2023年口腔醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)題庫(kù)四川大學(xué)華西口腔醫(yī)學(xué)院

專英重點(diǎn)一、Parapharyngeal咽旁Septicemia敗血病Sialolithiasis涎石病Periostitis骨膜炎Sialoductitis涎管炎Fracture骨折Comminution粉碎Hyperplasia增生Reparative修復(fù)性Mucoperiosteum黏骨膜RadiolucentX光透射Space間隙Infection感染Prosthesis義齒Oblique傾斜Scquestrum腐骨死骨Biopsy切片檢查法Sialogram涎管X線造影片Giant巨大Nonmalignant良性的Pyogenic化膿性Mole胎塊Devoid缺少的Laceration撕裂Hyperpyrexia高熱Self-reduce自行使脫臼復(fù)位句子翻譯Ifproperpreparationofsolution,syringes,needlesandtechnichasbeencarriedout,untowardincidentsshouldseldomoccurduringoraftertheinjectionofthelocalanesthetic.However,oneshouldbeinapositiontocopewithcomplicationsintherarecaseswhentheyarise.若藥液注射劑，針頭及技術(shù)準(zhǔn)備妥當(dāng)，在局麻注射過(guò)程中或之后都將很少出現(xiàn)，但是，醫(yī)生仍應(yīng)做好應(yīng)對(duì)罕見(jiàn)并發(fā)癥的準(zhǔn)備。Postoperativepainwhichthepatientexperiencesafterthesecondandthirdpostoperativedayshouldbecarefullyexamined,sincethisisnotanormalpostoperativecourse.Itiscausedbydrysocketorsharpbonespine.患者于術(shù)后二三日之后的疼痛，也許為非正常情況，需特別仔細(xì)檢查，其有也許由于干槽癥或是鋒利骨刺引起。Acutedento-alveolarabscess.Thisisanacutelocalizedsuppurationaboutatooth.Theinfectionmaystartinoneofthreeways:(a)periapical(b)pericemental(c)pericoronal急性牙槽膿腫，是一種牙齒急性局限性的化膿表現(xiàn)。這種感染也許由下列三種途徑引起：根尖周、牙周膜、冠周。Salivaryglandsmaybeinvolvedbytumors,cyst,sialadenitisfrominfection,sialoductitiswithsubsequentstricturesoftheducts.涎腺可罹患腫瘤、囊腫、感染所致的涎腺導(dǎo)管炎，及其后遺的導(dǎo)管狹窄癥。Thelowerjawismoreexposedtoviolenceandconsequentlyismoreoftenfracturedthananyotherfacialbone.下頜骨更加容易暴露于外界暴力中，因此比所有其它的面部骨都更經(jīng)常發(fā)生骨折。Thecommondiseasesofthetemporo-mandibularjointaresubluxationdislocationandankylosis.Theinfectionofthisjointisrare.普通疾病會(huì)導(dǎo)致顳下頜關(guān)節(jié)半脫位或脫臼和關(guān)節(jié)僵直是很非常少見(jiàn)的。Nearlyallofthetumorsandcystswhichcanariseinanypartofthebodymaybefoundinoraroundthemouth,exceptthosewhicharepeculiartocertainorgans.幾乎所有腫瘤和囊腫會(huì)發(fā)生在身體的任何部位或嘴巴周邊，除非某些特殊的腫瘤才會(huì)發(fā)生在特定的器官。Theobjectinundertakingsuchreparativeproceduresistherestorationoffunctionortheimprovementofappearanceorboth.Includedwithinthegroupwhichmayrequirereconstructiveproceduresarecongenitalmalformations,traumaticinjuries,deformationsduetooperationforneoplasms,destructionoftissueincidenttodisease,orthetreatmentofdisease.被用來(lái)使用修復(fù)程序的對(duì)象是為了恢復(fù)功能或是促進(jìn)美觀或是兩者兼具。包含了天生畸形、創(chuàng)傷性的傷害、腫瘤治療、去除病變的組織或是疾病的治療。Itincludesalsothoseoralorextraoraloperationswhichareindicatedfortherestorationoflostbone,teethortheinsertionofretentivedevicesfordentures.用來(lái)修復(fù)失骨和失牙或是義齒的固位裝置包含在口腔和口外的手術(shù)ThemaxillaryrightcentralandleftlateralincisorshadClass1mobility3;themaxillaryleftcentralincisorhadanoblique4fracturelinethroughthedistalportionofthecrown.上合右中切牙和左側(cè)切牙屬于1分類松動(dòng)3度;上合左中切牙在牙冠遠(yuǎn)中部分有一個(gè)斜行的骨折線Inthetreatmentofacuteosteomyelitisthegeneralruleistoinstituteantibiotictherapyandtosurgicallyestablishadequatedrainage.在治療急性骨髓炎時(shí),全身療法可用滴注抗生素治療,外科方法為建立開(kāi)放引流管道。Thelowerendoftheshortfragmentisgenerallydisplacedupwardandforwardbycontractionoftheelevatormuscles.Inaddition,Slightinwarddisplacementismorecommonthanexternaldisplacement.短部分的下部通常會(huì)由于提口肌群的收縮導(dǎo)致向上向前移位。