道路工程材料教學(xué)課件Road Engineering Materials ch5

RoadEngineeringMaterials

道路工程材料CollegeofAutomobileandTrafficEngineering汽車與交通學(xué)院QingdaoTechnologicalUniversity青島理工大學(xué)Ch5BituminousMaterials5.1Typesofasphalt5.2Petroleumasphalt5.3Propertiesofasphalt5.4Asphaltgrades5.5Sprayapplications5.6Testing5.1TypesofasphaltBitumenisasolid，semisolid，orviscouscementitiousmaterial，naturalormanufactured，andcomposedprincipallyofvariousmixturesofcomplexhydrocarbons(烴,碳?xì)浠衔?.FeaturesofbitumenCompletelysolubleincarbondisulfide(CS2)NonvolatileNontoxicSoftenwhenheated瀝青分類瀝青材料分為地瀝青和焦油瀝青兩大類。地瀝青又分為天然瀝青和石油瀝青天然瀝青是石油滲出地表經(jīng)長期暴露和蒸發(fā)后的殘留物；石油瀝青是將精制加工石油所殘余的渣油，經(jīng)適當(dāng)?shù)墓に囂幚砗蟮玫降漠a(chǎn)品。焦油瀝青是煤、木材等有機(jī)物干餾加工所得的焦油經(jīng)再加工后的產(chǎn)品。工程中采用的瀝青絕大多數(shù)是石油瀝青，石油瀝青是復(fù)雜的碳?xì)浠衔锱c其非金屬衍生物組成的混合物。通常瀝青閃點(diǎn)在240℃~330℃之間，燃點(diǎn)比閃點(diǎn)約高3℃~6℃度，因此施工溫度應(yīng)控制在閃點(diǎn)以下。地瀝青石油瀝青瀝青膏焦油瀝青焦油天然瀝青天然瀝青巖石瀝青乳化瀝青稀釋(石油)瀝青氧化瀝青慢凝中凝快凝瀝青（烴,碳?xì)浠衔铮︰sesofbituminousmaterialsBitumenspossessanumberofpropertiesthatmakethemusefulintheconstructionabilitytoadheretosolidparticlesimpermeabilityorwaterresistanceUsesofbituminousmaterialsroadwayspavementsmanyconstructionproductssuchasroofingfelt,caulkingcompound,waterproofingcompounds,wallboard,buildingpaper,paints,etc.waterproofcoatingsforwallsandbelow-gradestructures．5.1.1TarsandpitchesTars,alongwithpitches,aretheproductsofdistillationofmaterialssuchaswood,coal,andshale.Whenthesematerialsundergodestructivedistillation,theresultingcondensate冷凝物

istar．Furtherprocessingyieldsasolidorsemisolidresidueknownaspitch．Tar焦油Generallyby-productofcoke(fromcoal)productionWhencoalisheatedincokeovens,itisreducedtocoke.Thegases(vaporizedoils)generatedduringtheprocessarecollectedfromtheovenandrefined.Thedistillationoflighteroilsproducestar.焦油是煤炭在焦化過程中產(chǎn)生的。其產(chǎn)量約占裝爐煤的3%~4%，在常溫常壓下其產(chǎn)品呈黑色粘稠液狀，密度通常在0.95-1.10g/cm3之間，焦油又稱煤焦油。Tarpitches焦油瀝青Tarpitchesareusedforbuilt-uproofingandwaterproofingofundergroundandabovegroundconstructionsuchasfoundations，retainingwalls，dams，andbridges．Abovegroundstructuresexperiencegreatfluctuationsinenvironmentalconditions，andwaterproofingcompoundsshouldbeabletowithstandthesechangeswithoutbecomingbrittleortoosoft．5.1.2AsphaltsAsphaltsarecementitiousmaterialsinwhichthepredominantconstituentmaterialsarebitumens.NaturaldepositsorpetroleumasphaltTheconsistencyofasphaltsvarieswidelyfromsolidtosemisolidatnormaltemperatureThenaturaldepositsofasphaltsareoftwotypes：NaturalrockasphaltsDepositsofsandstoneorlimestonefilledwithasphaltsNativeasphaltsorlakeasphaltsLakeTrinidad特立尼達(dá)島，WestIndies(a110-acrelakecontainingabout40percentbitumenmixedwithwater,finesiliceoussilt,clay,andorganicmatter);Bermudez，Venezuela(lakeasphaltcontainingabout65percentbitumen)TrinidadLakeAsphalt特立尼達(dá)島

