名人演講：國會大廈告別演講

名人演講：國會大廈告別演講道格拉斯·麥克阿瑟(DouglasmacArthur)，美國陸軍五星上將。出生于阿肯色州小石城的軍人世家。1899年中學畢業(yè)后考入西點軍校，1903年以名列第一的優(yōu)異成績畢業(yè)，到工程兵部隊任職，并赴菲律賓執(zhí)勤。麥克阿瑟有過 50年的軍事實踐經(jīng)驗，被美國國民稱之為“一代老兵” ，而其自身的又曾是“美國最年輕的準將、西點軍校最年輕的校長、美國陸軍歷史上最年輕的陸軍參謀長”，憑借精妙的軍事謀略和敢戰(zhàn)敢勝的膽略，麥克阿瑟堪稱美國戰(zhàn)爭史上的奇才。提起這句話：“老兵永遠不死，只會慢慢凋零”oldsoldiersneverdie，theyjustfadeaway），就不由得想起那個叼著玉米棒子煙斗的麥克阿瑟，和他在1951年4月19日被解職后在國會大廈發(fā)表的題為 《老兵不死》著名演講。我即將結(jié)束五十二年的軍旅生涯。我從軍是在本世紀開始之前，而這是我童年的希望與夢想的實現(xiàn)。自從我在西點軍校的教練場上宣誓以來，這個世界已經(jīng)過多次變化，而我的希望與夢想早已消逝，但我仍記著當時最流行的一首軍歌詞，極為自豪地宣示“老兵永遠不死，只會慢慢凋零” 。第1頁共24頁Iamclosingmy52yearsofmilitaryservice 。whenIjoinedtheArmy ，evenbeforetheturnofthecentury ，itwasthefulfillmentofallofmyboyishhopesanddreams 。TheworldhasturnedovermanytimessinceItooktheoathontheplainatwestpoint ，andthehopesanddreamshavelongsincevanished ，butIstillremembertherefrainofoneofthemostpopularbarrackballadsofthatdaywhichproclaimedmostproudlythat"oldsoldiersneverdie;theyjustfadeaway 。"就像這首歌中的老兵，一位想盡一已之責的老兵，而上帝也賜予光輝使他能看清這一項責任，而我現(xiàn)在結(jié)束了軍旅生涯，而逐漸凋謝。Andliketheoldsoldierofthatballad ，Inowclosemymilitarycareerandjustfadeaway ，anoldsoldierwhotriedtodohisdutyasgodgavehimthelighttoseethatduty 。演講全文：macArthur:FarewellAddresstocongressmr。president ，mr。speaker，andDistinguishedmembersofthecongress:第2頁共24頁Istandonthisrostrumwithasenseofdeephumilityandgreatpride--humilityintheweightofthosegreatAmericanarchitectsofourhistorywhohavestoodherebeforeme;prideinthereflectionthatthishomeoflegislativedebaterepresentshumanlibertyinthepurestformyetdevised 。herearecenteredthehopesandaspirationsandfaithoftheentirehumanrace 。Idonotstandhereasadvocateforanypartisancause ，fortheissuesarefundamentalandreachquitebeyondtherealmofpartisanconsideration 。Theymustberesolvedonthehighestplaneofnationalinterestifourcourseistoprovesoundandourfutureprotected 。Itrust ，therefore ，thatyouwilldomethejusticeofreceivingthatwhichIhavetosayassolelyexpressingtheconsideredviewpointofafellowAmerican。Iaddressyouwithneitherrancornorbitternessinthefadingtwilightoflife ，withbutonepurposeinmind:toservemycountry 。第3頁共24頁Theissuesareglobalandsointerlockedthattoconsidertheproblemsofonesector ，oblivioustothoseofanother ，isbuttocourtdisasterforthewhole 。whileAsiaiscommonlyreferredtoasthegatewaytoeurope ，itisnolesstruethateuropeisthegatewaytoAsia ，andthebroadinfluenceoftheonecannotfailtohaveitsimpactupontheother 。Therearethosewhoclaimourstrengthisinadequatetoprotectonbothfronts ，thatwecannotdivideoureffort 。Icanthinkofnogreaterexpressionofdefeatism 。Ifapotentialenemycandividehisstrengthontwofronts ，itisforustocounterhiseffort 。Thecommunistthreatisaglobalone 。Itssuccessfuladvanceinonesectorthreatensthedestructionofeveryothersector 。YoucannotappeaseorotherwisesurrendertocommunisminAsiawithoutsimultaneouslyunderminingoureffortstohaltitsadvanceineurope 。beyondpointingoutthesegeneraltruisms ，IshallconfinemydiscussiontothegeneralareasofAsia 。beforeonemayobjectivelyassessthesituationnowexistin第4頁共24頁gthere，hemustcomprehendsomethingofAsia'spastandtherevolutionarychangeswhichhavemarkedhercourseuptothepresent 。