雅思ogtest8閱讀答案passage3

雅思ogtest8閱讀答案passage3原文題目及答案解析內(nèi)容本文為大家?guī)硌潘糘Gtest8閱讀passage3原文題目及答案解析內(nèi)容。Leftorright?Anoverviewofsomeresearchintoliberalization:thedominanceofonesideofthebodyovertheotherACreaturesacrosstheanimalkingdomhaveapreferenceforonefoot,eyeorevenantenna.Thecauseofthistrait,calledliberalization,isfairlysimple:onesideofthebrain,whichgenerallycontrolstheoppositesideofthebody,ismoredominantthantheotherwhenprocessingcertaintasks.Thisdoes,onsomeoccasions,lettheanimaldown:suchaswhenatoadfailstoescapefromasnakeapproachingfromtheright,justbecauseitsrighteyeisworseatspottingdangerthanitsleft.Sowhywouldanimalsevolveacharacteristicthatseemstoendangerthem?BFormanyyearsitwasassumedthatliberalizationwasauniquelyhumantrait,butthisnotionrapidlyfellapartasresearchersstarteduncoveringevidenceofliberalizationinallsortsofanimals.Forexample,inthe1970s,LesleyRogers,nowattheUniversityofNewEnglandinAustralia,wasstudyingmemoryandlearninginchicks.Shehadbeeninjectingachemicalintochicksbrainstostopthemlearninghowtospotgrainsoffoodamongdistractingpebbles,andwassurprisedtoobservethatthechemicalonlyworkedwhenappliedtothelefthemisphereofthebrain.Thatstronglysuggestedthattherightsideofthechicksbrainplayedlittleornoroleinthelearningofsuchbehaviours.Similarevidenceappearedinsongbirdsandratsaroundthesametime,andsincethen,researchershavebuiltupanimpressivecatalogueofanimalliberalization.CInsomeanimals,liberalizationissimplyapreferenceforasinglepaworfoot,whileinothersitappearsinmoregeneralpatternsofbehaviour.Theleftsideofmostvertebratebrains,forexample,seemstoprocessandcontrolfeeding.Sincethelefthemisphereprocessesinputfromtherightsideofthebody,thatmeansanimalsasdiverseasfish,toadsandbirdsaremorelikelytoattackpreyorfooditemsviewedwiththeirrighteye.Evenhumpbackwhalesprefertousetherightsideoftheirjawstoscrapesandeelsfromtheoceanfloor.DGeneticsplaysapartindeterminingliberalization,butenvironmentalfactorshaveanimpacttoo.Rogersfoundthatachick'sliberalizationdependsonwhetheritisexposedtolightbeforehatchingfromitsegg-ifitiskeptinthedarkduringthisperiod,neitherhemispherebecomesdominant.In2004,Rogersusedthisobservationtotesttheadvantagesofbrainbiasinchicksfacedwiththechallengeofmultitasking.Shehatchedchickswitheitherstrongorweakliberalization,thenpresentedthetwogroupswithfoodhiddenamongsmallpebblesandthethreateningshapeofafakepredatorflyingoverhead.Aspredicted,thebirdsincubatedinthelightlookedforfoodmainlywiththeirrighteye,whileusingtheothertocheckoutthepredator.Theweakly-lateralizedchicks,meanwhile,haddifficultyperformingthesetwoactivitiessimultaneously.ESimilarresultsprobablyholdtrueformanyotheranimals.In2006,AngeloBisazzaattheUniversityofPaduasetouttoobservethedifferencesinfeedingbehaviourbetweenstrongly-lateralizedandweakly-lateralizedfish.Hefoundthatstrongly-lateralizedindividualswereabletofeedtwiceasfastasweakly-lateralizedoneswhentherewasathreatofapredatorloomingabovethem.Assigningdifferentjobstodifferentbrainhalvesmaybeespeciallyadvantageousforanimalssuchasbirdsorfish,whoseeyesareplacedonthesidesoftheirheads.Thisenablesthemtoprocessinputfromeachsideseparately,withdifferenttasksinmind.FAndwhatofthoseanimalswhofavouraspecificsideforalmostalltasks?In2009,MariaMagatandCulumBrownatMacquarieUniversityinAustraliawantedtoseeiftherewasgeneralcognitiveadvantageinliberalization.Toinvestigate,theyturnedtoparrots,whichcanbeeitherstronglyright-orleft-footed,orambidextrous(withoutdominance).Theparrotsweregiventheintellectuallydemandingtaskofpullingasnackonastringuptotheirbeaks,usingaco-ordinatedcombinationofclawsandbeak.Theresultsshowedthattheparrotswiththestrongestfootpreferencesworkedoutthepuzzlefarmorequicklythantheirambidextrouspeers.GAfurtherpuzzleiswhyaretherealwaysafewexceptions,likeleft-handedhumans,whoarewireddifferentlyfromthemajorityofthepopulation?GiorgioVallortigaraandStefanoGhirlandaofStockholmUniversityseemtohavefoundtheanswerviamathematicalmodels.Thesehaveshownthatagroupoffishislikelytosurviveasharkattackwiththefewestcasualtiesifthemajorityturntogetherinonedirectionwhileaverysmallproportionofthegroupescapeinthedirectionthatthepredatorisnotexpecting.HThisimbalanceofliberalizationwithinpopulationsmayalsohaveadvantagesforindividuals.Whereasmostco-operativeinteractionsrequireparticipantstoreactsimilarly,therearesomesituations-suchasaggressiveinteractions-whereitcanbenefitanindividualtolaunchanattackfromanunexpectedquarter.Perhapsthiscanpartlyexplaintheexistenceofleft-handersinhumansocieties.Ithasbeensuggestedthatwhenitcomestohand-to-handfighting,left-handersmayhavetheadvantageovertheright-handedmajority.Wheresurvivaldependsontheelementofsurprise,itmayindeedpaytobedifferent.Questions27-30Completeeachsentencewiththecorrectending,A-F,below.Writethecorrectletter,A-F,inboxes27-30onyouranswersheet.27Inthe1970s,LesleyRogersdiscoveredthat28AngeloBisazza’sexperimentsrevealedthat29MagatandBrown’sstudiesshowthat30VallortigaraandGhirlanda’sresearchfindingssuggestthatAliberalizationismorecommoninsomespeciesthaninothers.Bitbenefitsapopulationifsomemembershaveadifferentliberalizationthanthemajority.Cliberalizationhelpsanimalsdotwothingsatthesametime.Dliberalizationisnotconfinedtohumanbeings.Ethegreaterananimal’sliberalization,thebetteritisatproblem-solving.Fstrongliberalizationmaysometimesputgroupsofanimalsindanger.Questions31-35Completethesummarybelow.ChooseONEWORDONLYfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes31-35onyouranswersheet.LesleyRogers’2004Experimentliberalizationisdeterminedbybothgeneticand31__________influences.Rogersfoundthatchickswhoseeggsaregiven32__________duringtheincubationperiodtendtohaveastrongerliberalization.Her2004experimentsetouttoprovethatthesechickswerebetterat33__________thanweaklylateralizedchicks.Asexpected,thestronglylateralizedbirdsintheexperimentweremoreabletolocate34__________usingtheirrighteye,whileusingtheirlefteyetomonitoranimitation35__________locatedabovethem.Questions36-40ReadingPassage3haseightparagraphs,A-H.Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?Writethecorrectletter,A-H,inboxes36-40onyouranswersheet.NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce.36descriptionofastudywhichsupportsanotherscientist’sfindings37thesuggestionthatapersoncouldgainfromhavinganopposingliberalizationtomostofthepopulation38referencetothelargeamountofknowledgeofanimalliberalizationthathasaccumulated39researchfindingsthatwereamongthefirsttocontradictapreviousbelief40asuggestionthatliberalizationwouldseemtodisadvantageanimalsQuestion27答案：D關鍵詞：LesleyRogers定位原文：B段最后兩句“Thatstronglysuggestedthattherightside…animalliberalization.”解題思路：利用人名LesleyRogers作為關鍵詞，定位到B段，關于LesleyRogers所做的實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)，需要具體定位到B段最后2句話，“這有力地表明，在這些行為的學習中，小雞的大腦右側發(fā)揮了很少或沒有作用。類似的證據(jù)在同一時期還出現(xiàn)在鳴禽和老鼠身上，自此研究人員就建立了一個可觀的動物偏側目錄”。