國(guó)立臺(tái)北科技大學(xué)工業(yè)工程與管理系

梁曉帆教育部實(shí)驗(yàn)室安全衛(wèi)生研習(xí)人因工程學(xué)I

人因工程定義背景介紹：人因工程背景介紹

背景介紹個(gè)人意外發(fā)生程序模型暴露於危害狀態(tài)危害的感知危害的認(rèn)知決定避免避免的能力安全的行為不安全的行為機(jī)會(huì)機(jī)會(huì)意外沒(méi)有意外否否否否是是是是感應(yīng)能力、感知能力、警醒狀況等經(jīng)驗(yàn)、訓(xùn)練、心智能力、記憶能力等經(jīng)驗(yàn)、訓(xùn)練、態(tài)度、動(dòng)機(jī)、冒險(xiǎn)程度、個(gè)性等人體計(jì)測(cè)、生物力學(xué)、運(yùn)動(dòng)能力等(Ramsey,1985)危害的感知人類接收外界訊息的管道:

危害的感知視覺(jué)系統(tǒng)概述視覺(jué)系統(tǒng)概述刺激原：光線能夠刺激眼睛的視網(wǎng)膜而產(chǎn)生視覺(jué)的輻射能可見(jiàn)光譜380~780nanometer光線的強(qiáng)度光源光強(qiáng)度(LuminousIntensity)，單位：燭光(Candela,cd)光通量(LuminousFlux)，單位：流明(Lumen,lm)放射至物體表面照度(Illumination)，單位：呎燭光(Footcandle,fc[lm/ft2])照度(Illuminance)，單位：勒克斯(Lux,lx[lm/m2])反射亮度(Luminance)，單位：呎朗伯(Footlambert,fL[lm/ft2])；cd/m2反射比(Reflectance)視覺(jué)系統(tǒng)概述CIE色彩圖根據(jù)三原色(RGB)繪製人類所能感受的所有顏色Munsell色錐以色調(diào)、飽和度與明度來(lái)描述顏色視覺(jué)系統(tǒng)概述接收系統(tǒng)：眼睛與視覺(jué)神經(jīng)物體反射的光線角膜(Cornea)水樣液(AqueousHumor)瞳孔(Pupil)水晶體(Lens)[折射]玻璃液(VitreousHumor)網(wǎng)膜(Retina)網(wǎng)膜(Retina)錐狀細(xì)胞(Cone)分佈：集中在中央小窩(Fovea)附近特性：視銳度高、能辨色彩，但需在光線充足的情況下作用桿狀細(xì)胞(Rod)分佈：網(wǎng)膜的四周特性：視銳度低、只能辨別黑白，但可在光線不足的情況下作用視覺(jué)系統(tǒng)概述物體大小視角物體細(xì)節(jié)視銳度(VisualAcuity)眼睛能夠分辨物體細(xì)節(jié)的能力=1/視角衡量方法：最小可判離敏銳度(MinimumSeparableAcuity)物體對(duì)比對(duì)比敏感度(ContrastSensitivity)景深感知經(jīng)驗(yàn)法則Light:WavelengthLight:IntensityBrightness:SubjectiveexperienceofvisualintensityCIEcolorspaceBasedonhumancolorperceptionRGB(red,green,blue)Allcolorsthatcanbehumanlyperceivedcanbeplottedwithinthisspace.Theareawithinthetrianglerepresentsthecolorsthatcanbedisplayedbyatypicaltelevisionmonitor.The"+"indicatesthe"whitepoint"ofthemonitor.x=X/(X+Y+Z)y=Y/(X+Y+Z)Munsell’scolordimensionsEye:TheRetinaEye:RodsandConesEye:RodsandConesObjectsize:VisualangleForvisualanglesislessthan10degrees:VA:VisualAngleH:HeightoftheobjectD:Distance(1minuteofarc:1/60of1degree)Objectdetail:VisualacuityVisualacuity=MeasurementsMinimumseparableacuityGeneralmeasurementofsmallestdetaildetectableVernieracuityArelinesaligned?LandoltringIsthegapinaringdetectable?SnellenacuityMeasurementofdetailrevolvedat20ft.(6m.)20/20ContrastsensitivityModulationcontrast(C)Lmax:ThemaximumluminanceLmin:TheminimumluminanceThresholdcontrast(CM)TheminimumamountofcontrastthatcanjustbedetectedContrastSensitivity(CS)ThereciprocalofthethresholdcontrastInfluencesonContrastSensitivitySpatialfrequency(cycles/degree)Mostsensitivearound2-4cycles/degreeContrastBlackprintongrayThelevelofilluminationofthestimulusReadingmapinpoorlightEyeitselfAgeDynamicenvironmentMotionDepthperception:Top-downprocessingLinearperspectiveConvergingofparallellines(theroad)RelativesizeTwotrucksInterpositionTwobuildingsLightandshadingLocation&3-DTexturalgradientsTheconefieldRelativemotionDistantobjectSmallermovement危害的感知聽(tīng)覺(jué)系統(tǒng)與其他感覺(jué)系統(tǒng)概述聽(tīng)覺(jué)系統(tǒng)與其他感覺(jué)系統(tǒng)概述刺激原：聲音能夠刺激耳朵而產(chǎn)生聽(tīng)覺(jué)的振動(dòng)波頻率每秒鐘壓力變化的週期次數(shù)，單位：赫(Hertz,Hz)強(qiáng)度聲壓水準(zhǔn)(SoundPressureLevel,SPL)SPL(dB)=20log(P1/P2)P1andP2:Pressures複合音位置聽(tīng)覺(jué)系統(tǒng)與其他感覺(jué)系統(tǒng)概述接收系統(tǒng)：耳朵外耳、中耳以及內(nèi)耳響度(Loudness)強(qiáng)度0db=Apuretoneof1,000Hzat20microNewtons/m2音調(diào)(Pitch)頻率20~20000Hz音色(Timbre)複合音感知位置位置EarLoudnessandpitchPsychophysicalscalingLoudness(Sone)1sone=theloudnessofa40dbtoneof1000HzLoudnessapproximatelydoubleswitheach10dbincreaseinsoundintensityLoudnessandpitch(Cont.)FrequencyinfluenceRange:20to20000HzMostsensitivetosoundsofaround4000HzEqualloudnesscontours(phon)1phon=1dbofloudnessofa1000Hztone40phons=1sone50phons=2sones60phones=4sones30phones=0.5sonesMaskingPrinciplesfordesignTheminimumintensitydifferencenecessarytoensurethatasoundcanbeheardisaround15dbabovethemask.Soundstendtobemaskedmostbysoundsinacriticalfrequencybandsurroundingthesoundthatismasked.Low-pitchsoundsmaskhigh-pitchsoundsmorethantheconverse.聽(tīng)覺(jué)系統(tǒng)與其他感覺(jué)系統(tǒng)概述觸覺(jué)/膚覺(jué)鍵盤、手套、盲人點(diǎn)字、虛擬實(shí)境等肢體位置的感覺(jué)(Proprioception)與肢體移動(dòng)的感覺(jué)(Kinesthesis)搖桿、滑鼠、方向盤等前庭(平衡)感覺(jué)(Vestibularsense)空間迷向(Spatialdisorientation)動(dòng)暈癥(Motionsickness)感知的一般原理由上而下(Top-down)與由下而上(Bottom-up)程序Top-downWhatshouldbethere經(jīng)驗(yàn)、知識(shí)、預(yù)期心理Bottom-upWhatisthere感應(yīng)訊號(hào)偵檢理論(SignalDetectionTheory,SDT)敏感度Bottom-up操作者行為Top-down感知的一般原理辨別(Discrimination)相似程度絕對(duì)判斷(AbsoluteJudgment)Vs.相對(duì)判斷(Relative

Judgment)Bottom-upvs.Top-downProcessingExperienceStimulusWorldKnowledge(expectanciesanddesires)ThesensesPerceptionBottom-upProcessingTop-downProcessingWhatisthereWhatshouldbethereDetectionSignalDetectionTheory(SDT)DiscriminatesignalsfromnoiseDiscriminationJudgmentofdifferencesbetweentwosourcesofinformationthatarepresentAbsolutejudgmentJudgmentoftheabsolutevalueofavariablesignaledbyacodedstimulus危害的認(rèn)知與避免的決定人類之認(rèn)知與決策概述危害的認(rèn)知與避免的決定資訊程序模型(InformationProcessingModel)接收資訊、處理資訊與回應(yīng)資訊工作記憶(WorkingMemory)容量(Capacity)：72chunks時(shí)間(Time)：半衰期(Halflife)3chunks:7seconds1chunk:70seconds注意力(Attention)相似度(Similarity)bandd危害的認(rèn)知與避免的決定資訊程序模型(InformationProcessingModel)長(zhǎng)期記憶(Long-termMemory)物件記憶強(qiáng)度頻率(Frequency)與新近度(Recency)物件記憶聯(lián)結(jié)(Association)物件之間相互的聯(lián)結(jié)遺忘：指數(shù)曲線低頻率(Frequency)與新近度(Recency)低聯(lián)結(jié)(Association)干擾的聯(lián)結(jié)(InterferingAssociations)資訊的組織(OrganizationofInformation)語(yǔ)意網(wǎng)路(SemanticNetworks)基模(Schemas)心智模式(MentalModel)危害的認(rèn)知與避免的決定決策模型(DecisionMakingModel)線索之接收與整合(Cuereceptionandintegration)AttentiontolimitednumberofcuesCueprimacyInattentiontolatercuesCuesalienceOverweightingofunreliablecues假設(shè)之產(chǎn)生(Hypothesisgeneration)AlimitednumberofhypothesesaregeneratedAvailabilityheuristicRepresentativenessheuristicOverconfidence危害的認(rèn)知與避免的決定決策模型(DecisionMakingModel)假設(shè)之評(píng)估與選擇(Hypothesisevaluationandselection)CognitivefixationConfirmationalbias行動(dòng)之產(chǎn)生與選擇(Generatingandselectingactions)RetrieveasmallnumberofactionsAvailabilityheuristicforactionAvailabilityofpossibleoutcomes危害的認(rèn)知與避免的決定決策模型(DecisionMakingModel)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估低估vs.高估Known-UnknownUnderstood-NotunderstoodCommon-UncommonMundane-DramaticLittlemediacoverage-MuchmediacoverageNoncontrovertial-ControvertialMeincontrol-YouincontrolVoluntary-NonvoluntaryFunrisks-WorkrisksFewinjuries/events-Manyinjuries/eventsSensoryperception-UnabletosenseBenignexperience-Hurtfulexperience(Buys,1982)InformationprocessingmodelModelHumanProcessor(Card,MoranandNewell,1983)ProcessorsPerceptualProcessor(Cycletime:100[50~200]msec.)CognitiveProcessor(Cycletime:70[25~170]msec.)MotorProcessor(Cycletime:70[30~100]msec.)Simplereaction:Cycletime:240[105~470]msec.MemoriesVisualImageStore(Decaytime:200[70~1000]msec.;Capacity:17[7~17]letters)AuditoryImageStore(Decaytime:1500[900~3500]msec.;Capacity:5[4.4~6.2]letters)WorkingMemory(Decaytime:withoutattention:7[5~226]msec.,1chunk:73[73~226]msec.,3chunks:7[5~34]msec.;Capacity:3[2.5~4.1]chunks,7[5~9]chunks)Long-TermMemory(Decaytime:;Capacity:)Chunking:於認(rèn)知過(guò)程中,個(gè)人組織訊息成有意義之單位(Miller,1956):72(5~9)chunksExample:TREECATDOGvs.TREECATDOGLong-termmemory:SemanticnetworksLong-termmemory:SchemasDecisionmakingmodelInformation-processingframeworkCuereceptionandintegrationHypothesisgenerationHypothesisevaluationandselectionGeneratingandselectingactions避免的能力人體計(jì)測(cè)與生物力學(xué)概述避免的能力人體的差異年齡、性別、種族、職業(yè)、世代、暫時(shí)的每日變化等人體計(jì)測(cè)資料庫(kù)軍方與民間臺(tái)灣地區(qū)勞工人體計(jì)測(cè)資料庫(kù)本資料庫(kù)所量測(cè)到的人體計(jì)測(cè)資料包含為動(dòng)態(tài)尺寸42項(xiàng)以及靜態(tài)尺寸266項(xiàng)兩大類，將所有的尺寸彙總後共有308項(xiàng)。目前樣本數(shù)1200筆，樣本背景以勞工為主。