此外,稍微向內(nèi)的移位比向外移位常見(jiàn)二、anodyne鎮(zhèn)痛劑apiciectomy根尖切除術(shù)analgesic止痛的adenocarcinoma腺癌anastomosis吻合alveolalgia干槽癥appliance矯正器aggravate加重惡化advious迂回的apprehensive靈敏的緊張的ankylosis關(guān)節(jié)僵直appliance器具ameloblastoma成釉細(xì)胞瘤advanced晚期的bur園頭銼contraindication禁忌癥chisel鑿子cancellate松的cellulites蜂窩織炎condyle棵突comminution粉碎curettment刮除術(shù)coronoid冠狀喙?fàn)頲repitus捻發(fā)音cripple使殘廢circumferential圍繞周邊的chondrosarooma軟骨肉瘤dermatitis皮炎devitalization失活去生肌detritus腐質(zhì)dammedup阻塞的dilation膨脹擴(kuò)大deformity畸形deviation偏向diffuse彌散的discoloration再生dissection解剖分析demonstrable可論證的employ使用ethylchloride氯乙烷enhance增強(qiáng)epinephrine腎上腺素ecohymosis瘀斑extraction拔出erupt萌出elevator牙挺excision切除effusion滲出exostosis外生骨疣edentulous無(wú)牙的extravasation外滲液enucleation摘除術(shù)eradicate根除消滅flap辦片fracture骨折fibrosarcoma纖維肉瘤fixation固定fibroma纖維瘤ganglion神經(jīng)節(jié)glenoid關(guān)節(jié)窩的hypodermic皮下hyperthyroidism甲抗hematoma血腫hematogenous血源性的hyoid舌骨的hypertrophy肥大hyperostosis骨肥厚hemangioma血管瘤instillation滴注inadvisable不妥當(dāng)?shù)膇nfraorbital眶下的idiosyncrasy特異性質(zhì)impacted阻生的infratemporal顳下的inward向內(nèi)的isotope同位素jaundice黃疸lessen減少loop環(huán)圈lime石灰laceration撕裂ligation結(jié)扎lymphangioma淋巴管瘤lipoma脂肪瘤lymphosarooma淋巴肉瘤lining櫬里medication藥療法maxilla上頜骨myxofibroma粘液纖維瘤malposition錯(cuò)位malposed異位的mallet槌mental頦的morbidity發(fā)病率masseter嚼肌melanomaco黑瘤muoperiosteal粘骨膜的muoperiosteum粘骨膜myxoma黏液瘤myeloma骨髓瘤metastasize轉(zhuǎn)移marsupialization造袋術(shù)neurasthenic神經(jīng)衰弱的neuralgia神經(jīng)痛neuroma神經(jīng)瘤nedule小節(jié)結(jié)notch切跡nonmalignant非惡性的ointment軟膏opponent對(duì)抗肌odontoma牙瘤orthodontic正牙的osseous骨的osteomyelitis骨髓炎o(hù)steoma骨瘤osteoradionecrosis放射性骨壞死osteoid骨樣的osteoclastoma破骨細(xì)胞瘤ossify使骨硬化paralyze使麻痹癱瘓prolong延長(zhǎng)pericementitis牙周膜炎psychically精神上地periostitis骨膜炎pyemia膿毒癥膿血癥preanesthetic前驅(qū)麻痹precipitate促使加速premadicate術(shù)前用藥pterygomandibular翼突下頜pterygoid翼狀的palpation觸診periosteum骨膜periosteal骨膜的perineurium神經(jīng)束膜parapharyngeal咽旁的pathognomonic特殊病癥的pyogenic生膿的peripheral周邊的periodontoclasia牙周潰瘍pericoronal冠周的precox早發(fā)的periosteumpapilloma乳頭瘤paranasal鼻旁的retard延遲retrieval取回restricted受限制的retrozygomatic顴骨后的regeneration再生rhabdomyoma橫紋肌瘤rhabdomyosarcoma橫紋肌肉瘤sheath鞘succedaneous替代的spine刺脊柱symphysis聯(lián)合sinus竇sequestrum死骨supernumerary多余的salt鹽sepsis膿毒癥敗血癥subcutaneous皮下的sialadenitis涎腺炎sialoductitis涎管炎septicemia敗血癥sialolithiasis涎石形成sialography涎管X線造影技術(shù)swallow吞咽splint夾板 suprahyoid舌骨上的tuberosity結(jié)節(jié)粗隆trismus牙關(guān)緊閉traumatize受外傷traumatism創(chuàng)傷病traumatogenic創(chuàng)傷性的thrombophlebitis血栓性靜脈炎temporal顳的tendernoss觸痛toruspalatinus腭隆凸transitonal轉(zhuǎn)變的vicinity附近鄰近三、內(nèi)科1、Inevaluatingtheclinicalfeaturesofgingivitis,itisnecessarytobesystematic.Attentionshouldbefocusedonsubtletissuealteration,becausethesemaybeofdiagnosticsignificance.Asystematicclinicalapproachrequiresanorderlyexaminationofthegingivalforcolor,contour,consistency,position,easeandseverityofbleeding,andpain.我們必須系統(tǒng)性的評(píng)估牙齦炎的臨床特點(diǎn)。必須注意些微的組織變化,由于對(duì)診斷來(lái)說(shuō)是故意義的。一個(gè)系統(tǒng)性的臨床檢查途徑需照順序?qū)ρ例l顏色、外型、質(zhì)地、位置、出血情況和疼痛限度進(jìn)行檢查。