語法專題第四部分

考點(diǎn)一 定語從句Ⅰ.語法填空考點(diǎn)聚焦考向1 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句I’dskippednearbyGuilin，adreamplacefortouristsseekingthelimestonemountaintopsanddark waters of the Li River arepictured by artists in somany Chinesepaintings.(2015全國·Ⅰ)答案

that/which解析

考查定語從句關(guān)系代詞的用法。先行詞為指物的

mountaintopsanddarkwaters，關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語，因此答案為

that/which?？枷?/p>

2

“介詞＋

whom/which”或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句1．Whenharvestcamearound，hewasalreadysellingherbs，vegetablesandcottoninthemarketpeoplefromthetownsmetregularly.(2015 廣東) ·答案 where解析 根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以判斷，在這里應(yīng)填關(guān)系詞來引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語從句，修飾表地點(diǎn)的先行詞themarket，故填關(guān)系副詞where。2．Behindhimwereotherpeopleto hewastryingtotalk，butaftersomeminutestheywalkedawayandsatnearme，lookingannoyed.(2011廣東·)答案 whom解析 此處是一個(gè)定語從句，缺少關(guān)系代詞，因?yàn)橄刃性~為 otherpeople，指的是人，而且與介詞to連用，所以填 whom?？枷? 關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句1．ButmyconnectionwithpandasgoesbacktomydaysonaTV showinthemid-1980s,IwasthefirstWesternTVreporterpermittedtofilmaspecialunitcaringforpandasrescuedfromstarvationinthewild.(2016 全國Ⅰ)·答案 when解析 考查定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。先行詞是表示時(shí)間的 themid-1980s，且從句中缺少狀語，故填關(guān)系副詞when。2．SomepeoplethinkthatthegreatChinesescholarConfucius，livedfromroughly551to479B．C.，influencedthedevelopmentofchopsticks.(2016全國Ⅲ)·答案who解析考查定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。后面是非限制性定語從句，先行詞指人，且在從句中作主語，故填who。3．Ofcoursewhenevertheyturnedtolookathim，theyhadtolookatMary，madeherfeellikeastar.(2012廣東)·答案which解析 由逗號(hào)可知此處是一個(gè)非限制性定語從句，修飾前面整個(gè)句子所表述的內(nèi)容，故用which引導(dǎo)。Ⅱ.短文改錯(cuò)考點(diǎn)聚焦 (每小題1處錯(cuò)誤)考向1限制性定語從句中關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的誤用what或whatIcookedwereMom’sfavorite.(2016四川·)Thedisheswhich/that解析句法錯(cuò)誤。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，dishes后跟的是定語從句，what不能引導(dǎo)定語從句，應(yīng)用that/which引導(dǎo)。引導(dǎo)詞在定語從句中作cooked的賓語，可以省略，因此也可以把what刪除。考向2非限制性定語從句中關(guān)系代詞的誤用thatHavingteainthelateafternoonprovidesabridgebetweenlunchanddinner，whichmightnotbeserveduntil8o’clockatnight.(2013新課標(biāo)·全國Ⅱ)解析

考查定語從句。

which

可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，

that不可?？枷?/p>

3

“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞 ”的錯(cuò)用、多余或遺漏1．Third，weshouldfindwaystoreusethewaterusedinwashing，especiallybathwaterforwhichisquitealot，andthatwillsavemuchwater.(2012 大綱全國Ⅱ·)解析此處考查which引導(dǎo)的定語從句，which在從句中作主語，從句是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)，句子成分齊全，for在此處多余，故應(yīng)刪除。who2．There，Katiawillintroducemetosomeofherfriends

，oneof

whom

hasbeentoChinaseveraltimes.Ijustcan’twait.(2011

重慶·)解析

考查非限制性定語從句中

“代詞＋

of＋關(guān)系代詞”，因關(guān)系詞指人，并且作

of

的賓語，只能用

whom，不能用 who?？键c(diǎn)二

名詞性從句Ⅰ.語法填空考點(diǎn)聚焦考向1 賓語從句中的連接詞1．Asnaturalarchitects，thePuebloIndiansfiguredoutexactly

thicktheadobewallsneededtobetomakethecycleworkonmostdays.(2015

全國Ⅱ)

·答案

how解析 分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知， 這是一個(gè)賓語從句。 根據(jù)形容詞 thick及結(jié)構(gòu)可知，這里的意思是印第安人要算出土坯墻的確切厚度?？崭窈鬄樾稳菰~，因此空格上應(yīng)用副詞，故填 how。2．Ididn’tunderstand

thiswouldhappenandmycreditcardhadalreadybeenchargedforthereservation.(2014

廣東)