特立尼達(dá)和多巴哥的主島。與委內(nèi)瑞拉東北部海岸相望，最近處僅11公里。面積4，828平方公里。人口101.6萬（1980）。1532年起淪為西班牙殖民地，后被英、荷、法侵占，1802年成為英國殖民地。1962年獨(dú)立后成為該國領(lǐng)土的主要部分。島上北部、中部、南部有三條大致東西向的低山脈，最高峰為北部山脈的阿里波山（940米）。向南地勢降低，大部分地方為不超過150米的低平原。沿海多沼澤。熱帶氣候，炎熱潮濕，有干季。河流短促、經(jīng)濟(jì)以石油工業(yè)為主。南部石油帶（面積約2，000平方公里）及沿海大陸架富藏石油和天然氣，西南部有聞名世界的瀝青湖。煉油能力超過開采能力，主要煉油中心和石油輸出港是皮埃爾角、福廷角和拉布雷阿，均在西南部帕里亞灣岸。農(nóng)作區(qū)主要分布在中部平原，甘蔗為傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)作物。

5.2PetroleumasphaltPetroleumasphaltsareclassifiedintofourtypes：AsphaltcementsCutbackasphaltsEmulsifiedasphaltsAir-blownasphaltsUsagesofpetroleumasphaltsPetroleumasphaltsareusedinconstructionofflexiblepavementsroofconstruction(asphaltshingles,rolledroofing,andbuilt-uproofing),forinsulation(electricalinsulationandbuildingpaper)waterproofing(sprays,paints,andbituminousfabrics)canalliningsealsubgradesagainstthemigrationofwaterJointseals5.2PetroleumasphaltPetroleumasphaltsareclassifiedintofourtypes：AsphaltcementsCutbackasphaltsEmulsifiedasphaltsAir-blownasphalts5.2.1AsphaltCementAsphaltcementisverystickyandhighlyviscous,especiallypreparedwiththequalityandconsistencyrequiredinthemanufactureofasphaltpavements(hot-mixpavements).Itisobtainedafterseparationoflubricatingoilsfromcrudepetroleum.

PropertiesofasphaltcementItpossessesexcellentbindingpropertiesandadheresverywelltoaggregateparticles.whenusedinpavementconstructionitisnecessarytoheatboththeasphaltcementandtheaggregatespriortomixing．superiorwaterproofqualitiesPavementbuiltusingpavingasphaltiswaterproofandresistanttomanytypesofchemicalattack.5.2PetroleumasphaltPetroleumasphaltsareclassifiedintofourtypes：AsphaltcementsCutbackasphaltsEmulsifiedasphaltsAir-blownasphalts5.2.2CutbackAsphaltsTwotypesofasphaltareavailableinliquidform:cutbackasphaltemulsifiedasphaltCutbackasphalt----isasphaltcementthatisliquefiedbyblendingwithpetroleumsolvents(calleddiluents).CutbackasphaltaredividedintothreetypesSlow-curingMedium-curingRapid-curingSlow-curingcutbackasphaltSlow-curingcutbackasphaltisasphaltcementblendedwithoilsoflowvolatility，suchasdieseloil柴油.Itsviscosityvalueislowandithardensveryslowly.Itisusedforcoldlaidpavementbases.Medium-curingcutbackasphaltMedium-curingcutbackasphaltisobtainedbyblendingasphaltcementwithkerosene-煤油typediluentsofmediumvolatility.Ithardensfasterthantheslow-curingandslowerthantherapid-curingtype.Usedforcold-laidpavementbases(plantmixedandmixedinplace)andsurfacetreatmentsRapid-curingcutbackasphaltRapid-curingcutbackasphaltisasphaltcementblendedwithnaphthaorgasoline-汽油typediluentsofhighvolatility.Thediluentsinrapid-curingasphaltevaporatequickly.Usedprimarilyinmixed-in-placepavementmixesandsurfacetreatments.5.2PetroleumasphaltPetroleumasphaltsareclassifiedintofourtypes：AsphaltcementsCutbackasphaltsEmulsifiedasphaltsAir-blownasphalts5.2.3EmulsifiedAsphaltEmulsifiedasphaltiscomposedofasphaltcementandwaterthatcontainsasmallamountofanemulsifyingagent．Soapswater-solublechemicalsfineclay乳化瀝青乳化瀝青是將通常高溫使用的道路瀝青，經(jīng)過機(jī)械攪拌和化學(xué)穩(wěn)定的方法（乳化），擴(kuò)散到水中而液化成常溫下粘度很低、流動性很好的一種道路建筑材料?？梢猿厥褂?，且可以和冷的和潮濕的石料一起使用。當(dāng)乳化瀝青破乳凝固時(shí)--還原為連續(xù)的瀝青并且水分完全排除掉，道路材料的最終強(qiáng)度才能形成。、在眾多的道路建設(shè)應(yīng)用中，乳化瀝青提供了一種比熱瀝青更為安全、節(jié)能和環(huán)保的系統(tǒng)，因?yàn)檫@種工藝避免了高溫操作、加熱和有害排放。乳化瀝青主要用于道路的升級與養(yǎng)護(hù)，如石屑封層，還有多種獨(dú)特的、其它瀝青材料不可替代的應(yīng)用，如冷拌料、稀漿封層。乳化瀝青亦可用于新建道路施工，如粘層油、透層油等。