靜態(tài)資料庫(kù)量測(cè)人體靜止時(shí)之維度(如身高、肩寬等)動(dòng)態(tài)資料庫(kù)量測(cè)人體工作時(shí)之維度(如站立時(shí)右手可及之區(qū)域等)工作站設(shè)計(jì)AnthropometricdataMeasurementdevicesandmethodsMartin’santhropometricinstrumentsMoranttechnique(gridsystem)PhotographicmethodsDigitalhumanmodelingGeneralprinciplesforwork-spacedesign(Cont.)VisibilityandnormallineofsightNormallineofsightThepreferreddirectionofgazewhentheeyesareatarestingconditionAbout10to15belowthehorizontalplaneVisualdisplayshouldbeplacedwithin15inradiusaroundthenormallineofsightGeneralprinciplesforwork-spacedesign(Cont.)ComponentarrangementFrequencyofuseprincipleImportanceprincipleSequenceofuseprincipleConsistencyprincipleControl-displaycompatibilityprincipleofco-locationClutter-avoidanceprincipleFunctional-groupingprincipleDesignofstandingandseatedworkareasChoicebetweenstandingandseatedworkareasAnalysisofjobcomponentsWorksurfaceheightGeneralrulesofthumbStandingworkingheightsat5to10cmbelowelbowlevelSeatedworkingheightsatelbowlevelWorksurfacedepthNormalworkareaThehorizontalareacoveredbyasweepoftheforearmwithoutextendingtheupperarmMaximumworkareaThehorizontalareacoveredbyasweepofthearmbyextendingthearmfromtheshoulderWorksurfaceinclinationSlightlyslantedsurfaces(about15)shouldbeusedforreading避免的能力骨骼肌肉系統(tǒng)連結(jié)組織關(guān)節(jié)生物力學(xué)模型牛頓力學(xué)三定律下背抬舉模型NIOSH抬舉準(zhǔn)則座椅設(shè)計(jì)ThemusculoskeletalsystemFunctionsTosupportandprotectthebodyandbodypartsTomaintainpostureandproducebodymovementTogenerateheatandmaintainbodytemperatureBones206bonesProtectinternalorgans(e.g.,skullandtheribcage)Supportbodymovement(e.g.,longbonesoftheupperandlowerextremities)Themusculoskeletalsystem(Cont.)ConnectivetissuesTendons(肌腱)TransmittheforcesexertedbythemusclestotheattachedbonesLigaments(韌帶)ConnectthearticularextremitiesofbonesandhelpstabilizethearticulationsofbonesatjointsCartilage(軟骨)AtranslucentelastictissueFascia(筋膜)CoversbodystructuresandseparatesthemfromeachotherThemusculoskeletalsystem(Cont.)JointsSynovialjoints(滑液關(guān)節(jié))NotissueexistsbetweenthehighlylubricatedjointsurfacesFibrousjoints(纖維關(guān)節(jié))SuchasthoseconnectingthebonesoftheskullthroughfibroustissuesCartilaginousjoints(軟骨關(guān)節(jié))SuchasthosebridgingvertebralbonesandintervertebraldiscsThemusculoskeletalsystem(Cont.)TypesofmovementallowedNo-mobilityjointsDonotsupportmovement(e.g.,theseamsintheskullofanadult)HingejointsPermitmotioninonlyoneplane(e.g.,elbow)PivotjointsAllow2degreesoffreedominmovement(e.g.,wrist)Ball-and-socketjointsAllow3degreesoffreedominmovement(e.g.,thehipandshoulder)Biomechanicalmodels3Newton’slawsSingle-segmentplanar(2-D)staticmodelW=mgW:Weightofobject(N)m:themassofobject(kg)g:thegravitationalacceleration(9.8m/s2)Won-each-hand=(20kg9.8m/s2)/2=98N(forcesattheelbow)=0-16N-98N+Relbow=0;Relbow=114N(momentsattheelbow)=0-16N(0.18m)-98N(0.36m)+Melbow=0;Melbow=38,16N-mLow-backproblemsLow-backbiomechanicsoflifting(momentsattheL5/S1disc)=0Fback-muscle5cm=Wloadh+Wtorsob(forcesattheL5/S1disc)=0Fcompression=(Wload+Wtorso)