·答案

why解析 考查賓語從句中的連接詞。 “我”不知道/不明白 會(huì)發(fā)生這樣的事情。 不明白的一定是原因，故用 why引導(dǎo)。3．Thenewboylookedattheteacherforafewsecondsandalltheotherstudentswonderedtheboywoulddo.(2012廣東·)答案what解析所填詞引導(dǎo)賓語從句，同時(shí)在從句中作do的賓語，故填what?？枷?主語從句中的連接詞(近幾年未考)考向3表語從句中的連接詞(近幾年未考)考向4同位語從句中的連接詞(近幾年未考)Ⅱ.短文改錯(cuò)考點(diǎn)聚焦 (每小題1處錯(cuò)誤)考向1 連接詞的錯(cuò)用that1．Myuncleistheownerofarestaurantcloseto whereIlive.(2016全國·Ⅰ)解析

考查賓語從句的連接詞。由句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，介詞

to

之后為賓語從句，而賓語從句中缺少地點(diǎn)狀語。故用

where引導(dǎo)。2．Afterlookingatthetoyforsometime

，heturnedaroundandfound

wherethat或

wherehisparentsweremissing.(2015

全國·Ⅱ)解析 句意為： 他轉(zhuǎn)過身發(fā)現(xiàn)父母不見了。由句意可知，賓語從句句意完整，所以應(yīng)該用that引導(dǎo)從句或省略。how3．Thisis

what/where

Ineedtoimproveinthefuture.(2013

大綱全國

)

·解析

考查表語從句。

improve

既可以作及物動(dòng)詞又可以作不及物動(dòng)詞，故可以為

“我需要提高的地方(where)”，也可以為“我需要提高的內(nèi)容

(what)

”。which4．“Hehasruined hishealth.Weareworried abouthim.”That is

what

other teacherssay.(2013

遼·寧)解析

考查表語從句中的連接詞。

what

作say的賓語，指其他老師說話的內(nèi)容?？枷?/p>

2

連接詞的多余與其他Ifyounoticethatwhensomeoneismissingorhurt，tellyourteacherimmediately.(2014 四川) ·解析 考查賓語從句中的連接詞。 that后為陳述式的賓語從句，作 notice的賓語，從句中不缺成分，因此 when是多余的，應(yīng)刪除。考點(diǎn)三 并列句和狀語從句.語法填空考點(diǎn)聚焦考向1并列句中的連詞1．Itwastimeforhertohaveanewbaby ， itwasalsotimefortheyoungpandatobeindependent.(2016四川·)答案 and解析 句意為：是時(shí)候再生一個(gè)孩子了， 熊貓寶寶也到獨(dú)立的時(shí)候了。 Itwastimefor...和itwasalsotimefor...之間是并列關(guān)系，故用

and連接。2．Buttheriverwasn’tchangedinafewdays

evenafewmonths.(2014

新課標(biāo)·全國Ⅰ)答案

or解析

afewdays和afewmonths為選擇關(guān)系，因此要用

or連接。3．Weweretold

thatourroomshadn’tbeenreservedforthatweek，

fortheweekafter.(2014廣東·)答案

but解析

not...but...為固定結(jié)構(gòu)，表示 “不是 而是”。4．SoNickcalledtohisson

，“

Gotothevillageandbuysomesalt

，butpayafairpriceforit

：neithertoomuch

toolittle.”(2013

·東廣)答案

nor解析

neither...nor

既不 也不 ，為固定搭配?？枷?/p>

2

狀語從句中的連詞1．Overtime， thepopulationgrew，peoplebegancuttingfoodintosmallpiecessoitwouldcookmorequickly.(2016 全國Ⅲ·)答案as/when解析as/when當(dāng)時(shí)，隨著。2．Themother(panda)heldthebabyinherfrontpawsmuchthewayahumandoes.itcried，sherockeditbackandforthandgaveitlittlecomfortingpats.(2016四川)·答案When/If解析根據(jù)語境可知，when(當(dāng)時(shí))和if(如果)用在此處都合適。句意為：當(dāng)它哭的時(shí)候/如果它哭了，熊貓媽媽會(huì)來回?fù)u晃它，輕輕拍打，給它安慰。3．Oneday，thecowwaseatinggrass itbegantorainheavily.(2015 廣東) ·答案when解析bedoingsth.when...正在做某事這時(shí)。when意思是“正在這時(shí)”。4．Unbelievable!Oh...，youdon’tmind，I’llstopandtakeadeepbreath.(2014遼·寧)答案if解析句意為：如果你不介意，我要停下來做一下深呼吸。根據(jù)句意可知，應(yīng)填if引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句。Ⅱ.短文改錯(cuò)考點(diǎn)聚焦(每小題1處錯(cuò)誤)考向1并列句中并列連詞的錯(cuò)用或缺失or1．Everydayhemakessurethatfreshvegetablesandhighqualityoilareusedforcooking.(2016全·國Ⅰ)解析 考查并列連詞的用法。根據(jù)句意可知，二者之間為并列關(guān)系而非選擇關(guān)系。2．Wecanchoosebetweenstayingathomeandtakingatrip.Ifwestayathome，itiscomfortablebutandthereisnoneedtospendmoney.(2016全國Ⅱ) ·解析 考查連詞的用法。如果呆在家里，感覺舒適，還不花錢。根據(jù)句意可知，此處應(yīng)是并列關(guān)系，而不是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。so3．Momhasafull-timejob，butshehastodomostofthehousework.(2016四川) ·解析 行文邏輯錯(cuò)誤。 hasafull-timejob與hastodomostofthehousework之間是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，故將