2、當(dāng)患者出現(xiàn)牙齦炎時(shí),最常見(jiàn)的表現(xiàn)為牙齦的水腫和增生Whenthepatientsuffersfromgingivitis,themostcommonsignsareedemaandproliferationofthegingiva.3、齦溝內(nèi)上皮發(fā)生潰瘍是急性牙齦炎的典型特性之一Ulcerationofthesulcularepitheliumisoneofthetypicalsignsofacutegingivitis.外科L91、However,ifbrawnymassiveindurationwhichpitsonpressure,presentsinfivetosevendayswithanelevationoftemperatureinspiteofantibiotictreatment,andthereisnofluctuation,thenthatspaceshouldbesurgicallyexplored.然而，盡管通過(guò)五到七天的抗菌治療，體溫仍然高溫并且某部位質(zhì)實(shí)、堅(jiān)硬呈現(xiàn)塊狀、捫診無(wú)波動(dòng)感，就需要外科手術(shù)的探查了。2、Aftertheacutesymptomshavebeensubsided,thetoothoriginallycausingthetroubleshouldbeextractedinordertoavoidrecurrenceorthepersistenceofadischargingsinus.急性癥狀緩解后，病灶牙必須要移除以免再度復(fù)發(fā)或是連續(xù)性的竇炎。L101、Manysalivarystonesaresymptomless.Itisonlywhenpartialorcompleteobstructionoccursthatsymptomsdevelop.許多涎石是無(wú)自覺(jué)癥狀的，只有當(dāng)發(fā)生部分或是完全阻塞的時(shí)候癥狀才會(huì)發(fā)展。2、Theobstructionisduetomechanicalblockagebecauseofthestones,orperiductalinfectioncausinginflammatoryedemawhichresultsintheocclusionofthelumenoftheduct.導(dǎo)致阻礙是由于石頭的機(jī)械性阻塞或是導(dǎo)管周邊的感染導(dǎo)致炎癥性水腫，而導(dǎo)致的管腔狹窄。修復(fù)L131、Replantation:replantationmeansthereinsertionofatoothinthesocketfromwhichithasbeenremovedpurposelyorbyaccident.Thereplantfititssocketperfectlyandshouldenjoyahighdegreeofsuccess.再植術(shù)：再植術(shù)是指將由于某種目的或意外脫落的牙齒重新植入其脫落的牙槽窩內(nèi)。這種再植完全吻合自身的牙槽窩,且具有很高的成功率。2、Transplantation:transplantationmeanstheinsertionofanaturaltoothintothesocketofarecentlyextractedtooth.移植術(shù)：移植術(shù)是指將天然牙植入最近拔除牙齒的牙槽窩。3、Theautotransplant(atransplantfromoneplacetoanotherwithinthesamemouth)enjoysahighsuccessrateoftenwithindefinitesurvival,byvltueofprompttransferofthetoothtoitsnewsite.Autotransplantation’stoothisbestperformedwhentherootofthedonortoothisalmostcompletelyformedbutitsapicesarestillopen.Themostcommonlyuseddonortoothforautotransplantationtofirstandsecondmolarsiteisthirdmolar.Theallogenictoothprobablywasthefirsttransplantedhumanorgan.Teethhavebeentransplantedforcenturies.Thetoothinsertedmaybeanoldreservedonewhichhasbeenextractedforalongtime,oritmaybeafreshlyextractedtoothfromanotherindividual.自體移植物（同一個(gè)口腔內(nèi)從一處到另一處的移植物）迅速轉(zhuǎn)移到新的定植部位有著較高的成功率,但經(jīng)常不擬定是否能存活。當(dāng)供體牙的牙根基本發(fā)育完畢但根尖尚未封閉時(shí)作為自體移植牙效果最佳。最常移植到第一二磨牙區(qū)的自體移植牙是第三磨牙。外源性的牙也許是最早進(jìn)行移植的人體器官。牙的移植已有幾世紀(jì)的歷史。植入的牙可以使很早以前拔除后保存下來(lái)的牙,或者是剛從另一個(gè)個(gè)體拔除的牙。4、Implantationmeanstheinsertionofanartificialtoothintoanewsocket.Acceptablematerialsmaybedividedintofourmajorcategories,suchasmetals;polymers;ceramics;andcarbon.種植術(shù)是將人工牙植入一個(gè)新的牙槽窩(生物替代品)。能植入的材料可以分為四類,比如金屬(鈦和鈷鉻合金)、聚合物、陶瓷(氧化鋁)、以及碳。5、Bonegraftsarecommonlyusedtorestorethebonedefects.Bonegraftscanbecomposedofeithercompactorcancellousbone.Compactbonetransplantsmaybeusedintheformofsolidpiecesorintheformofchips.Cancellousboneiscommonlyusedintheformofchips.Thegraftsmaybetakenfromribsoriliaccrest.骨移植片常用來(lái)修復(fù)骨缺陷。骨移植片由密質(zhì)骨或松質(zhì)骨組成。密質(zhì)骨可以整塊拿來(lái)移植也可以以碎片的形式來(lái)使用。松質(zhì)骨通常是以碎片的形式來(lái)使用。骨移植片可以從肋骨或髂嵴上獲取L141、Thethirdvisitisconcernedwithobtainingverticaldimensionandcentricrelation.Thisrelationshipisfixedandtransferredtoanarticulator.Inaddition,eccentricrelationisobtained,andthecondylarguidancepathisestablished.Duringthisvisit,itisusuallypossibletoselectanteriorteeth.