Cos+Fback-muscleNIOSHliftingguideBiomechanicsCriterionforthecompressiveforceattheL5/S1disc=3.4kNPhysiologyThelimitofmaximumenergyexpenditureforalifting=2.2to4.7kcal/minPsychophysicsThemaximum-acceptable-weight-of-lift=theacceptableliftingcapacityofabout99%ofmaleworkersand75%offemaleworkers(about90%ofa50-50mixed-sexworkingpopulation)NIOSHliftingguide(Cont.)NIOSHliftingguide(Cont.)AnexampleH=16”V=44”D=18”A=80F=3lifts/minC:GoodcouplingJobduration:8hrs/dayWeightlifted=15lbsRWL=510.6250.8950.920.7440.551.0=10.74(lbs)LI=15/10.74=1.40NIOSHliftingguide(Cont.)Manualmaterialhandling1991NIOSHliftingequationJobanalysistoolSevenmajorparametersindesigningworkplacesanddevicesformaterialhandlingMaterialhandlingdevices(MHDs)Materialhandlingdevices(Cont.)NIOSHliftingguide(Cont.)SeatedworkandchairdesignLordosis(前彎)vs.kyphosis(後彎

)ChairdesignBackrest:110-120LumbarsupportArmrestsTiltableandcushionedseatsurfaceAdjustedseatheightOthersAdequatelegspaceRegularbreaksUpper-extremitycumulativetraumadisordersTermsCumulativetraumadisorders(CTDs,累積性傷害)

RepetitiveStrainInjuries(RSIs)CommonformsofCTDTendon-relatedCTDTendonitis(肌腱炎)Tenosynovitis(腱鞘炎)Neuritis(神經(jīng)炎)NervedamageIschemia(缺血)TissueanemiaBursitis(滑液囊炎)InflammationofabursaUpper-extremityCTDs(Cont.)FingersHandandwristElbowShoulder梁曉帆教育部實(shí)驗(yàn)室安全衛(wèi)生研習(xí)人因工程學(xué)II

個(gè)人意外發(fā)生程序模型暴露於危害狀態(tài)危害的感知危害的認(rèn)知決定避免避免的能力安全的行為不安全的行為機(jī)會(huì)機(jī)會(huì)意外沒(méi)有意外否否否否是是是是感應(yīng)能力、感知能力、警醒狀況等經(jīng)驗(yàn)、訓(xùn)練、心智能力、記憶能力等經(jīng)驗(yàn)、訓(xùn)練、態(tài)度、動(dòng)機(jī)、冒險(xiǎn)程度、個(gè)性等人體計(jì)測(cè)、生物力學(xué)、運(yùn)動(dòng)能力等(Ramsey,1985)定義危害(Hazard)有可能造成災(zāi)害(受傷或死亡)的狀態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(Risk)造成災(zāi)害(受傷或死亡)的機(jī)率或可能性危險(xiǎn)(Danger)危害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)91年全產(chǎn)業(yè)職業(yè)災(zāi)害統(tǒng)計(jì)：災(zāi)害類型91年全產(chǎn)業(yè)職業(yè)災(zāi)害統(tǒng)計(jì)：受傷部位相關(guān)單位勞工安全衛(wèi)生研究所民國(guó)81年8月勞工安全衛(wèi)生研究所成立。勞工安全衛(wèi)生研究所為隸屬行政院勞工委員會(huì)之研究機(jī)構(gòu)，其主要任務(wù)為運(yùn)用科學(xué)技術(shù)，調(diào)查、分析工作環(huán)境中的各種危害因子，並進(jìn)而提出改善對(duì)策。中華民國(guó)人因工程學(xué)會(huì)緣起：人因工程在國(guó)內(nèi)有系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展，大約是從民國(guó)七十三年，國(guó)科會(huì)邀請(qǐng)國(guó)內(nèi)人因工程小組，討論它的發(fā)展方向開(kāi)始的，經(jīng)過(guò)好幾次會(huì)議的熱烈討論，才確定了『人因工程』的中文名稱和它的發(fā)展方向（之前的中文譯名不一，如『人體工學(xué)』、『人類工程學(xué)』、『人類因素學(xué)』等），從那時(shí)起，人因工程就是國(guó)科會(huì)工程處在工業(yè)工程方面的一個(gè)發(fā)展重點(diǎn)；而中華民人因工程學(xué)會(huì)是民國(guó)八十一年七月間，由國(guó)內(nèi)各大教授及研究機(jī)構(gòu)相關(guān)人員提議成立，以整合國(guó)內(nèi)人因工程人力資源，共同合作提升國(guó)內(nèi)人因工程學(xué)術(shù)研究及相關(guān)技術(shù)水準(zhǔn)，並促進(jìn)國(guó)際相關(guān)研究之交流。