so改為

but。∧4．Hehadadeepvoice，whichsethimapartfromothersinoursmalltown

，and

hewasstrongandpowerful.(2013

新課·標(biāo)全國Ⅰ)解析

句中

which

引導(dǎo)的是定語從句，

修飾主句

Hehadadeepvoice，而主句與從句后的分句hewasstrongandpowerful

之間缺少連詞，根據(jù)他們的并列關(guān)系，確定第二個(gè)

he前加and?？枷?

狀語從句中連詞的錯(cuò)用after1．Myonly mistakewasthatIdroppedsomeonthefloor

when/while

Iwaspackingthemup.(2015

陜·西)解析

句意為：我所犯的唯一的錯(cuò)誤就是當(dāng)我包裝餅干的時(shí)候，

掉在了地上一些。 when/while當(dāng) 的時(shí)候，after在 之后。根據(jù)句意應(yīng)將

after改為when/while。If2.

Iwasonly achildwhenIstudiedinthatclassroom，Iwill neverforgetit.(2015

浙·江)解析 考查狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。句意為：盡管在那個(gè)教室學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)我僅僅是一個(gè)孩子，但我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了它。根據(jù)句意，應(yīng)將if改為although或though。that3．Anditiswisetohaveasmanygoodfriendsaswecan.(2014大·綱全國)解析asmany...aswecan為固定句式，as引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句。Before4.Afterwaitingforabouthalfanhour，Iwasbeginningtogetimpatient.(2013陜西)·解析句意為：等候了大約半個(gè)小時(shí)后，我開始不耐煩了。故應(yīng)把Before改為After。考向3狀語從句中連詞的重復(fù)、缺失與其他1．Atlast，Iwillbeonmyown，butIstillwanttohavemyparentstoturntowhenever∧needIhelp.(2016全·國Ⅲ)解析whenever引導(dǎo)狀語從句，從句缺少主語I。but或butwehave2．Althoughweallowtomatoplantstogrowinthesameplaceyearafteryear，yetneverhadanydiseaseorinsectattackproblems.(2014新課標(biāo)全國Ⅰ)·解析在讓步狀語從句中，although不可以與but連用，但可以與yet連用。during3．Infact，heevenscaredmyclassmatesawaywhen theycameovertoplayordohomeworkwithme.(2013新·課標(biāo)全國Ⅰ)解析句中during為介詞，不可以連接兩個(gè)并列的句子，根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系，后一個(gè)分句應(yīng)為when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。故during應(yīng)改為when?？键c(diǎn)四 主謂一致和特殊句式.語法填空考點(diǎn)聚焦考向1主謂一致Leavingthelessimportantthingsuntiltomorrow (be)oftenacceptable.(2016全國Ⅱ)·答案is解析考查主謂一致。本句的主語為動(dòng)名詞短語leavingtheless...，動(dòng)名詞短語作主語謂語要用單數(shù)第三人稱形式，且這里說的是一個(gè)客觀事實(shí)，故要用is?？枷?強(qiáng)調(diào)句(近幾年未考)考向3省略句(近幾年未考)考向4感嘆句(近幾年未考)Ⅱ.短文改錯(cuò)考點(diǎn)聚焦(每小題1處錯(cuò)誤)考向1主謂不一致was1．Hewouldaskwhowewereandpretendnottoknowus.(2016浙江)·解析考查主謂一致。這句話的主語是we，謂語應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。have2．Hardworkhasmadehimveryill.(2013遼寧)·解析考查主謂一致。work為不可數(shù)名詞，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。were3．Finally，therewasasuddenpullatthepoleandafishwascaught.(2013陜西)·解析考查主謂一致。Therebe應(yīng)該與其后主語asuddenpull在數(shù)上保持一致?？枷?倒裝句中的結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤had1．Icouldn’tbelievemyluck