第三次就診的重點(diǎn)在于獲得垂直距離及正中關(guān)系。這種關(guān)系固定后轉(zhuǎn)移到合架上。此外,還要紀(jì)錄反常的關(guān)系及髁導(dǎo)斜度。再這次就診中可選擇出前牙。2、Intheidealabutmentaproportionaterelationshipexistsbetweenthelengthsofthecrownandtheroot.Wheretherootisexcessivelyshort,eithercongenitallyorduetoresorption,itcannotfurnishthenecessarysupporttothecrownorresistancetotheforcesofmasticationdevelopedduringthevariousmovementsofthemandible.Theadditionalforcesinherentinabridgewillcausesuchteethtofailasabutments.抱負(fù)的基牙要具有成比例的冠根比。無(wú)論是由于先天性的還是再吸取導(dǎo)致的根長(zhǎng)過(guò)短的牙齒,都無(wú)法對(duì)冠提供足夠的支持,也無(wú)法抵抗頷骨各種運(yùn)動(dòng)所產(chǎn)生的咀嚼力。橋體所固有的附加應(yīng)力也會(huì)導(dǎo)致這類牙作為橋基牙時(shí)修復(fù)失敗。L161、Atypicalremovable,extensionparticaldenturewillgenerallyhavethesecomponents:oneormorebases;oneormoremajorconnectors;severalminorconnectors;twoormoredirectretainers;oneormoreindirectretainers;avaryingnumberofresinorporcelainteethorresinteethwithcastocclusalsurfacestoreplacethosemissing.Wherethedirectretainerisoftheclasptype,itwillusuallyincludeanocclusalrest,areciprocalclasparmandaretentiveclasparm.一個(gè)典型的可摘義齒應(yīng)涉及以下部分：一個(gè)或多個(gè)基托；一個(gè)或多個(gè)大連接體；一些小連接體；兩個(gè)或多個(gè)直接固位體；一個(gè)或多個(gè)間接固位體；數(shù)目不等的樹(shù)脂牙、瓷牙或者有鑄造合面的樹(shù)脂牙來(lái)替代缺失牙。當(dāng)采用卡環(huán)作為直接固位體時(shí),他通常涉及一個(gè)合支托,一個(gè)卡環(huán)對(duì)抗臂,一個(gè)卡環(huán)固位臂。2、Thebaseisamostimportantunitinthepartialdenturebecausethroughittheprincipalsupportistothegainedfromtheunderlyingridgestructure.基托是局部義齒中最重要的一個(gè)部分,由于基托得到的重要的支持來(lái)自其下方牙槽嵴。3、Sinceitpreventscervicalmovementoftheapplianceontheabutmenttheretentiveterminaloftheclaspiskeptinthedesiredpositiononthecervicallyinclinedinfrabulgesurface,andretentionismaintained.當(dāng)卡環(huán)作為直接固位體使用時(shí),作為它的一部分,必須有一個(gè)合支托。卡環(huán)的固位端被放置在頸部?jī)A斜倒凹區(qū)斜面上,并保持其固位,而合支托可以阻止裝置對(duì)基牙的頸向運(yùn)動(dòng)。4、Thethirdpartwhichmakesuptheclaspunitistheveryessentialcomponentforwhichtheclaspretainerreallywasdevised.Atleastonearmofeachclaspmustcreateresistancetoverticaldisplacement.Thisisaccomplishedbylocatingtheretentiveterminalcervicallytothetooth’sgteatesdiameter,commonlyreferredtoas“theheightofcontour”.組成卡環(huán)的第三個(gè)非常重要的部分是固位臂。每個(gè)卡環(huán)至少要有一個(gè)臂設(shè)計(jì)成抵抗垂直向脫位。.它是通過(guò)把固位末端安頓在牙齒最大直徑上實(shí)現(xiàn)的,通常被稱為外形最高點(diǎn)。L171、Aphaseofdentureprosthesiswidelypracticedatthepresenttimeistheconcentrationoftheimmediatedentires.Thistypediffersfromthecompletedenturesdescribedinthepreviouschaptersprimarilyinthattheyareconstructedandreadytobeinsertedimmediatelyaftertheremovalofallremainingnaturalteethfromeitherthemaxillaryormandibulararch.即刻義齒是現(xiàn)今廣泛應(yīng)用的一種義齒修復(fù)方式。如前幾章所述,這種形式與全口義齒最大的不同在于它是預(yù)先做好并在拔出上頜牙弓或下頜牙弓的所有天然余留牙后立即戴入。2、Forproblemcaseswhichariseafterremovalofalltheteeth,attemptsaresometimesmadebymeansofimplantsofvarioustypestoprovideadenturesupportwhichissuperiortothatprovidedbythemucoperiosteumalone.針對(duì)拔除所有牙齒后出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題,可以采用各種移植物來(lái)提供義齒的支持。這優(yōu)于單純由粘骨膜來(lái)提供支持。3、Itshouldbeappreciated,however,thattheperiodontalmembraneofthenaturaltoothisideallysuitedtogivespportagainstocclsualstresses.