Longexploitedbytheso-calledcolonialpowers ，withlittleopportunitytoachieveanydegreeofsocialjustice，individualdignity ，orahigherstandardoflifesuchasguidedourownnobleadministrationinthephilippines ，thepeoplesofAsiafoundtheiropportunityinthewarjustpasttothrowofftheshacklesofcolonialismandnowseethedawnofnewopportunity ，aheretoforeunfeltdignity ，andtheself-respectofpoliticalfreedom 。musteringhalfoftheearth'spopulation，and60percentofitsnaturalresourcesthesepeoplesarerapidlyconsolidatinganewforce ，bothmoralandmaterial ，withwhichtoraisethelivingstandardanderectadaptationsofthedesignofmodernprogresstotheirowndistinctculturalenvironments 。whetheroneadherestotheconceptofcolonizationornot ，thisisthedirectionofAsianprogressanditmaynotbestopped。第5頁共24頁Itisacorollarytotheshiftoftheworldeconomicfrontiersasthewholeepicenterofworldaffairsrotatesbacktowardtheareawhenceitstarted 。Inthissituation ，itbecomesvitalthatourowncountryorientitspoliciesinconsonancewiththisbasicevolutionaryconditionratherthanpursueacourseblindtotherealitythatthecolonialeraisnowpastandtheAsianpeoplescovettherighttoshapetheirownfreedestiny 。whattheyseeknowisfriendlyguidance ，understanding ，andsupport--notimperiousdirection--thedignityofequalityandnottheshameofsubjugation 。Theirpre-warstandardoflife ，pitifullylow ，isinfinitelylowernowinthedevastationleftinwar'swake 。worldideologiesplaylittlepartinAsianthinkingandarelittleunderstood 。whatthepeoplesstriveforistheopportunityforalittlemorefoodintheirstomachs ，alittlebetterclothingontheirbacks ，alittlefirmerroofovertheirheads ，andtherealizationofthenormalnationalisturgeforpolit第6頁共24頁icalfreedom 。Thesepolitical-socialconditionshavebutanindirectbearinguponourownnationalsecurity ，butdoformabackdroptocontemporaryplanningwhichmustbethoughtfullyconsideredifwearetoavoidthepitfallsofunrealism。ofmoredirectandimmediatelybearinguponournationalsecurityarethechangeswroughtinthestrategicpotentialofthepacificoceaninthecourseofthepastwar 。priortheretothewesternstrategicfrontieroftheunitedstateslayontheliterallineoftheAmericas ，withanexposedislandsalientextendingoutthroughhawaii ，midway，andguamtothephilippines。Thatsalientprovednotanoutpostofstrengthbutanavenueofweaknessalongwhichtheenemycouldanddidattack 。Thepacificwasapotentialareaofadvanceforanypredatoryforceintentuponstrikingattheborderinglandareas 。Allthiswaschangedbyourpacificvictory 。第7頁共24頁ourstrategicfrontierthenshiftedtoembracetheentirepacificocean ，whichbecameavastmoattoprotectusaslongasweheldit 。Indeed，itactsasaprotectiveshieldforalloftheAmericasandallfreelandsofthepacificoceanarea 。wecontrolittotheshoresofAsiabyachainofislandsextendinginanarcfromtheAleutianstothemariannasheldbyusandourfreeallies 。FromthisislandchainwecandominatewithseaandairpowereveryAsiaticportfromVladivostoktosingapore--withseaandairpowereveryport ，asIsaid，fromVladivostoktosingapore--andpreventanyhostilemovementintothepacific 。AnypredatoryattackfromAsiamustbeanamphibiouseffort。*Noamphibiousforcecanbesuccessfulwithoutcontrolofthesealanesandtheairoverthoselanesinitsavenueofadvance。withnavalandairsupremacyandmodestgroundelementstodefendbases，第8頁共24頁anymajorattackfromcontinentalAsiatowardusorourfriendsinthepacificwouldbedoomedtofailure 。undersuchconditions ，thepacificnolongerrepresentsmenacingavenuesofapproachforaprospectiveinvader 。