—notonlydidI

have

myphototakenwithhim

，buthesignedhisnameonmyshirt！(2011

陜·西)解析

考查倒裝句的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)，

“did＋主語＋動(dòng)詞原形

”，故

had應(yīng)改為

have。2．Afterweleft，Isaid，“Thatwasveryniceofyou，Mother.ButIdidn’tthinkshelookedlikeGrandma.”“Neitherdidme，”saidMothercheerfully.(2010浙江·)I解析考查倒裝句?！皀either＋助動(dòng)詞＋主語”結(jié)構(gòu)中，主語應(yīng)該用主格形式，故me應(yīng)改為I。一、句式在語法填空中的考查并列句或復(fù)合句中的連 (接)詞為語法填空必考內(nèi)容，句式結(jié)構(gòu)的判斷至關(guān)重要。1．并列連詞：連接兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)詞、短語或句子的并列連詞有and，or，but，neither...nor，either...or，whether...or等。2．引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接代詞或連接副詞 (有意義，并在從句中作句子成分 )，以及that(不作任何句子成句，沒有任何意義)，和表示“是否”的whether/if。其中要特別注意連接代詞what的意義和用法。3．引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。注意：關(guān)系詞是代表先行詞并在定語從句中作句子成分的。4．引導(dǎo)狀語從句的從屬連詞。5．特殊句式?？嫉恼Z法項(xiàng)目包含主謂一致、倒裝句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句、省略句、感嘆句、祈使句等?？疾樾问接兄^語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)、狀語從句的省略中的非謂語動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、替代詞或標(biāo)志性的詞等。應(yīng)對策略若含有兩個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子之間沒有句號(hào)或分號(hào)，也沒有連詞，那么空格處一定填連接詞，否則，句子結(jié)構(gòu)就不完整。根據(jù)兩句之間的意義和邏輯關(guān)系，或者根據(jù)句式結(jié)構(gòu)，確定是并列句還是某種主從復(fù)合句。然后根據(jù)從句的特點(diǎn)，結(jié)合連詞的意義和作用，確定填具體的某個(gè)連詞。如：一旦判斷是定語從句，就根據(jù)定語從句的先行詞和代表先行詞的關(guān)系詞在從句中作什么句子成分，來確定關(guān)系詞。若在從句中作主語或賓語，就用關(guān)系代詞；若作狀語，就用關(guān)系副詞。二、句式在短文改錯(cuò)中的考查1．對于定語從句的考查主要涉及限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句中關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞的錯(cuò)用。2．對于名詞性從句的考查主要涉及連接詞使用不當(dāng)，缺少連接詞以及 what與that、which混用等。3．對于并列連詞或從屬連詞的考查主要涉及連詞使用不當(dāng)， 缺少連詞以及多余連詞 (although不能與but連用，because不能與so連用)等情況。4．對于特殊句式的考查主要涉及主謂不一致、 含有助動(dòng)詞的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤和替代詞的錯(cuò)用等。應(yīng)對策略1．對于連詞的考查， 注意首先判斷兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的單詞、 短語或單句之間是否有連詞， 再根據(jù)不同的句式結(jié)構(gòu)，判斷連詞是否運(yùn)用正確。解題時(shí)，可以注意以下幾個(gè)方面：(1)把握前后兩句話之間的銜接關(guān)系，判定是并列句、名詞性從句、定語從句還是狀語從句，根據(jù)連詞在句中作何成分，判斷正誤；(2)注意but(轉(zhuǎn)折)、and(并列)、or(或者/選擇)、so(因此/結(jié)果)等邏輯關(guān)系詞之間的混用；(3)注意although/though/while不與but連用；since/as/because不與so連用。2．遇到特殊句式，要注意主謂一致、強(qiáng)調(diào)句、倒裝句、省略句、祈使句、感嘆句、反意疑問句等的構(gòu)成特點(diǎn)。專題1 定語從句◆定語從句的句法功能及相關(guān)定義1．功能：相當(dāng)于形容詞，修飾名詞或代詞，在句中作定語。2．位置：定語從句常置于被修飾詞之后； as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句可置于主句前、句中，也可置于主句之后。Thosewhoarefortheplanraiseyourhands，please.Asisknowntousall，theearthisspinningaroundthesun.3．先行詞：被定語從句修飾的詞稱為先行詞。先行詞一般是名詞和不定代詞， 如：some-，any-，every-，no-與-body，-thing的合成詞或 all，none，any，some，that，those等代詞。數(shù)詞和人稱代詞也同樣可作先行詞。4．關(guān)系詞：連接先行詞與從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系代詞：who，whom，which，that，whose，as等。關(guān)系副詞：when，where，why等。◆定語從句的核心考點(diǎn)1．確定關(guān)系詞的步驟：(1)先找先行詞，看先行詞指的是什么。(2)看關(guān)系詞在從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?。注意：先行詞與關(guān)系詞是等量關(guān)系。(1)先行詞在從句中作主語時(shí)，從句謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)由先行詞而定。Thisistheplacewhichisworthvisiting.(2)關(guān)系詞在從句中充當(dāng)了成分，其意思就是先行詞的意義，所以在從句中不能重復(fù)其意。TherearemanyplaceswecanvisitinChina.(visit 后面不能再加 manyplaces/them)2．在定語從句中，當(dāng)先行詞指物時(shí)，下列情況的關(guān)系詞用 that而不用which：(1)當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)或被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。(2)先行詞被 all，every，no，some，any，little，much，theonly，thevery，few等修飾時(shí)。(3)先行詞為 all，much，little，none，few，something，anything等不定代詞時(shí)。(4)先行詞中既有人又有物時(shí)。Hewaslookingpleasantlyatthechildrenandparcelsthatfilledhisbus.(5)先行詞在主句中作表語時(shí)。Thevillageisnolongertheonethatwas5yearsago.(6)當(dāng)主句是以 which開頭的特殊疑問句時(shí)。Whicharethebooksthatyouboughtforme?3．用which而不用that的情況：(1)在非限制性定語從句中。(2)當(dāng)關(guān)系詞前有介詞時(shí)。(3)當(dāng)先行詞本身是 that時(shí)。(4)關(guān)系詞后有插入語時(shí)。4．關(guān)系詞who與that指人時(shí)，根據(jù)不同情況分別用不同的關(guān)系詞。(1)當(dāng)主句是 therebe句型時(shí)，關(guān)系詞用 who。(2)先行詞是 anyone，those，someone，everyone，one等詞時(shí)，關(guān)系詞用 who。(3)當(dāng)主句是 who作疑問詞時(shí)，關(guān)系詞用 that。Whoisthatgirlthatisstandingbythewindow?(4)whom在從句中只作賓語，可被 who取代。5．whose作關(guān)系詞既指人又指物，在從句中作定語。DoyouknowMr.Smithwhosestoryisverymoving?Thereisaroom，whosewindowfacestheriver.6．關(guān)系代詞 as在從句中作主語、賓語或表語。(1)先行詞被 such和thesame修飾，或句型 asmany(much)中，從句都用Suchbooksasyouboughtareuseful.Theschoolisjustthesameasitwas10yearsago.