然而,應(yīng)當(dāng)結(jié)識(shí)到天然牙的牙周膜是可以抵抗咬合力的抱負(fù)結(jié)構(gòu)。4、Therootofanaturaltoothisthereforesuperiortoanyformofartificialimplant.Ifsuchsupportisavailable,itshouldnotbediscardedunlessoneissurethatthepatientwillbesatisfiedwithaconventionaltypeofcompletedenture,supportedentirelybythemucoperiostem.因此,天然牙的牙根也優(yōu)于任何人工的種植體。假如可以獲得這種支持,就不該放棄。除非可以擬定病人對(duì)于完全由粘骨膜支持的常規(guī)全口義齒是滿意的。5、Apartfromprovidingthepossibilityofincreasedsupportandretentionforadenture,thepresenceofsomemodifiedteethmayalsogivetothedenturewearertheadvantagesofalveolarridgepreservationandbetterintraoraldiscriminatoryability.除了為義齒提供增長(zhǎng)支持和固位的也許性,一些預(yù)備后的牙的存在也可給予戴義齒者保存牙槽嵴的優(yōu)勢(shì)和更好的口內(nèi)辨別能力。6、Theappeartobelittledoubtthatifadentureisincontactwithorattachedtoroots,thepatienthasasignificantlyincreasedabilitytodiscriminatebetweenthesizeofobjectsplacedbetweentheteethandtosensedirectionandtocontroltheamountofforceappliedtothedentureanditssupportingtissues.Thisabilityisreducedmarkedlywhenthelasttoothorrootisremovedfromthedentalarch.毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)地,假如義齒接觸或附著于牙根部,患者對(duì)于辨別放置于牙齒中的物體大小和感受方向,以及控制施加于義齒及其支持組織上的力的能力會(huì)顯著提高。當(dāng)從牙弓中移除最后一顆牙或最后一個(gè)牙根時(shí),這種能力會(huì)顯著減少。四、Xerostomia口干癥matrix基質(zhì)Alveolalgia干槽癥contraindication禁忌癥Carbonhydrate碳水化合物perikymate采用柱橫紋Pellicle薄膜glycoprotein醣蛋白Supragingival齦上的subgingival齦下的Niches小生境sulcus溝Odontoblast成牙本質(zhì)細(xì)胞fibroblast成纖維細(xì)胞Mesenchymal間質(zhì)的ischaemia缺血Granulation肉芽hyperplastic增生Calculus牙石periodontitis牙周炎Probing探查Scaling刮治術(shù)Curettage刮治RAU復(fù)發(fā)性潰瘍性口炎(Recurrentulcerativestomatitis)Anodyne鎮(zhèn)痛劑hematoma血腫Preanesthetic前驅(qū)麻醉paralyze使麻痹Elevator牙挺apicoectomy根尖切除術(shù)Cellulitis蜂窩組織炎periodontoclasia牙周潰壞Pericoronal牙冠周ecchymosis皮下瘀血Subcutaneous皮下的L9—L10Sepsis膿毒癥敗血癥sialadenitis涎腺炎Septicemia敗血病sialoductitis涎管炎Pterygomandibular翼突下頜的sialolithiasis涎石形成Parapharyngeal咽旁的excision切除Infratemporal顳下的pyemia膿血癥Retrozygomatic顴骨后的nodule小結(jié)節(jié)Thrombophlebitis血栓性靜脈炎dammed-up阻塞的Periostitis骨膜炎dilation膨脹擴(kuò)張Osteomyelitis骨髓炎hematogenous血原性的Fistula瘺管Osteoradionecrosis放射性骨壞死L91、However,ifbrawnymassiveindurationwhichpitsonpressure,presentsinfivetosevendayswithanelevationoftemperatureinspiteofantibiotictreatment,andthereisnofluctuation,thenthatspaceshouldbesurgicallyexplored.然而，盡管通過(guò)五到七天的抗菌治療，體溫仍然高溫并且某部位質(zhì)實(shí)、堅(jiān)硬呈現(xiàn)塊狀、捫診無(wú)波動(dòng)感，就需要外科手術(shù)的探查了。2、Aftertheacutesymptomshavebeensubsided,thetoothoriginallycausingthetroubleshouldbeextractedinordertoavoidrecurrenceorthepersistenceofadischargingsinus.急性癥狀緩解后，牙齒的原病灶必須要移除以免再度復(fù)發(fā)或是連續(xù)性的竇炎。L101、Manysalivarystonesaresymptomless.Itisonlywhenpartialorcompleteobstructionoccurthatsymptomsdevelop.許多涎石并不是癥狀，只有當(dāng)部分或是所有涎石變成阻塞物時(shí)候癥狀才會(huì)發(fā)展。2、Theobstructionisduetomechanicalblockagebecauseofthestones,orperiductalinfectioncausinginflammatoryedemawhichresultsintheocclusionofthelumenoftheduct.阻礙物是由于石頭的機(jī)械性阻塞或是導(dǎo)管周邊的感染導(dǎo)致炎癥性水腫使的管腔狹窄。