提議之後，獲得學(xué)術(shù)界、教育界、及產(chǎn)業(yè)界人士的支持，經(jīng)七個(gè)月的籌備，於八十二年二月十四日在新竹國(guó)立清華大學(xué)成立，共有一百六十餘位會(huì)員參加成立大會(huì)。相關(guān)單位中華民國(guó)人因工程學(xué)會(huì)發(fā)展：在過(guò)去的幾年期間，國(guó)內(nèi)人因工程的專業(yè)人才漸漸增多，人因工程的研究推廣每年都有令人滿意成果與成長(zhǎng)，原來(lái)主要由國(guó)科會(huì)支持的研究推廣工作，近年來(lái)也陸續(xù)擴(kuò)展到其他相關(guān)政府機(jī)構(gòu)，如：勞委會(huì)、原委會(huì)、交通部、經(jīng)濟(jì)部等，民間產(chǎn)業(yè)在這方面的需求也日漸增多，國(guó)科會(huì)在工程處中正式成立了工業(yè)工程學(xué)門，人因工程也被列為五個(gè)子學(xué)門之一，可以顯示出它的重要性與潛力，另外在國(guó)科會(huì)生物處的範(fàn)圍內(nèi)，在醫(yī)學(xué)工程在生物力學(xué)、殘障輔助設(shè)施、復(fù)健等方面，也需要人因工程的配合支持。安全與意外防治危害因子(Hazardfactors)危害確認(rèn)方法(Hazardidentificationmethods)危害控制方法(Hazardcontrolmethods)危害因子任務(wù)相關(guān)項(xiàng)目人員年齡、能力、經(jīng)驗(yàn)、用藥與酒精、性別、壓力、警醒與疲勞、動(dòng)機(jī)、易錯(cuò)性等工作警醒與疲勞、物理工作負(fù)荷、心理工作負(fù)荷、休息週期、輪班、步調(diào)、程序等設(shè)備與工具控制與顯示、電危害、機(jī)械危害、熱危害、壓力危害、有毒物質(zhì)、爆裂危害、組件失效等危害因子環(huán)境物理環(huán)境照明、噪音、振動(dòng)、溫度、溼度、懸浮粒子、火災(zāi)危害、輻射危害、跌倒等社會(huì)/心理環(huán)境管理方法、社會(huì)常規(guī)、士氣、訓(xùn)練、誘因危害確認(rèn)方法危害評(píng)估矩陣(HazardAssessmentMatrix,MIL-STD-882B)初步危害分析(PreliminaryHazardsAnalysis)失效模式及效應(yīng)分析(FailureModesandEffectsAnalysis,FMEA)失誤樹(shù)分析(FaultTreeAnalysis)HazardidentificationandcontrolHazardcriticalityandriskMIL-STD-882BFrequencySeverityCatastrophicCriticalMarginalNegligibleFrequent13713Probable25916Occasional461118Remote8101419Improbable12151720Hazardidentificationandcontrol(Cont.)HazardidentificationPreliminaryhazardsanalysisEvaluatethecombinationsoftaskactions,potentialusers,andenvironmentstodevelopalistofthemostobvioushazardsthatwillbeassociatedwithasystemSpecifythecauseofeachhazardandthemostlikelyeffectonthesystemEstimatethelikelihoodthatanaccidentwouldoccurastheresultofthehazardandtheseverityoftheconsequencesListpotentialcorrectivemeasuresforeachhazardFailuremodesandeffectscriticalityanalysis(FMECA)IncludehazardcriticalityoftheeffectandforeseeablemisuseinFMEAComponentssubsystemssystemFaulttreeanalysisWorkdowntoidentifyallpossiblecausesoftheeventEventcauses危害控制方法「以物就人」消除危害改變程序或設(shè)計(jì)人機(jī)介面：顯示與控制設(shè)計(jì)有毒材料改為無(wú)毒材料尖角改為圓角降低危害降低危害嚴(yán)重性與發(fā)生機(jī)率備份(Redundancy)失效範(fàn)圍控制提供安全設(shè)施SafeguardsFail-safedevices危害控制方法「以人就物」提供警告標(biāo)示SignalwordDanger:AnimmediatehazardthatwouldlikelyresultinsevereinjuryordeathWarning:HazardsthatcouldresultinpersonalinjuriesordeathCaution:HazardsorunsafepracticesthatcouldresultinminorpersonalinjuryorpropertydamageDescriptionofhazardConsequencesassociatedwithhazardBehaviorneededtoavoidthehazard提供安全程序(人員訓(xùn)練)提供個(gè)人保護(hù)裝備行政管理控制或法規(guī)maxliang@.twPerceptualprinciplesMakedisplayslegible(oraudible)Avoidabsolute