as

引導(dǎo)。注意：①such...that...引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句。如：

Theyaresuchlovelychildrenthatwelovethemmuch.②thesame...that...引導(dǎo)定語從句。如：

Iwanttousethesametoolthatyouusedjustnow.(2)先行詞為句子，定語從句用

as或

which

引導(dǎo)。區(qū)別：①意義上：

as

含有“這點(diǎn)正如一樣”。②位置上：

as

從句可置于句首，也可在句中或句尾；

which

引導(dǎo)的非限制定語從句只能放在主句之后。Hedidn’tpasstheexam，aswehadexpected.Thereislotsofairinloosesnow

，whichcankeepthecoldout.Asisknown

，theearthisround.7．關(guān)系副詞

when，where，whywhen

指時(shí)間＝

in/at/on/duringwhichwhere指地點(diǎn)＝

in/at/fromwhichwhy

指原因＝

forwhich注意：that

可以用于表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、理由的名詞之后，取代

when，where，why

和“介詞＋which”引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾的先行詞常為theway，thetime，theday，theplace等，在口語中that常被省略。Idon’tliketheway(that/inwhich)hetalks.ThisisthefirsttimeIhavegivenyoualessoninFrench.8．必須注意的問題：(1)關(guān)系詞作主語時(shí)，從句中謂語的數(shù)。(2)注意區(qū)別定語從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句。①定語從句中關(guān)系詞作從句成分；②強(qiáng)調(diào)句中 it無意義，that/who不是引導(dǎo)詞；③去掉itis/was和that/who后，如果句子意思講得通則是強(qiáng)調(diào)句，講不通則不是。Itisthemuseumthat/whichwevisitedlastyear.(定語從句)Itwasinthehotelthatwestayedlastnight.(強(qiáng)調(diào)句)(3)定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別。①定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞被稱為關(guān)系詞， that充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語，有時(shí)可省略。②同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞被叫做連接詞， that不充當(dāng)任何成分，不可省。Weexpressedtothemourwishthatwasthesameastheirs.(定語從句)Wordcamethattheirarmywasdefeated.(同位語從句)(4)關(guān)系詞在定語從句中省略的情況。①關(guān)系詞作賓語，前無介詞時(shí)；②關(guān)系詞作表語。(5)關(guān)系詞前有介詞或復(fù)雜介詞，關(guān)系詞只能是 which和whom。(6)幾個(gè)特殊的定語從句句型：①Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohasgotverygoodmarksinthematch.( 句中one為先行詞)Heisoneofthestudentswhohavegotgoodmarksinthematch.(句中students為先行詞)Isthisplacetheone(that)wevisitedyesterday?Isthistheplace(that/which)wevisitedyesterday?Hestoodatthewindow，fromwherehecouldseewhatwashappening.Itmayrain，inwhichcasethematchwillbeputoff.題組訓(xùn)練Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．AccordingtoDr.LanceWorkman ，thesepeoplemaydevelopatemporarymoralcodeintheirmindswhich/that justifiestheiractions：therearerichpeoplewhohavethingsIdon ’thavesoit’srightthatItakeit.2．Thisistheveryfactorythattheyvisitedlastsummerholiday.3．Whenfacinghardships，onlythosewhoareconfidentwillachievesuccess.4．Thatevening，whichIwilltellyoumoreaboutlater ，Iendedupworkingverylate.5．IwishtothankProfessorSmith，withoutwhosehelpIwouldneverhavegotthisfar.6．Aftertheflooding，peopleweresufferinginthatarea，whourgentlyneededcleanwater，medicineandsheltertosurvive.7．Weliveinanagewhenmoreinformationisavailablewithgreatereasethaneverbefore.8．Thenextday，mybrotherandIwenttothebeachwherewewatchedsomepeopleplayvolleyball.9．Hewrotemanychildren’sbooks，nearlyhalfofwhichwerepublishedinthe1990s.10．We’llreachthesalestargetsinamonthwhich/thatwesetatthebeginningoftheyear.Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)(每小題1處錯(cuò)誤)1．I’veneverheardofthepeopleandthingswhichyoutalkedaboutjustnow.that2．Thisistheonlyquestionwhichhasbeenanswered.that3．Thisisthemuseumwhere或wherewevisitedlastSunday.which/that4．Wehavemadethesamemistakewhichyoumadelasttime.as5．IshallneverforgettheyearsIspentinthecountrywiththefarmersmylife.