Itassumes，instead，thefriendlyaspectofapeacefullake 。ourlineofdefenseisanaturaloneandcanbemaintainedwithaminimumofmilitaryeffortandexpense 。Itenvisionsnoattackagainstanyone ，nordoesitprovidethebastionsessentialforoffensiveoperations ，butproperlymaintained ，wouldbeaninvincibledefenseagainstaggression 。Theholdingofthisliteraldefenselineinthewesternpacificisentirelydependentuponholdingallsegmentsthereof;foranymajorbreachofthatlinebyanunfriendlypowerwouldrendervulnerabletodeterminedattackeveryothermajorsegment。ThisisamilitaryestimateastowhichIhaveyettofindamilitaryleaderwhowilltakeexception 。Forthatreason ，第9頁共24頁Ihavestronglyrecommendedinthepast ，asamatterofmilitaryurgency ，thatundernocircumstancesmustFormosafallundercommunistcontrol 。suchaneventualitywouldatoncethreatenthefreedomofthephilippinesandthelossofJapanandmightwellforceourwesternfrontierbacktothecoastofcalifornia ，oregonandwashington 。Tounderstandthechangeswhichnowappearuponthechinesemainland，onemustunderstandthechangesinchinesecharacterandcultureoverthepast50years 。china，upto50yearsago，wascompletelynon-homogenous ，beingcompartmentedintogroupsdividedagainsteachother 。Thewar-xxxtendencywasalmostnon-existent ，astheystillfollowedthetenetsoftheconfucianidealofpacifistculture 。Attheturnofthecentury ，undertheregimeofchangTsoLin ，effortstowardgreaterhomogeneityproducedthestartofanationalisturge 。第10頁共24頁ThiswasfurtherandmoresuccessfullydevelopedundertheleadershipofchiangKai-shek ，buthasbeenbroughttoitsgreatestfruitionunderthepresentregimetothepointthatithasnowtakenonthecharacterofaunitednationalismofincreasinglydominant ，aggressivetendencies 。Throughthesepast50yearsthechinesepeoplehavethusbecomemilitarizedintheirconceptsandintheirideals 。Theynowconstituteexcellentsoldiers ，withcompetentstaffsandcommanders 。ThishasproducedanewanddominantpowerinAsia ，which，foritsownpurposes ，isalliedwithsovietrussiabutwhichinitsownconceptsandmethodshasbecomeaggressivelyimperialistic ，withalustforexpansionandincreasedpowernormaltothistypeofimperialism 。Thereislittleoftheideologicalconcepteitheronewayoranotherinthechinesemake-up 。第11頁共24頁Thestandardoflivingissolowandthecapitalaccumulationhasbeensothoroughlydissipatedbywarthatthemassesaredesperateandeagertofollowanyleadershipwhichseemstopromisethealleviationoflocalstringencies 。Ihavefromthebeginningbelievedthatthechinesecommunists'supportoftheNorthKoreanswasthedominantone 。Theirinterestsare ，atpresent ，parallelwiththoseofthesoviet 。butIbelievethattheaggressivenessrecentlydisplayednotonlyinKoreabutalsoinIndo-chinaandTibetandpointingpotentiallytowardthesouthreflectspredominantlythesamelustfortheexpansionofpowerwhichhasanimatedeverywould-beconquerorsincethebeginningoftime 。TheJapanesepeople，sincethewar ，haveundergonethegreatestreformationrecordedinmodernhistory 。withacommendablewill ，eagernesstolearn ，andmarkedcapacitytounderstand ，theyhave，fromtheashesleftinwar'swake ，erectedinJapananedificededicatedtothesupremacyofind第12頁共24頁ividuallibertyandpersonaldignity;andintheensuingprocesstherehasbeencreatedatrulyrepresentativegovernmentcommittedtotheadvanceofpoliticalmorality ，freedomofeconomicenterprise ，andsocialjustice 。politically ，economically ，andsociallyJapanisnowabreastofmanyfreenationsoftheearthandwillnotagainfailtheuniversaltrust 。ThatitmaybecountedupontowieldaprofoundlybeneficialinfluenceoverthecourseofeventsinAsiaisattestedbythemagnificentmannerinwhichtheJapanesepeoplehavemettherecentchallengeofwar ，unrest，andconfusionsurroundingthemfromtheoutsideandcheckedcommunismwithintheirownfrontierswithouttheslightestslackeningintheirforwardprogress 。IsentallfourofouroccupationdivisionstotheKoreanbattlefrontwithouttheslightestqualmsastotheeffectoftheresultingpowervacuumuponJapan 。Theresultsfullyjustifiedmyfaith 。Iknowofnonationmoreserene ，orderly ，andindustrious ，norinwhichhigherhopescanbeentertainedforfutureconstructiveserviceintheadvanceofthehumanrace 。第13頁共24頁ofourformerward ，thephilippines ，wecanlookforwardinconfidencethattheexistingunrestwillbecorrectedandastrongandhealthynationwillgrowinthelongeraftermathofwar'sterribledestructiveness 。wemustbepatientandunderstandingandneverfailthem--asinourhourofneed ，theydidnotfailus 。Achristiannation ，thephilippinesstandasamightybulwarkofchristianityintheFareast ，anditscapacityforhighmoralleadershipinAsiaisunlimited。onFormosa，thegovernmentoftherepublicofchinahashadtheopportunitytorefutebyactionmuchofthemaliciousgossipwhichsounderminedthestrengthofitsleadershiponthechinesemainland。TheFormosanpeoplearereceivingajustandenlightenedadministrationwithmajorityrepresentationontheorgansofgovernment，andpolitically ，economically ，andsociallytheyappeartobeadvancingalongsoundandconstructivelines 。第14頁共24頁withthisbriefinsightintothesurroundingareas ，InowturntotheKoreanconflict 。whileIwasnotconsultedpriortothepresident'sdecisiontointerveneinsupportoftherepublicofKorea ，thatdecisionfromamilitarystandpoint ，provedasoundone，aswehurledbacktheinvaderanddecimatedhisforces 。ourvictorywascomplete ，andourobjectiveswithinreach ，whenredchinaintervenedwithnumericallysuperiorgroundforces。Thiscreatedanewwarandanentirelynewsituation，asituationnotcontemplatedwhenourforceswerecommittedagainsttheNorthKoreaninvaders;asituationwhichcalledfornewdecisionsinthediplomaticspheretopermittherealisticadjustmentofmilitarystrategy 。suchdecisionshavenotbeenforthcoming 。whilenomaninhisrightmindwouldadvocatesendingourgroundforcesintocontinentalchina ，第15頁共24頁andsuchwasnevergivenathought ，thenewsituationdidurgentlydemandadrasticrevisionofstrategicplanningifourpoliticalaimwastodefeatthisnewenemyaswehaddefeatedtheold 。Apartfromthemilitaryneed ，asIsawIt ，toneutralizethesanctuaryprotectiongiventheenemynorthoftheYalu ，Ifeltthatmilitarynecessityintheconductofthewarmadenecessary:firsttheintensificationofoureconomicblockadeagainstchina;twotheimpositionofanavalblockadeagainstthechinacoast;threeremovalofrestrictionsonairreconnaissanceofchina'scoastalareasandofmanchuria;fourremovalofrestrictionsontheforcesoftherepublicofchinaonFormosa，withlogisticalsupporttocontributetotheireffectiveoperationsagainstthecommonenemy 。Forentertainingtheseviews，allprofessionallydesignedtosupportourforcescommittedtoKoreaandbringhostilitiestoanendwiththeleastpossibledelayandatasavingofcountlessAmericanandalliedliv第16頁共24頁es，Ihavebeenseverelycriticizedinlaycircles ，principallyabroad ，despitemyunderstandingthatfromamilitarystandpointtheaboveviewshavebeenfullysharedinthepastbypracticallyeverymilitaryleaderconcernedwiththeKoreancampaign ，includingourownJointchiefsofstaff 。