新編簡明英語語言學(xué)教程Chapter-seman課件

Chapter5：

Semantics

語義學(xué)

1Chapter5：

Semantics----thestudyoflanguagemeaning.語義學(xué)是對語言意義的研究。Meaningiscentraltothestudyofcommunication.意義是研究交際的核心內(nèi)容。Whatismeaning?----Scholarsunderdifferentscientificbackgroundshavedifferentunderstandingsoflanguagemeaning.

2Semantics----thestudyoflangSomeviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning

Namingtheory(Plato)命名論

Theconceptualistview概念論Contextualism(Bloomfield)語境論Behaviorism行為主義論3SomeviewsconcerningthestudNamingtheory(Plato)命名論Wordsarenamesorlabelsforthings.詞語只是代表物體的名字或標記。Limitations:1)Applicabletonounsonly.2)Therearenounswhichdenotethingsthatdonotexistintherealworld,e.g.ghost,dragon,unicorn,phenix…3)Therearenounsthatdonotrefertophysicalobjectsbutabstractnotions,e.g.joy,impulse,hatred…4Namingtheory(Plato)命名論WordsTheconceptualistview概念論Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto(i.e.betweenlanguageandtherealworld);rather,intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.

語言學(xué)形式和所指之間（即語言和現(xiàn)實世界之間）沒有直接聯(lián)系；而在對意義的解釋中，形式和所指是通過思維概念彼此聯(lián)系。5Theconceptualistview概念論TheOgdenandRichards:semantictriangle

奧格登和理查茲的語義三角Symbol/form（符號/形式）word/phrase/sentenceReferent（所指）objectintheworldofexperienceThought/reference（concept）（思想/指稱）6OgdenandRichards:semantictTheTheoryofReferenceWords→Meaning:Words‘name’or‘referto’things

--PlatonicWords→Concepts→Things:Ogden&Richardsthought/concept/imagesymbolizes

referstosymbolreferent(word)standsfor(object)7TheTheoryofReferenceWords→airplane88Thesymbolorawordsignifies“things”byvirtueoftheconceptassociatedwiththeformofthewordinthemindsofthespeakerofthelanguage;andtheconceptlookedatfromthispointofviewisthemeaningofthe

word.

用符號或單詞表示物體是通過言語者思維中單詞的形式與概念聯(lián)系起來實現(xiàn)的。從這個觀點看，概念就是單詞的意義。OgdenandRichards:semantictriangle

奧格登和理查茲的語義三角9ThesymbolorawordsignifiesContextualism

(語境論)

Meaningshouldbestudiedintermsofsituation,use,context—elementscloselylinkedwithlanguagebehavior.意義應(yīng)當(dāng)從場景,運用,語境這些與語言行為緊密相聯(lián)的成分的角度來進行研究.Twotypesofcontextsarerecognized:Situationalcontext;linguisticsituation場景語境和語言語境10Contextualism(語境論)MeaningshLinguisticcontext:sometimesknownasco-text,isconcernedwiththeprobabilityofaword’sco-occurrenceorcollocationwithanotherword,andalsowiththepartoftextthatprecedesandfollowsaparticularutterance.語言語境有時也稱為互文,它所涉及的是一個詞與另一個詞共現(xiàn)或搭配構(gòu)成該詞的部分意義的可能性,而且語境也涉及某一特定話語之前和之后的語境部分.11Linguisticcontext:sometimesForexample,“black”inblackhair&blackcoffee,orblacksheepdiffersinmeaning;“ThepresidentoftheUnitedStates”canmeaneitherthepresidentorpresidencyindifferentsituation.Thesealcouldnotbefound.12Forexample,“black”inblackBehaviorism

(行為主義論)

Behavioristsattemptedtodefinemeaningas“thesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer”.在特定情境下,說話人的話語在聽話人身上引起的反應(yīng).ThestoryofJackandJill:JillJackS_________r--------s_________R13Behaviorism(行為主義論)BehaviorisLexicalmeaning

詞匯意義Senseandreferencearebothconcernedwiththestudyofwordmeaning.Theyaretworelatedbutdifferentaspectsofmeaning.意義和指稱是在詞義研究中經(jīng)常遇到的兩個術(shù)語.它們是意義的兩個相關(guān)但不相同的方面.14Lexicalmeaning詞匯意義SenseandSense----isconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;itisabstractandde-contextualized.Itistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersareinterestedin.意義指的是語言形式的內(nèi)在意義.它是語言形式所有特征的集合,是抽象的,而且與語境無關(guān),是詞典編纂者所感興趣的方面.15Sense----isconcernedwiththReference----whatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.指稱意指語言形式在現(xiàn)實的物質(zhì)世界中所指的事物;它涉及的是語言成分和非語言的經(jīng)驗世界之間的關(guān)系.16Reference----whatalinguisticNote:Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations;ontheotherhand,therearealsooccasions,whenlinguisticformswiththesamereferencemightdifferinsense,e.g.the

morningstar

andtheeveningstar,

Venus

金星/啟明星:在西邊時是eveningstar

在東邊時是morningstar

risingsuninthemorningandthesunsetatdusk.

