Department-of-Sustainable-Development可持續(xù)發(fā)展部教學(xué)課件

DepartmentofSustainableDevelopment可持續(xù)發(fā)展部幽默來自智慧，惡語來自無能DepartmentofSustainableDevelopment可持續(xù)發(fā)展部DepartmentofSustainableDevelopment可持續(xù)發(fā)展部幽默來自智慧，惡語來自無能EnergySecurityfor

EconomicDevelopmentin

LatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanMarkLambridesDepartmentofSustainableDevelopmentOrganizationofAmericanStates(OAS)PresentationOutlineIntroductiontoEnergyIssuesinLACReviewofEnergyStatisticsSeveralStrategiestoAddressEnergySectorChallengesOAS/DSDEnergyProgramsGeneralAssemblySpecialThemeWhataresomeofthekeychallengesassociatedwiththeenergysector?RuralelectrificationGridextensionvs.household/communitysystems(solar,dieselgeneration…)Povertyalleviation(householdpollution/safety,community/agriculturalapplications)Whataresomeofthekeychallengesassociatedwiththeenergysector?TransportationissuesReliabilityandcostoffuelsuppliesAdequateroadsandothermodesoftransportBio-fuels(andotheralternatives)Whataresomeofthekeychallengesassociatedwiththeenergysector?EnvironmentLocalpollutants(smog/othereffluents;image)Global-ClimateChange(mitigationbyreducingcarbonemissions;vulnerabilityissues)GeographyTheregionhassignificantenergyresources,butunevendistributionWidevariationinconsumptionpatterns(economicvariances)HighlyurbanizedregionSummary–VarietyofconcernspertainingtotheenergysectorinLACLACCountriesfacewidevarietyofconcerns:Energyresourcesupply/securityHighenergyprice/importcostsRuralpoverty/urbanmigrationUrban/householdpollutionClimatechangevulnerability/adaptationClimatechangemitigationpressuresEnergyresourcemanagementALLcanbenefitfromenergyefficiency/savingsSummaryofkeychallenges:ECONOMICDEVELOPMENTANDENERGYSECURITYComparisonbetweenEnergyuseandEconomicDevelopmentOverviewoftheEnergySectorinLACLACprimaryenergygrowthrate2002-2003:3.11%peryear(OLADE)Duringthisdecade,LACwillrequirea50%increaseinitsinstalledcapacity,morethan90GWApproximately10%ofthetotalpopulationinLACdoesnothaveaccesstoelectricity~50millionpeople(Between20%and90%oftheruralpopulationinLACdoesnothaveaccesstoelectricity)OverviewoftheEnergySectorinLACEnergyDemandinLAC(excludingMexico),2004-20300100200300400500600700800900200420152030YearMtoeOtherRenewablesBiomassandWasteHydroNuclearGasOilCoalOverviewoftheEnergySectorinLACSource:IEAPrincipalCharacteristicsoftheElectricitySectorinLAC-SupplyandDemandGeneralizationsregardingthegenerationofelectricityinLACLatinAmerica:Electricitygenerationdominatedbylargescalehydropower,naturalgas,andoil/dieselCaribbean:Almostexclusivelyoil/dieselgenerator(importedoil)

ElectricityOverview:BrazilPercentageofElectricityGenerationpersourceTotalElectricityGeneration37912GWh(2004)Source:MinistryofEnergyandMines2004PetroleumDerivatives10,2%Hydro32,2%Biomasse32,9%MineralCoal1,2%NaturalGas12,1%IndustrialGas11,4%ElectricityOverview:MexicoMexico:CapacitybySource(MW)

ElectricityGenerationPortfolio:CentralAmericaInstalledCapacityinCentralAmerica(MW)

Source:EconomicCommissionforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean–ECLAC:IstmoCentroamericano:ResumendelaEstadísticaEléctrica,Dataupdatedin2004,Mexico,September2005.ElectricityGenerationPortfolio:CaribbeanInstalledCapacityintheCaribbean(MW)ElectricityGenerationPortfolio:

DominicanRepublicOver80%ofelectricityandalmost100%oftransportationreliesonimportedfuels(approximately54.32Mbarrelsperyear).Highcostofelectricityduetohighcostsofpetroleum(consumerpriceisUS$0.2586/KWh).Limitedconnectivity:Only66%hasaccesstoelectricityinruralareas.Only60%oftotalpopulationof8.5Mislegallyconnected.