Icalledforreinforcementsbutwasinformedthatreinforcementswerenotavailable 。Imadeclearthatifnotpermittedtodestroytheenemybuilt-upbasesnorthoftheYalu ，ifnotpermittedtoutilizethefriendlychineseForceofsome600，000menonFormosa，ifnotpermittedtoblockadethechinacoasttopreventthechineseredsfromgettingsuccorfromwithout ，andifthereweretobenohopeofmajorreinforcements ，thepositionofthecommandfromthemilitarystandpointforbadevictory 。wecouldholdinKoreabyconstantmaneuverandinanapproxim第17頁共24頁ateareawhereoursupplylineadvantageswereinbalancewiththesupplylinedisadvantagesoftheenemy ，butwecouldhopeatbestforonlyanindecisivecampaignwithitsterribleandconstantattritionuponourforcesiftheenemyutilizeditsfullmilitarypotential 。Ihaveconstantlycalledforthenewpoliticaldecisionsessentialtoasolution 。effortshavebeenmadetodistortmyposition 。Ithasbeensaid ，ineffect ，thatIwasawarmonger 。Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth 。Iknowwarasfewothermennowlivingknowit ，andnothingtomeismorerevolting 。Ihavelongadvocateditscompleteabolition ，asitsverydestructivenessonbothfriendandfoehasrenderedituselessasameansofsettlinginternationaldisputes 。Indeed，ontheseconddayofseptember ，nineteenhundredandforty-five ，justfollowingthesurrenderoftheJapanesenationonthebattleshipmissouri ，Iformallycautionedasfollows:"mensincethebeginningoftimehave第18頁共24頁soughtpeace。Variousmethodsthroughtheageshavebeenattemptedtodeviseaninternationalprocesstopreventorsettledisputesbetweennations 。Fromtheverystartworkablemethodswerefoundinsofarasindividualcitizenswereconcerned ，butthemechanicsofaninstrumentalityoflargerinternationalscopehaveneverbeensuccessful 。militaryalliances ，balancesofpower ，LeaguesofNations ，allinturnfailed ，leavingtheonlypathtobebywayofthecrucibleofwar 。Theutterdestructivenessofwarnowblocksoutthisalternative 。wehavehadourlastchance。Ifwewillnotdevisesomegreaterandmoreequitablesystem ，Armageddonwillbeatourdoor 。Theproblembasicallyistheologicalandinvolvesaspiritualrecrudescenceandimprovementofhumancharacterthatwillsynchronizewithouralmostmatchlessadvancesinscience ，art，literature ，andall第19頁共24頁materialandculturaldevelopmentsofthepast2000years 。Itmustbeofthespiritifwearetosavetheflesh 。"butoncewarisforceduponus，thereisnootheralternativethantoapplyeveryavailablemeanstobringittoaswiftend 。war'sveryobjectisvictory ，notprolongedindecision 。Inwarthereisnosubstituteforvictory 。Therearesomewho，forvaryingreasons ，wouldappeaseredchina 。Theyareblindtohistory'sclearlesson ，forhistoryteacheswithunmistakableemphasisthatappeasementbutbegetsnewandbloodierwar 。Itpointstonosingleinstancewherethisendhasjustifiedthatmeans，whereappeasementhasledtomorethanashampeace 。Likeblackmail ，itlaysthebasisfornewandsuccessivelygreaterdemandsuntil ，asinblackmail ，第20頁共24頁violencebecomestheonlyotheralternative 。"why，"mysoldiersaskedofme ，"surrendermilitaryadvantagestoanenemyinthefield?"Icouldnotanswer 。somemaysay:toavoidspreadoftheconflictintoanall-outwarwithchina;others ，toavoidsovietintervention 。Neitherexpla