17Note:LinguisticformshavingtMajorsenserelations

主要的意義關(guān)系

Synonymy同義Antonymy反義Polysemy一詞多義Homonymy同音異義Hyponymy下義關(guān)系18Majorsenserelations

主要的意義關(guān)系Synonymy

同義現(xiàn)象Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.同義現(xiàn)象是指意義的相同或極為相近.意義相近的詞稱為同義詞1)Dialectalsynonyms(方言同義詞)----synonymsusedindifferentregionaldialects,e.g.autumn-fall,biscuit-cracker,petrol–gasoline…

19Synonymy同義現(xiàn)象Synonymyreferstbuy/purchasethrifty/economical/stingyautumn/fallflat/apartmenttube/underground2)Stylisticsynonyms

(文體同義詞)----synonymsdifferinginstyle,e.g.kid,child,offspring;start,begin,commence;…20buy/purchase20Synonymy3)Synonymsthatdifferintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning,e.g.collaborator-accomplice,…情感和評價意義不同的同義詞4)Collocationalsynonyms(搭配同義詞),

e.g.accuse…of,charge…with,rebuke…for;…5)Semanticallydifferentsynonyms,e.g.amaze,astound,…

語義不同的同義詞

21Synonymy3)SynonymsthatdiffPolysemy多義現(xiàn)象Polysemy----thesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning,e.g.“table”maymean:ApieceoffurnitureAllthepeopleseatedatatableThefoodthatisputonatableAthinflatpieceofstone,metalwood,etc.Orderlyarrangementoffacts,figures,etc.……

22Polysemy多義現(xiàn)象Polysemy----thesHomonymy

同音異義Homonymy----thephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,e.g.differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.同音異義是指不同意義的詞擁有相同的形式,即不同的詞在發(fā)音或者拼寫上一樣,或者兩者都一樣.Homophone(同音異義詞)----whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,e.g.rain-reign,night/knight,…23Homonymy同音異義Homonymy----theHomogragh(同形異義詞)----whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling,e.g.tear(n.)-tear(v.),lead(n.)-lead(v.),…Completehomonym(完全同音異義詞)----whentwowordsareidenticalinbothsoundandspelling,e.g.ball,bank,watch,scale,fast,…24Homogragh(同形異義詞)----whentwoNote:

Apolysemicwordistheresultoftheevolutionoftheprimarymeaningoftheword(theetymologyoftheword);whilecompletehomonymsareoftenbroughtintobeingbycoincidence.

一個多義詞是其基本意義（詞源）發(fā)展的結(jié)果，它的各種意義在某種程度上是相互關(guān)聯(lián)的。25Note:ApolysemicwordistheHyponymy下義關(guān)系Hyponymy----thesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.下義關(guān)系指的是一個更普遍,范圍更廣泛的詞和一個更具體的詞之間的關(guān)系.Superordinate:thewordwhichismoregeneralinmeaning.意義上更普遍的那個詞稱為上坐標詞.Hyponyms:thewordwhichismorespecificinmeaning.意義更具體的詞稱為下義詞.26Hyponymy下義關(guān)系Hyponymy----thesCo-hyponyms:hyponymsofthesamesuperordinate.在同一個上坐標詞的下義詞稱為并列下義詞.27Co-hyponyms:hyponymsofthesHyponymy下義關(guān)系Superordinate

上坐標詞:flowerHyponyms

下義詞:rose,tulip,lily,chrysanthemum,peony,narcissus,…Superordinate

上坐標詞:furnitureHyponyms

下義詞:bed,table,desk,dresser,wardrobe,sofa,…28Hyponymy下義關(guān)系Superordinate上坐標

Animal

birdfishinsectanimal

humananimal

tigerlionelephant...29Animal

birdfishInclusiveness包含關(guān)系A(chǔ)isincludedin/akindofB.Cf.:chairandfurniture,roseandflowerSuperordinate/hypernym:themoregeneraltermHyponym:themorespecifictermCo-hyponyms:membersofthesameclass30Inclusiveness包含關(guān)系30Antonymy(反義詞)Gradableantonyms(等級/級差反義詞)----thereareoftenintermediateformsbetweenthetwomembersofapair,e.g.old-young,hot-cold,tall-short,…

31Antonymy(反義詞)GradableantonymsGradableantonymygood-----------------------badlong-----------------------shortbig-----------------------smallCanbemodifiedbyadverbsofdegreelikevery.Canhavecomparativeforms.Canbeaskedwithhow.32Gradableantonymygood-------Complementaryantonyms

(互補反義詞)

Complementaryantonyms

(互補反義詞)

----thedenialofonememberofthepairimpliestheassertionoftheother,e.g.alive-dead,male-female,…一對互補反義詞是以對一方的否定就是對另一方的肯定為特征.33Complementaryantonyms(互補反義詞)Complementaryantonymyalive:deadmale:femalepresent:absentinnocent:guiltyodd:evenpass:failboy:girlhit:miss34Complementaryantonymyalive:Relationalopposites