ElectricityMarketPolicies–Regionalgeneralizations

LatinAmerica:“Competitivemarkets”unbundledG,TandD;IndependentPowerProducers(IPPs);PowerPurchaseAgreements(PPAs);andSpotMarketsCaribbean:VerticalMonopolies,Electricitypoliciesguaranteerateofreturnforutilities.

StrategiestoAddressEnergySecurityandDevelopmentChallengesEnergyresourcesdiversificationInterconnections/CooperationbetweencountriesEnergysavingsEnergyresourcesdiversificationExpandportfolioofelectricityfuels/resources(renewables,fossilfuels,nuclear)Diversifytransportationfueloptions(i.e.biofuelsBrazil;hybridvehiclesUSA)DiversifysourcesoffossilfuelsuppliesStrategiestoAddressEnergySecurityandDevelopmentChallengesInterconnections/CooperationamongcountriesLinkpowergrids(i.e.SIEPACinCentralAmerica;US-Mexico;SouthAmericaninterconnections)Linkfuelsupplylines(i.e.NaturalgaspipelinesBolivia/Brazil/Argentina;PetroCaribe“virtualconnection”)Harmonizationofpolicies,regulations,codes&standardsStrategiestoAddressEnergySecurityandDevelopmentChallengesEnergySavingsDemandSideManagement(DSM)Programs(i.e.Mexico’sCONAE/FIDE)Commercialefficiencyprograms(i.e.CaribbeanHotelAssociationEfficiencyProgram)Improvetransportationsystems(roads,publictransport,efficiencystandards)StrategiestoAddressEnergySecurityandDevelopmentChallengesElectricityMarketPolicies–RenewableEnergyPoliciesBrazil–PROINFA:3.3GWofRE[biomasse,smallscalehydroandwind(1,100MWeach)];andspecialREinvestmentfundArgentina–Lawregulatingandpromotingbiofuels.Createsinstitutionalframeworkandestablishesa5%mixofbiofuelorbioethanolChile–2006GovernmentprogramtoincreaseREelectricitygenerationby15%before2010ElectricityMarketPolicies–RenewableEnergyPoliciesMexico:InDecember2005thelowerchamberapprovedtherenewableslaw(LAFRE);Goal2012-12%

ofgenerationnationwide.Guatemala:REIncentiveLaw(2003)St.Lucia:SustainableEnergyPlanBarbados:SolarhotwaterheatingtaxincentivesSustainableEnergyPolicyAssistanceRenewableEnergyTechnical/ResourceAssistanceInformation/knowledgemanagement&hemisphericenergypartnershipsIncreaseAccesstoSourcesofFinancingOAS/DSDSustainableEnergyPrograms(RenewableEnergyintheAmerica–REIA)OAS/DSDSustainableEnergyPrograms(RenewableEnergyintheAmerica–REIA)SustainableEnergyPolicyAssistanceSustainableEnergyPolicyInitiative(Capacitybuilding)GuatemalaRenewableEnergyIncentiveLawSustainableEnergyPlans(St.Lucia,Dominica,St.Kitts&Nevis,Grenada)Mexico(REregulations)OAS/DSDSustainableEnergyPrograms(RenewableEnergyintheAmerica–REIA)RenewableEnergyTechnical/ResourceAssistanceBio-EnergyFeasibilityStudy(St.Kitts&Nevis)CaribbeanBasinBioenergyInitiative(concept)EasternCaribbeanGeothermalDevelopmentProject(Dominica,St.Lucia,St.Kitts&Nevis)RuralSchoolsElectrificationProgram[linktoFEMCIDI](Honduras,ElSalvador,Guatemala)AndeanRegionGeothermalWorkshop(Chile,Argentina,Bolivia,Peru,Ecuador)SolarandWindEnergyResourceAssessment(CentralAmerica–UNEP)OAS/DSDSustainableEnergyPrograms(RenewableEnergyintheAmerica–REIA)Knowledge/InformationManagement&HemisphericEnergyPartnershipsRenewableEnergyandEnergyEfficiencyPartnership(REEEP)–OAS/DSDservesasLACTechnicalSecretariatGlobalVillageEnergyPartnership(GVEP)–OAS/DSDorganizedhemisphericconferenceandprovidesTAIncreaseAccesstoSourcesofFinancingCooperatewiththeIADBSustainableEnerg