that，which hasagreateffectonwho6．Ayoungmanhadanewgirlfriend，whomhewantedtoimpress.when7．Ialsoenjoyedtheeveningswhich/that或whenwespenttogether.whose8．Thevisitorssawrowsofhouses，theroofsofwhicharered.which∧9．Pleasetellmethewaythat或which或inwhichyoudidthejob.10．Littlehasbeendonewhatishelpfultoourwork.thatⅢ.語法填空(定語從句專練)Yangshuo，ChinaItwasraininglightlywhenIarrivedinYangshuojustbeforedawn.ButIdidn ’tcare.Afewhoursbefore，I’dbeenathomeinHongKong,1.whereIbreatheditschokingsmog.Here ，theairwascleanandfresh，evenwiththerain.I’dskippednearbyGuilin,2.whichisadreamplacefortourists3.who/thatseekthelimestonemountaintopsanddarkwatersoftheLiRiver4.that/whicharepicturedbyartistsinsomanyChinesepaintings.Instead，I’dheadedstraightforYangshuo.Forthose5.whoflytoGuilin ，it’sonlyanhourawaybycarandoffersallthesceneryofthebetter-knowncity.Yangshuoisreallybeautiful.Astudyoftravelers6.that/whichwasconductedbythewebsiteTripAdvisornamesYangshuoasoneofthetop10destinations7.that/whicharefamousintheworld.Andthetownisfastbecomingapopularweekenddestinationforpeopleandtheirfamilies8.thatareinAsia.Abercrombie&Kent,9.whichisatravelcompanyinHongKong ，saysitregularlyarrangesquickgetawayshereforpeople10.who/thatliveinShanghaiandHongKong.◆書面表達(dá)中定語從句易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)聚焦(一)定語從句意識(shí)缺失1．關(guān)系代詞被普通代詞取代(誤)Ihavemanycollectionsofstamps，someofthemaremyfavorite.(正)Ihavemanycollectionsofstamps，someofwhicharemyfavorite.2．關(guān)系代詞遺漏(誤)Thelastoneleavestheclassroompleaseclosethewindows.(正)Thelastonewholeavestheclassroompleaseclosethewindows.第一句從漢語意思角度是對的，但是漢語的干擾破壞了英語句式結(jié)構(gòu)。(二)假冒偽劣的定語從句1．有從無主式(誤)MyfriendJane，whoisveryfriendlytousclassmates.(正)MyfriendJaneisveryfriendlytousclassmates.(正)MyfriendJane，whoisveryfriendlytousclassmates，hasavarietyofhobbies.第一句虎頭蛇尾，屬于有從無主式的句子，即有從句但沒有主句。2．從句成分殘缺式(誤)Thosewhoagainstitthinkthatitisunnecessarytomovethezoosoutofthecity.(正)Thosewhoareagainstitthinkthatitisunnecessarytomovethezoosoutofthecity.第一句定語從句的成分不完整，缺謂語。介詞 against不能單獨(dú)作謂語。3．畫蛇添足式(誤)Ascanbeseenfromthepicture，thatasadboystandsbetweenhisangryparents.(誤)Ascanbeseenfromthepicture，amanwhoistalkinghappily.(誤)Ihavemanycollectionsofstamps，andsomeofwhicharemyfavorite.第一句中關(guān)系代詞 as代替逗號(hào)后面的整個(gè)主句，因此主句是不需要連接詞的。所以， 應(yīng)去掉that。第二句中同樣 as代替逗號(hào)后面的整個(gè)主句，主句中的 who是多余的。第三句中如果要滿足定語從句的話，顯然并列連詞 and是多余的。專題2 名詞性從句◆名詞性從句(主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句 )中的連接詞名詞性從句中的連接詞有從屬連詞 that/whether/if，連接代詞 what/who/which/whose/whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever，連接副詞 where/when/why/how/wherever/whenever。1．that

的用法：(1)主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句中用thatThattheyaregoodatEnglishisknowntousall.