對照選項，D選項“偏側現(xiàn)象不只出現(xiàn)在人類身上”是對定位句的大意概括。Question28答案：C關鍵詞：AngeloBisazza定位原文：E段最后兩句“Assigningdifferentjobstodifferentbrain…withdifferenttasksinmind.”解題思路：用人名AngeloBisazza作為關鍵詞，定位到E段，關于AngeloBisazza所做的實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)，需要具體定位到E段最后2句話，“給左右腦分配不同的任務，對于動物特別有利，比如鳥類或魚類，它們的眼睛在頭部兩側。這使他們能從兩側分別輸入，使大腦處理不同的任務”。對照選項，C選項的“偏側幫助動物在同一時間做兩件事情”是對定位句的大意概括。Question29答案：E關鍵詞：MagatandBrown定位原文：F段最后一句“Theresultsshowedthattheparrotswiththestrongestfootpreferencesworkedoutthepuzzlefarmorequicklythantheirambidextrouspeers.”解題思路：利用人名MagatandBrown作為關鍵詞，定位到F段，關于Magat和Brown的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，需要具體定位到F段的段尾句，注意這里的footpreference是指實驗中鸚鵡的種類，在F段第3句中，…parrots,whichcanbeeitherstronglyright-orleft-footed,orambidextrous(鸚鵡有的左腳更靈便，有的右腳更靈便，或者雙腳都靈便)。對照選項，E選項“動物偏側越厲害，它的解決問題能力就越強”是對定位句的大意概括。Question30答案：B關鍵詞：Vallortigara/Ghirlanda定位原文：G段最后一句“Thesehaveshownthatagroupoffish…thatthepredatorisnotexpecting.”解題思路：利用人名VallortigaraandGhirlanda作為關鍵詞，定位到G段，關于其研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，需要具體定位到G段段尾句，“這些都表明，如果多數(shù)魚轉向一個方向，而魚群中很少比例的魚會在捕食者沒想到的方向逃生，一群魚就可能躲過鯊魚攻擊且產(chǎn)生最少數(shù)量的傷亡”。對照選項，B選項“偏側對一個種群是有利的，如果一些種群成員和大多數(shù)成員的偏側方向不同”是對定位句的大意概括。Question31答案：environmental關鍵詞：LesleyRogers/2004/determined定位原文：D段第1句“Geneticsplaysapartindeterminingliberalization,butenvironmentalfactorshaveanimpacttoo.”解題思路：利用關鍵詞determined定位到D段第1句。找到定位句后這題答案便不難做出，空內(nèi)填入的單詞應該是“environmental”。Question32答案：light關鍵詞：LesleyRogers/2004/strongerliberalization定位原文：D段第2句“Rogersfoundthatachick'sliberalizationdependsonwhetheritisexposedtolightbeforehatchingfromitsegg-ifitiskeptinthedarkduringthisperiod,neitherhemispherebecomesdominant.”解題思路：利用關鍵詞定位到D段第2句，“Rogers發(fā)現(xiàn)小雞的腦偏側取決于從雞蛋孵化出來之前是否面向光，如果孵化期間其被置于黑暗中，則小雞腦的兩個半球都不會出現(xiàn)偏側”。這里空內(nèi)填入的是“l(fā)ight”。Question33答案：multitasking關鍵詞：LesleyRogers/2004定位原文：D段第3句“In2004,Rogersusedthisobservationtotesttheadvantagesofbrainbiasinchicksfacedwiththechallengeofmultitasking.”解題思路：利用關鍵詞定位到D段第3句，“在2004年，Rogers用這一觀察，來測試具有腦偏側的小雞，在面臨多重任務挑戰(zhàn)時的優(yōu)勢”。bias在文中的意思是“偏向”?？諆?nèi)填入的應該是“multitasking”。Question34-35答案：34.food35.predator關鍵詞：LesleyRogers/righteye/lefteye定位原文：D段倒數(shù)第2句話“Aspredicted,thebirdsincubatedinthelightlookedforfoodmainlywiththeirrighteye,whileusingtheothertocheckoutthepredator.”解題思路：利用關鍵詞定位到D段倒數(shù)第2句話，“正如所預測的那樣，在光中孵化的鳥類主要用右眼找食物，同時用左眼提防捕獵者”。monitor，監(jiān)控，監(jiān)督，監(jiān)視。Question36答案：E關鍵詞：supports定位原文：E段第1句“Similarresultsprobablyholdtrueformanyotheranimals.”解題思路：做這類題型最好提前速讀各段短首1-2句，理解每段的大致內(nèi)容，更加方便做題。題目句的關鍵詞是supports，在迅速閱讀每段前兩句理解各段主旨的基礎上，定位到E段第1句，“相似的結果也許也適用于其它動物”。在這段中AngeloBisazza所做的實驗和上一段中Rogers做的實驗，都證明了偏側強的動物更能處理多重任務(multitasking)，即Angelo的實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)支持了Rogers的實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)，這個研究結果出現(xiàn)在E段最后2句話，“給左右腦分配不同的任務，對于動物特別有利，比如鳥類或魚類，它們的眼睛在頭部兩側。這使他們能從兩側分別輸入，使大腦處理不同的任務”。Question37答案：H關鍵詞：opposingliberalizationtomostofthepopulation定位原文：H段第1句“Thisimbalanceofliberalizationwithinpopulationsmayalsohaveadvantagesforindividuals.”H段倒數(shù)第2句“Ithasbeensuggestedthatwhenitcomestohand-to-handfighting,left-handersmayhavetheadvantageovertheright-handedmajority.”解題思路：題目的關鍵部分是opposingliberalizationtomostofthepopulation，在理解各段主旨的基礎上，定位到H段第1句，“這種群體內(nèi)的偏側不平衡可能對個人有好處”。具體的一個好處，可以定位到H段倒數(shù)第2句，“有證據(jù)一直表明，當人們掰腕子的時候，左撇子要比右撇子的優(yōu)勢”。Question38答案：B關鍵詞：knowledgeofanimalliberalization定位原文：B段段尾句“Similarevidenceappe