L13—L14Prosthesis義齒修復(fù)術(shù)impression印膜Undercut倒凹gingiva牙齦Mucoperiosteum黏骨膜alginate藻酸鹽Retentive固位的articulator咬牙合架Hypertrophy肥大biterim牙合堤Depressor降肌hydrocolloid水膠體Nasalis鼻肌mastication咀嚼Buccinatoris頰肌L15Genioglossus頦舌肌abutment基牙Mentalis頦肌bridge橋Frenum系帶contraindicate禁忌Frenectomy系帶切除術(shù)monocarious單齲的Reposition復(fù)位術(shù)polycarious多齲的Ankylotomy舌系帶切除術(shù)completeveneer全覆蓋Ankyloglossia舌系帶短縮calcify鈣化Alveolectomy牙槽緣切除術(shù)margin邊沿Exostosis外生骨疣casting鑄件Malignancy惡性腫瘤grind(ground)磨Autotransplant自體移植物malpose錯(cuò)位Polymer聚合物malrelate錯(cuò)牙合Silicon硅invest包埋Raphe縫mesiodistally近中遠(yuǎn)側(cè)地Contour外形buccolingually頰舌地Creat脊rotation旋轉(zhuǎn)Alar翼etiology病因?qū)WPrognathia上頜前突esthetics美學(xué)Cancollous網(wǎng)狀骨L16Iliac查骨的connector連街體Torus隆凸porcelain瓷料Clasp卡環(huán)Resin樹(shù)脂leverage杠桿作用occlusalrest牙合支托L17Overlay覆蓋物implant移植物Hybrid混合的clench咬緊Threshold閾L131、Replantation:replantationmeansthereinsertionofatoothinthesocketfromwhichithasbeenremovedpurposelyorbyaccident.Thereplantfititssocketperfectlyandshouldenjoyahighdegreeofsuccess.再植是指牙因事故或曾經(jīng)治療故意移除重新插入牙槽。此再植體高度符合此槽以及有較高的成功率。2、Transplantation:transplantationmeanstheinsertionofanaturaltoothintothesocketofarecentlyextractedtooth.移植為使用鄰近的無(wú)用牙植到所需的自然牙的位置上。自體移植(同一個(gè)體的口腔中從這處轉(zhuǎn)植到此外一處)活絡(luò)的生存力劇有高度的成功率，取決于牙移植的時(shí)機(jī)，自體移植牙的最佳時(shí)刻是供體牙根幾乎完全形成，但根尖孔尚未閉合。最常使用自體移植牙為第三磨牙來(lái)替代第一磨牙和第二磨牙。異體牙移植大約是人類器官移植的開(kāi)端，牙移植已有數(shù)世紀(jì)的歷史，被植入的也許是被以前拔出很久時(shí)間且存放的牙或是才剛從其它個(gè)體拔出的新鮮牙。3、Implantationmeanstheinsertionofanartificialtoothintoanewsocket.Acceptablematerialsmaybedividedintofourmajorcategories,suchasmetals;polymers;ceramics;andcarbon.種植為植入人工牙到新的牙槽上?？墒褂玫牟牧戏譃樗念悾航饘?、聚合物、陶瓷和碳。L141、Thethirdvisitisconcernedwithobtainingverticaldimensionandcentricrelation.Thisrelationshipisfixedandtransferredtoanarticulator.Inaddition,eccentricrelationisobtained,andthecondylarguidancepathisestablished.Duringthisvisit,itisusuallypossibletoselectanteriorteeth.第三次的診療重要是要獲得正中關(guān)系和垂直關(guān)系的尺寸。這關(guān)系要修正以及轉(zhuǎn)移到咬合架上。此外，非正中關(guān)系和髁導(dǎo)斜度也要確認(rèn)。通過(guò)這次的療程，就可以選牙排列前牙了。L151、RootLengthofAbutment：Intheidealabutmentaproportionaterelationshipexistsbetweenthelengthsofthecrownandtheroot.Wheretherootisexcessivelyshort,eithercongenitallyorduetoresorption,itcannotfurnishthenecessarysupporttothecrownorresistancetotheforcesofmasticationdevelopedduringthevariousmovementsofthemandible.Theadditionalforcesinherentinabridgewillcausesuchteethtofailasabutments.抱負(fù)的基牙要具有成比例的冠根比，當(dāng)根的長(zhǎng)度因天生關(guān)系或是再吸取使長(zhǎng)度過(guò)短，是無(wú)法充足提供冠或固位體抵抗下頜骨發(fā)展的不同咀嚼力道。外力對(duì)牙槽脊的影響會(huì)使基牙損壞。L161、Atypicalremovable,extensionparticaldenturewillgenerallyhavethesecomponents:oneormorebases;oneormoremajorconnectors;severalminorconnectors;twoormoredirectretainers;oneormoreindirectretainers;avaryingnumberofresinorporcelainteethorresinteethwithcastocclusalsurfacestoreplacethosemissing.Wherethedirectretainerisoftheclasptype,itwillusuallyincludeanocclusalrest,areciprocalclasparmandaretentiveclasparm.經(jīng)典的局部可摘游離端義齒大體由以下部分組成：一個(gè)或多個(gè)基托；一個(gè)或多個(gè)大連接體；一些小連接體；兩個(gè)或多個(gè)直接固位體；一個(gè)或多個(gè)間接固位體；數(shù)目不同的樹(shù)脂牙或瓷牙，或者有鑄造合面的樹(shù)脂牙來(lái)替代缺失牙。以卡環(huán)作為直接固位體者，通常涉及一個(gè)合支托，一個(gè)卡環(huán)對(duì)抗臂，一個(gè)卡環(huán)固位臂。2、TheBase：Thebaseisamostimportantunitinthepartialdenturebecausethroughittheprincipalsupportistothegainedfromtheunderlyingridgestructure.