但不能省略。Theproblemisthatwedon’thaveenoughmoney.Thereportthattherewillbeaseverestorminthenorthernareaisfalse.(2)一般情況下，賓語從句中的引導(dǎo)詞

that可省略，但在以下幾種情況中

that一般不省略：①當(dāng)that從句和主句謂語動(dòng)詞之間有插入語時(shí)；②有多個(gè)

that引導(dǎo)的從句時(shí)，第一個(gè)

that可以省略，而其他的

that常不可省略；③介詞

except，but，besides，in

等后跟

that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句時(shí)；④當(dāng)

when，who，what，where，why，how

等引導(dǎo)的從句與

that引導(dǎo)的從句作主句謂語動(dòng)詞的并列賓語時(shí)。Hejudgedthat，becausehewasachild，hedidnotunderstandwine.Thereasonliesinthatsheworksharderthantheothersdo.Everyoneknewwhathappenedandthatshewasworried.(3)that

和

what

的區(qū)別。that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)，在主從句中不擔(dān)當(dāng)任何句子成分，也沒有任何含義；而

what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)，在主從句中都要充當(dāng)一定的句子成分，

what

可以分解成定語從句中的“先行詞＋關(guān)系代詞”，即常說的“先行詞＋ that/which/who”。It’sashamethathehasmadesuchamistake.IwilldowhatIcan(do)tohelphim.(4)同位語從句與定語從句中 that的區(qū)別。同位語從句中的連接詞 that只起連接作用，在從句中不擔(dān)當(dāng)任何句子成分；而定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞 that在句中作賓語或主語，與先行詞有修飾關(guān)系。如果句子是同位語從句，就應(yīng)用連接詞 that而不能用 which。同位語從句一般放在表具體含義的名詞后解釋說明名詞的含義或內(nèi)容，如以下名詞： news，fact，suggestion，truth，plan，belief，doubt，possibility，idea等，而定語從句只是對先行詞的限定和修飾。TheyexpressedthehopethattheywouldcometovisitChinaagain.(同位語從句)ThehopethattheyexpressedisthattheywouldcometovisitChinaagain.(定語從句)2．whether和if的用法：(1)whether和if在賓語從句中可以互換，但是作介詞賓語時(shí)連接詞一般用Italldependsonwhethertheywillcomeback.

whether。(2)后面直接跟

ornot

時(shí)用

whether。Ididn’tknowwhetherornothehadarrivedinWuhan.(3)主語從句、表語從句中只能用 whether。Whetherthemeetingwillbeputoffhasnotbeendecidedyet.Thequestioniswhethertheyhavesomuchmoney.(4)whether可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句，用以說明前面的名詞的內(nèi)容， if