(關(guān)系反義詞)----exhibitsthereversaloftherelationshipbetweenthetwoitems.表示兩個詞之間關(guān)系顛倒的成對詞.e.g.husband-wife,father-son,doctor-patient,buy-sell,let-rent,employer-employee,give-receive,above-below,…35Relationalopposites(關(guān)系反義詞)-Converseantonymy(關(guān)系反義詞)

buy:selllend:borrowgive:receiveparent:childhusband:wifeteacher:studentabove:belowbefore:afterhost:guestemployer:employee36Converseantonymy(關(guān)系反義詞)buySenserelationsbetweensentences

句子之間的意義關(guān)系

(1)

XissynonymouswithY(X與Y同義)(2)

XisinconsistentwithY(X與Y不一致)(3)

XentailsY(X蘊含Y)(4)

XpresupposesY(X預(yù)設(shè)Y)(5)

Xisacontradiction(X自我矛盾)(6)

Xissemanticallyanomalous(X語義反常)37SenserelationsbetweensentenXissynonymouswithY

(X與Y同義)X:Hewasabachelorallhislife.Y:Henevergotmarriedallhislife.X:Theboykilledthecat.Y:Thecatwaskilledbytheboy.IfXistrue,Yistrue;ifXisfalse,Yisfalse.38XissynonymouswithY(X與Y同義)XisinconsistentwithY

(X與Y不一致)X:Heissingle.Y:Hehasawife.X:ThisismyfirstvisittoBeijing.Y:IhavebeentoBeijingtwice.IfXistrue,Yisfalse;ifXisfalse,Yistrue.39XisinconsistentwithY(X與Y不XentailsY

(X蘊含于Y)X:Johnmarriedablondheiress.Y:Johnmarriedablond.X:MarryhasbeentoBeijing.Y:MarryhasbeentoChina.Entailmentisarelationofinclusion.IfXentailsY,thenthemeaningofXisincludedinY.IfXistrue,Yisnecessarilytrue;ifXisfalse,Ymaybetrueorfalse.40XentailsY(X蘊含于Y)X:JohnmarXpresupposesY

(X預(yù)設(shè)Y)X:Hisbikeneedsrepairing.Y:Hehasabike.Paulhasgivenupsmoking.Pauloncesmoked.IfXistrue,Ymustbetrue;IfXisfalse,Yisstilltrue.41XpresupposesY(X預(yù)設(shè)Y)X:Hisb

Xisacontradiction

(X自我矛盾)*Myunmarriedsisterismarriedtoabachelor.*Theorphan’sparentsareprettywell-off.42

Xisacontradiction(X自我矛盾)Xissemanticallyanomalous

(X語義反常)*Themanispregnant.*Thetablehasbadintentions.*Sincerityshakeshandswiththeblackapple.43Xissemanticallyanomalous

(Analysisofmeaning

意義分析Componentialanalysis

(成分分析)Predicationanalysis

(述謂結(jié)構(gòu)分析)44Analysisofmeaning意義分析ComponComponentialanalysis

成分分析Componentialanalysis----awaytoanalyzelexicalmeaning.Theapproachisbasedonthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.

成分分析法是由結(jié)構(gòu)語義學(xué)家提出的分析詞義的方法.這個理論是基于這樣一個信念:一個詞的意義能被分解成被稱為語義特征的意義成分.45Componentialanalysis

成分分析CompForexample:Man:[+HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE]Boy:[+HUMAN,-ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE]Woman:[+HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,-MALE]Girl:[+HUMAN,-ADULT,+ANIMATE,-MALE]46Forexample:46Animalwords47Animalwords47Domesticanimals48Domesticanimals48Englishmotionverbs49Englishmotionverbs49Morecomplexonesfather:PARENT(x,y)&MALE(x)xisaparentofy,andxismale.take:CAUSE(x,(HAVE(x,y)))xcausesxtohavey.give:CAUSE(x,(~HAVE(x,y)))xcausesxnottohavey.50Morecomplexonesfather:PARENPredicationanalysis

述謂結(jié)構(gòu)分析1)

Themeaningofasentenceisnottobeworkedoutbyaddingupallthemeaningsofitscomponentwords,首先,句子意義并不是它所有成分意義的總和.e.g“Thedogbitestheman”issemanticallydifferentfrom“Themanbitesthedog”thoughtheircomponentsareexactlythesame.51Predicationanalysis

述謂結(jié)構(gòu)分析1)

Thecatischasingthemouse.Themouseischasingthecat.Ihavereadthatbook.ThatbookIhaveread.ThedaughterofQueenElizabeth’ssonisthesonofQueenElizabeth’sdaughter.52Thecatischasingthemouse.52)

Therearetwoaspectstosentencemeaning:grammaticalmeaningandsemanticmeaning,其次,句子的意義包括語法意義和語義意義兩個方面.532)

Therearetwoaspectstosee.g.*Greencloudsaresleepingfuriously.*Sincerityshookhandswiththeblackapple.Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbyrulescalledselectionalrestrictions

(選擇限制規(guī)則)(constraintsonwhatlexicalitemscangowithwhatother).

54e.g.54Predicationanalysis

述謂結(jié)構(gòu)分析Predicationanalysis----awaytoanalyzesente