基托是局部義齒中最重要的一個(gè)組成單元，由于基托得到的重要的支持來(lái)自其下方牙槽脊。3、Sinceitpreventscervicalmovementoftheapplianceontheabutmenttheretentiveterminaloftheclaspiskeptinthedesiredpositiononthecervicallyinclinedinfrabulgesurface,andretentionismaintained.卡環(huán)的固位端被放置于頸部?jī)A斜倒凹區(qū)的需要的位置，并保持其固位，而合支托可以避免基牙上的裝置的頸向移位元。4、TheRetentiveArm：Thethirdpartwhichmakesuptheclaspunitistheveryessentialcomponentforwhichtheclaspretainerreallywasdevised.Atleastonearmofeachclaspmustcreateresistancetoverticaldisplacement.Thisisaccomplishedbylocatingtheretentiveterminalcervicallytothetooth’sgteatesdiameter,commonlyreferredtoas“theheightofcontour”.固位臂：組成卡環(huán)的第三部分是十分重要的部分，這也是為什么要設(shè)計(jì)卡環(huán)固位體?？ōh(huán)至少應(yīng)有一個(gè)臂能產(chǎn)生對(duì)抗垂直方向位移的力。這通過(guò)把卡環(huán)固位端放置于牙齒直徑最大處的頸方來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)，該處通常指“外形高點(diǎn)線”。L171、Aphaseofdentureprosthesiswidelypracticedatthepresenttimeistheconcentrationoftheimmediatedentires.Thistypediffersfromthecompletedenturesdescribedinthepreviouschaptersprimarilyinthattheyareconstructedandreadytobeinsertedimmediatelyaftertheremovalofallremainingnaturalteethfromeitherthemaxillaryormandibulararch.預(yù)成義齒修復(fù)是目前義齒修復(fù)中較為廣泛使用的方式。這種方式，與之前的章節(jié)中所描述的全口修復(fù)體的區(qū)別在于，它們可以在從上頜或下頜牙弓中拔除所有的余留健康牙體之后，不久制作和戴入。L181、Forproblemcaseswhichariseafterremovalofalltheteeth,attemptsaresometimesmadebymeansofimplantsofvarioustypestoprovideadenturesupportwhichissuperiortothatprovidedbythemucoperiosteumalone.對(duì)于拔出所有牙齒所產(chǎn)生的問(wèn)題，有時(shí)可嘗試借助不同類型的移植物，來(lái)提供義齒的支持，這種方法優(yōu)于只使用粘骨膜進(jìn)行支持。2、Itshouldbeappreciated,However,thattheperiodontalmembraneofthenaturaltoothisideallysuitedtogivespportagainstocclsualstresses.這種方法更應(yīng)被選擇，但是，自然牙的牙周膜是抱負(fù)的適合對(duì)抗咬合壓力給予支持的方式。3、Therootofanaturaltoothisthereforesuperiortoanyformofartificialimplant.Ifsuchsupportisavailable,itshouldnotbediscardedunlessoneissurethatthepatientwillbesatisfiedwithaconventionaltypeofcompletedenture,supportedentirelybythemucoperiostem.自然牙的牙根因此也優(yōu)于任何形式的人造植入體。假如也許使用這種自然支持，則不應(yīng)當(dāng)放棄這種方法，除非醫(yī)生擬定患者會(huì)對(duì)一副常規(guī)的完全由粘骨膜支持的全口義齒感到滿意。五、04卷子Parapharyngeal咽旁RadiolucentX光透射Scquestrum腐骨死骨Sialogram涎管X線造影片Septicemia敗血病Pyogenic化膿性Sialolithiasis涎石病Devoid缺少的Periostitis骨膜炎Mole胎塊Sialoductitis涎管炎Nonmalignant良性的Fracture骨折Giant巨大Comminution粉碎Hyperpyrexia高熱Self-reduceHyperplasia增生Laceration撕裂Reparative修復(fù)性Biopsy切片檢查法Prosthesis義齒Infection感染Mucoperiosteum黏骨膜Space間隙Oblique傾斜句子翻譯1、Ifproperpreparationofsolution,syringes,needlesandtechnichasbeencarriedout,untowardincidentsshouldseldomoccurduringoraftertheinjectionofthelocalanesthetic.However,oneshouldbeinapositiontocopewithcomplicationsintherarecaseswhentheyarise.若藥液注射劑，針頭及技術(shù)準(zhǔn)備妥當(dāng)，在局麻注射過(guò)程中或之后都將很少出現(xiàn)，但是，醫(yī)生仍應(yīng)做好應(yīng)對(duì)罕見(jiàn)并發(fā)癥的準(zhǔn)備。2、Postoperativepainwhichthepatientexperiencesafterthesecondandthirdpostoperativedayshouldbecarefullyexamined,sincethisisnotanormalpostoperativecourse.Itiscausedbydrysocketorsharpbonespine.患者于術(shù)后二三日之后的疼痛，也許為非正常情況，需特別仔細(xì)檢查，其有也許由于干槽癥或是鋒利骨刺引起。