyfurtherdevelopmentofChina'sruralreform.Therefore,establishingandperfectingtheruraleducationsystemhasbecomeoneofthemosteffectivemeasurestoacceleratethedevelopmentofruralhumanresourcesinChina.加強農村基礎教育。農村基礎教育是整個國民教育的重要組成部分，是提高農村勞動力素質的主要渠道。針對目前我國農村基礎教育存在的教學設施不全，師資力量不足以及學生輟學數量增加等問題，應從以下三個方面入手來加強農村基礎教育。Strengthenruralbasiceducation.Ruralbasiceducationisanimportantpartofthewholenationaleducation,isthemainchanneltoimprovethequalityoftherurallaborforce.Inviewofthepresentourcountrycountrysideelementaryeducationisteachingfacilitiesisnotcomplete,lackofteachersandstudentsdropoutofschool,increaseinthenumberfromthefollowingthreeaspectstostrengthenruralbasiceducation.首先，改變教育投資體制，加大對農村基礎教育的投入。其次，建立農村義務教育經費投入的保障機制，確保教育經費的落實，確保教師待遇能逐步提高從而穩(wěn)定和充實農村教師隊伍，提高教師專業(yè)素質。第三，地方政府、教育行政部門、學校及教師應不遺余力地推行義務教育，降低農村學生的輟學數量。First,changetheeducationinvestmentsystem,increaseinvestmentinruralbasiceducation.Second,establishtheguaranteemechanismofruralcompulsoryeducationfundsinvestment,ensuretheimplementationoftheeducationfunds,ensuretheteachertreatmentcanimprovestepbystepinordertostabilizeandenrichtheruralteachers,improveteachers'professionalquality.Third,localgovernments,theadministrativedepartmentofeducation,schoolsandteachersshouldsparenoefforttopromotecompulsoryeducation,reducethenumberofruralstudentsdroppingoutofschool.加強農村勞動力的技能培訓。對我國農村人力資源進行相關技能培訓分為兩部分，一是面向留在土地上的農民開展農業(yè)科技普及培訓。二是面向將向城鎮(zhèn)轉移的農村富余勞動力開展技能培訓。Strengthentherurallaborskilltraining.RelevantskillstrainingofruralhumanresourcesinChinaisdividedintotwoparts,oneistostayinthelandoffarmersinagriculturalscienceandtechnologypopularizationoftraining.Secondisgearedtotheneedsofruralsurpluslabor