advantagesofemulsifiedasphaltemulsifiedasphaltcanbeappliedduringdampweatherandwithaggregatesthatarecoldorhot．thequantityofmaterialsappliediscontrolledautomaticallybecauseanyexcess(water)willdrainintothesubgrade．savingenergyTheuseofemulsifiedasphaltalsoeliminatestheuseoffuelrequiredtoheatanddrytheaggregatesintheasphaltcementmixturesreducesenergyrequirementsthroughreductionoreliminationofpetroleumdistillatesusedincutbackasphalts.disadvantageofemulsifiedasphaltpollutionbecausetheasphaltissuspendedinwater,itissusceptibletobeingwashedoffaroadsurfacebyrainwaterifnotsufficientlycured.Theunbrokenemulsionsmaybecarriedintostreams,causinggroundcontamination.5.2PetroleumasphaltPetroleumasphaltsareclassifiedintofourtypes：AsphaltcementsCutbackasphaltsEmulsifiedasphaltsAir-blownasphalts5.2.4BlownAsphaltBlownasphaltisobtainedbyblowingairthroughthesemisolidresidueobtainedduringthelaterstagesofthedistillationprocess．PropertiesrelativelyfirminconsistencyDuctileweatherresistantandcanwithstandtemperaturechangesverywell．UsagesofBlownasphaltsBlownasphaltsuseinthemanufactureroofingmaterialswaterproofpaintsjointfillers(forconcretepavements)undersealingold，rigidpavementsmineralrubber5.3PropertiesofAsphaltandTestingPropertiesofasphaltorasphalticmaterialare：Adhesion粘附性Consistency稠度Specificgravity比重Durability耐久性Rateofcuring凝結(jié)速率Ductility延度Agingandhardening老化及硬化Resistancetoreactionwithwater水敏感性Temperaturesusceptibility感溫性PropertiesofAsphalt5.3.1Consistency5.3.2Specificgravity5.3.3Durability5.3.4Ductility5.3.5Temperaturesusceptibility5.3.1ConsistencyConsistencymeasuresthedegreeoffluidityorplasticityofasphaltcementatanyparticulartemperature．IndexViscosity粘度Penetration針入度ViscosityAttemperaturesbetween70-150°C，asphaltbehavesasaviscousliquid．Below70°C，thebehaviorcanbedescribedaslinearlyviscoelastic.Belowabout-20°C，asphaltbecomesaweakandbrittleelasticsolid.ViscosityofasphaltViscosityViscosityisameasureoftheresistancetoflowandisthefundamentalconsistencymeasurementinabsoluteunits．TypesofViscosityAbsoluteviscosityKinematicviscosityEquationofViscosityItisexpressedastheratioofshearstresstoshearrate.Attemperaturesabove150°C，theratioisconstant;Whenthetemperaturedecreases,theratioofshearstresstoshearratefluctuates.shearstressshearrateViscosity絕對黏度：當(dāng)瀝青層間的速度變化梯度（即剪變率）為一個(gè)單位時(shí)，每單位體積上受到的內(nèi)摩阻力。取一對相互平行的平面，在平面之間分布有一層瀝青薄膜，薄膜與平面的吸附力遠(yuǎn)大于薄膜內(nèi)部膠團(tuán)之間的作用力。當(dāng)下層平面固定時(shí)，外力作用與頂層平面并發(fā)生位移，則按牛頓定律可得到如下方程：F=ηAv/dF——移動頂層平面的力A——瀝青薄膜層的面積V——層頂發(fā)生位移的速度D——瀝青膜的厚度η——瀝青的內(nèi)摩擦系數(shù)（反映瀝青黏滯性的系數(shù)，即絕對黏度）令Τ=F/A，η=v/d，即得到AbsoluteviscosityAbsoluteviscosity(alsocalledcoefficientofviscosity)----isoftenusedtomeasuretheresistancetoflowofaliquid．Itmeasurestheratiobetweentheappliedshearstressandtherateofshear.UnitofabsoluteviscosityPa·s=10Poise泊poise(P):cgs=1g/(cm·s)KinematicviscosityKinematicviscosityisdefinedastheratiobetweentheviscosityandthedensityoftheliquid.expressedinmm2/s,cm2/sorm2/s.1Stoke斯托克