3、Acutedento-alveolarabscess.Thisisanacutelocalizedsuppurationaboutatooth.Theinfectionmaystartinoneofthreeways:(a)periapical(b)pericemental(c)pericoronal急性牙槽膿腫，是一種牙齒急性局限性的化膿表現(xiàn)。這種感染也許由下列三種途徑引起：根尖周、牙周膜、冠周。4、Salivaryglandsmaybeinvolvedbytumors,cyst,sialadenitisfrominfection,sialoductitiswithsubsequentstricturesoftheducts.涎腺可罹患腫瘤、囊腫、感染所致的涎腺導(dǎo)管炎，及其后遺的導(dǎo)管狹窄癥。5、Thelowerjawismoreexposedtoviolenceandconsequentlyismoreoftenfracturedthananyotherfacialbone.下頜骨更加容易暴露于外界暴力中，因此比所有其它的面部骨都更經(jīng)常發(fā)生骨折。6、Thecommondiseasesofthetemporo-mandibularjointaresubluxationdislocationandankylosis.Theinfectionofthisjointisrare.普通疾病會(huì)導(dǎo)致顳下頜關(guān)節(jié)半脫位或脫臼和關(guān)節(jié)僵直是很非常少見(jiàn)的。7、Nearlyallofthetumorsandcystswhichcanariseinanypartofthebodymaybefoundinoraroundthemouth,exceptthosewhicharepeculiartocertainorgans.幾乎所有腫瘤和囊腫會(huì)發(fā)生在身體的任何部位或嘴巴周邊，除非某些特殊的腫瘤才會(huì)發(fā)生在特定的器官。8、Theobjectinundertakingsuchreparativeproceduresistherestorationoffunctionortheimprovementofappearanceorboth.Includedwithinthegroupwhichmayrequirereconstructiveproceduresarecongenitalmalformations,traumaticinjuries,deformationsduetooperationforneoplasms,destructionoftissueincidenttodisease,orthetreatmentofdisease.被用來(lái)使用修復(fù)程序的對(duì)象是為了恢復(fù)功能或是促進(jìn)美觀或是兩者兼具。包含了天生畸形、創(chuàng)傷性的傷害、腫瘤治療、去除病變的組織或是疾病的治療。9、Itincludesalsothoseoralorextraoraloperationswhichareindicatedfortherestorationoflostbone,teethortheinsertionofretentivedevicesfordentures.用來(lái)修復(fù)失骨和失牙或是義齒的固位裝置包含在口腔和口外的手術(shù)10、ThemaxillaryrightcentralandleftlateralincisorshadClass1mobility3;themaxillaryleftcentralincisorhadanoblique4fracturelinethroughthedistalportionofthecrown.上合右中切牙和左側(cè)切牙屬于1分類松動(dòng)3度;上合左中切牙在牙冠遠(yuǎn)中部分有一個(gè)斜行的骨折線11、Inthetreatmentofacuteosteomyelitisthegeneralruleistoinstituteantibiotictherapyandtosurgicallyestablishadequatedrainage.在治療急性骨髓炎時(shí),全身療法可用滴注抗生素治療,外科方法為建立開(kāi)放引流管道。12、Thelowerendoftheshortfragmentisgenerallydisplacedupwardandforwardbycontractionoftheelevatormuscles.Inaddition,Slightinwarddisplacementismorecommonthanexternaldisplacement.短部分的下部通常會(huì)由于提口肌群的收縮導(dǎo)致向上向前移位。此外,稍微向內(nèi)的移位比向外移位常見(jiàn)六、中翻英1、Conductionanesthesia(Blockanesthesia).Wheninjectedinthevicinityofanervetrunk,ananestheticsolutionpenetratesbywayoftheperineuriumintothecentralnervesubstance,inhibitingitsconductingfunction,andthusanesthetizingtheentireperipheralareassuppliedbythenerve.Conductionanesthesiaisthereforeancatheiaproducedbyeliminationoftheconductivityofthenervetrunk.Ininducinganesthesiainthismanner,itisdoubtfulwhethertheneedleoftenactuallypenetratesthenervesheath.Theinjectionismadeintheregionofthenerveandthesolutionthenisabsorbedthroughtheperineurium.阻滯麻醉(conductionanesthesia)。當(dāng)注射神經(jīng)干(trunk)的鄰近區(qū)域(vicinity)時(shí)，麻藥通過(guò)神經(jīng)莢膜穿透進(jìn)入中央神經(jīng)胞質(zhì)(centralnervesubstance)，阻止(inhibit)其傳導(dǎo)功能，從而麻醉由此神經(jīng)支配的整個(gè)外周(peripheral)區(qū)域。所以阻滯麻醉通過(guò)減少神經(jīng)干傳導(dǎo)性而產(chǎn)生的麻醉效果。使用這種方式麻醉，不擬定針頭是否事實(shí)上時(shí)常穿過(guò)神經(jīng)鞘(sheath)。注射在神經(jīng)分布的區(qū)域內(nèi)進(jìn)行，然后藥液通過(guò)神經(jīng)鞘膜吸取。2、Animpactedthirdmolarmaypressagainstthecrownofthesecondmolarandcausedecayofthetooth,oritselfbecomestheseatofcariesaroundthepointofcontact.Itmayals