=1cm2/s1centistoke(cSt)=1mm2/s，iscustomarilyused.Viscositytest瀝青的黏度隨著溫度而變化，變化的幅度很大，因此需要采用不同的儀器和方法來測定。VacuumcapillarytubeviscometerCapillarytubeviscometerVacuumcapillarytubeviscometer

為了測定60℃時(shí)候的黏度分級，國際上普遍采用真空減壓毛細(xì)管粘度計(jì)測定起動力粘度。

Capillarytubeviscometer

在施工溫度135℃下，常采用毛細(xì)管法測定其“運(yùn)動粘度”PenetrationTestIn1888,H.C.BowenoftheBarberAsphaltPavingCompanyinventedtheforerunnertothepenetrationtest,theBowenPenetrationMachine.ThebasicprinciplewastodeterminethedepthtowhichatruncatedNo.2sewingneedlepenetratedanasphaltsampleunderspecifiedconditionsofload,timeandtemperature.

BasicprocedureofpenetrationTestMeltandcooltheasphaltbindersampleundercontrolledconditions.Measurethepenetrationofastandardneedleintotheasphaltbindersampleunderthefollowingconditions:Load=100gramsTemperature=25℃Time=5secondsThedepthofpenetrationismeasuredinunitsof0.1mm(e.g.,iftheneedlepenetrates8mm,theasphaltpenetrationnumberis80).

針入度儀自動針入度儀標(biāo)準(zhǔn)黏度試驗(yàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)黏度試驗(yàn)SofteningPoint軟化點(diǎn)Thesofteningpoint——isdefinedasthetemperatureatwhichabitumensamplecannolongersupporttheweightofa3.5gsteelball.

PropertiesofAsphalt5.3.1Consistency5.3.2Specificgravity5.3.3Durability5.3.4Ductility5.3.5TemperaturesusceptibilityDefinition:RatioofthemassofasphaltatagiventemperaturetothemassofanequalvolumeofwateratthesametemperatureTestPycnometermethodTemperaturespecified(25°Cor15°C)UseMixdesignanalysis5.3.2SpecificgravitySpecificgravitySpecificgravityvaluesPetroleumasphalts0.95-1.05.Roadtars1.08-1.24.Specificgravitydecreaseswithincreasingtemperature．a(chǎn)sphaltcementhasaspecificgravityof1.0atatemperatureof15°C;0.9187at149°C;1.0176at-12°C.PropertiesofAsphalt5.3.1Consistency5.3.2Specificgravity5.3.3Durability5.3.4Ductility5.3.5Temperaturesusceptibility5.3.3DurabilityDurability----canbedefinedasthepropertythatpermitsapavementmaterialtowithstandthedetrimentaleffectsofmoisture，air，andtemperature．ReasonsofagehardeningOxidation:thereactionofoxygenwiththeasphaltbinder.Volatilization:theevaporationofthelighterconstituentsofasphaltbinder.DurabilityAffectedfactorsofanasphalticpavementdurabilitymixdesignpropertiesofaggregatesworkmanshippropertiesoftheasphalt

Measurementofdurabilitythin—filmoventestrollingthin-filmoventestPurposeTosubjectasphalttohardeningconditionsapproximatingthosethatoccurinnormalHMAbatchplantoperationsTestForceddraftoven(325°F)（163℃）Rotatingshelf(5-6RPM)1/8inchfilmofasphaltheatedinpansTime:5hoursWeightlossdetermined(%)ViscosityorpenetrationofTFOTresiduemeasuredThinFilmOvenTest（TFOT）薄膜烘箱試驗(yàn)將50g瀝青試樣放入不銹鋼盛樣皿（內(nèi)徑140mm，深9.5-10mm）內(nèi)，使瀝青成為厚約3.2mm的瀝青薄膜。瀝青薄膜在163±1℃的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)薄膜加熱烘箱加熱5h后，取出冷卻，測量其質(zhì)量損失，并按照規(guī)定方法測定殘留物的針入度、黏度、延度等技術(shù)指標(biāo)。PurposeTosubjectasphalttohardeningconditionsapproximatingthoseth