則不能。Weoughttodiscusscarefullythequestionwhetherwecandoitornot.(5)whether

常與

or

連用表示一種選擇，

if

不能這樣用；

whether

也可與動(dòng)詞不定式連用，但

if不能。Thequestionofwhethertheyaremaleorfemaleisnotimportant.Ihavenotdecidedwhethertogoornot.(6)賓語從句位于句首時(shí)或者賓語從句提前時(shí)用 whether不用if。Thankyou，butwhetherI’llbefreeI’mnotsureatthemoment.(7)whether可引導(dǎo)一個(gè)讓步狀語從句表示“不管”、“無論”，而 if不能。Whetherhecomesornot，wewillbeginourpartyontime.3．“疑問詞＋-ever”和“nomatter＋疑問詞”的區(qū)別：(1)“疑問詞＋-ever”可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，在主從句中要充當(dāng)一定的成分。Whoeverbreakstherulemustbepunished.Youcanchoosewhateveryoulikeintheshop.(2)“疑問詞＋-ever”還可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。Whoeverbreakstherule，hemustbepunished.Whateveryoudo，youmustdoitwell.(3)“nomatter＋疑問詞”只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。Nomatterwhatyoudo，youmustputyourheartintoit.Nomatterwhocomeslate，hemustbepunished.4．when和where引導(dǎo)的同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別：when和where前面的名詞若是表示時(shí)間、 地點(diǎn)的名詞，則when和where引導(dǎo)的是定語從句，否則為同位語從句。Theyputforwardthequestionwheretheycouldgetthemoney.(同位語從句)Thisistheplacewheretheaccidenthappened.(定語從句)◆主語從句的核心考點(diǎn)1．主語從句在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語，大多數(shù)主語從句都可以用 it作形式主語而把主語從句置于句尾。2．that引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)可用 it作形式主語，that不可??；what引導(dǎo)的主語從句表示“的東西”時(shí)，一般不用 it作形式主語；whatever，whoever，whichever一般也不用 it作形式主語。Thatshewillsucceediscertain.Itiscertainthatshewillsucceed.Whatheneedsismoreexperience.常見的it替代that引導(dǎo)的主語從句的句式主要有以下幾種：(1)It＋系動(dòng)詞＋形容詞 (necessary，right，likely，unlikely，wrong，important，certain，clear，obvious，strange，normal等)＋that從句Itiscertainthatmostofthefarmershavebroughtinmoremoneybyallmeans.(2)It＋be＋名詞(短語)(apity，ashame，goodnews，afact，anhonour，awonder，nowonder等)＋that從句It’snowonderthatyou’veachievedsomuchsuccess.(3)It＋be＋過去分詞 (said，told，heard，reported，decided，suggested，advised，ordered，remembered，thought，considered，well-known，announced等)＋that從句Itissaidthattheprofessorhasalreadysucceededincarryingouttheexperiment.(4)It＋特殊動(dòng)詞(seem，appear，happen，matter)＋that從句IthappenedtomethatIhadbeenawaywhenhecalled.注意：(1)在“It isnecessary/important/strange/natural...＋that從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，從句謂語常用“(should＋)動(dòng)詞原形”。(2)在“It＋be＋suggested/advised/ordered/requested/insisted/required...＋that從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，從句謂語應(yīng)用“ (should＋)動(dòng)詞原形”。◆賓語從句的核心考點(diǎn)1．動(dòng)詞的賓語從句(1)大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞(hope，tell，say等)可以帶賓語從句。Weallexpectthattheywillwin ，formembersoftheirteamarestronger.Idon’tthinkyouareright.Idon’tsupposehecares，doeshe?(2)動(dòng)詞

find，feel，think，consider，make，believe

等后有賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，則常用

it

作形式賓語而將that賓語從句后置。Ithinkitnecessarythatwetakeplentyofboiledwatereveryday.(3)有些動(dòng)詞

(短語)帶賓語從句時(shí)習(xí)慣上需要在賓語從句前加

it。這類動(dòng)詞

(短語)有

hate，enjoy，like，love，dislike，seeto等。Ihateitwhentheytalkwiththeirmouthsfull.2．一般情況下介詞后只能用 wh-類連接詞引導(dǎo)賓語從句。Wearetalkingaboutwhetherweadmitstudentsintoourclub.注意：(1)where引導(dǎo)的從句有時(shí)也可用作介詞的賓語。Wecouldseethetemplequiteclearlyfromwherewelived.(2)that引導(dǎo)的從句作介詞的賓語是很少有的， 只有在except，in，but等介詞后偶爾可能用到。Yourcompositionisquitegoodexceptthattheorganizationisabitloose.(3)sure，certain，glad，pleased，happy，surprised等表示“情感”的形容詞后也可帶賓語從句。I’msurethattheywillmakeitinspiteoftheterribleweather.◆表語從句的核心考點(diǎn)1．主句的主語是 idea，advice，suggestion，order，request，requirement等名詞時(shí)，表語從句的謂語應(yīng)用虛擬語氣，即“ (should＋)動(dòng)詞原形”的形式。Hissuggestionisthatwe(should)changeourcourse.2．主語為名詞 reason時(shí)，表語從句中的連接詞要用 that，而不用 why或because。Thereasonforsuchaseriousaccidentisthatthedriverwastoocarelessanddranktoomuch.3．because，asif，asthough，as，like等連接詞也可引導(dǎo)表語從句。Hehaslungdisease.Thatisbecausehehasbeensmokingtoomuch.◆同位語從句的核心考點(diǎn)同位語從句是用以解釋說明某一名詞的內(nèi)容的從句。1．能接同位語從句的名詞有： belief，fact，hope，idea，doubt，news，conclusion，suggestion，problem，order，answer，decision，explanation，information，thought等。2．同位語從句一般用

that引導(dǎo)，但也可以用連接代詞

(what，which，who)、連接副詞

(when，where，why，how)或whether引導(dǎo)。Ihavenoideawhathashappenedtohim.3．有時(shí)同位語從句不緊跟在它所說明的某個(gè)名詞后，而是被別的詞隔開。ThestorygoesthatWilliamTelldidkillthekingwiththatsword.題組訓(xùn)練Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．Howweunderstandthingshasalottodowithwhatwefeel.2．Ashipinharborissafe，butthat’snotwhatshipsarebuiltfor.3．—IsittruethatMikerefusedanofferfromYaleUniversityyesterday?—Yeah，butIhavenoideawhyhedidit；that’soneofhisfavoriteuniversities.4．Thecompaniesareworkingtogethertocreatewhattheyhopewillbethebestmeansoftransportinthe21stcentury.5．Itdoesn’tmatterwhetheryouturnrightorleftatthecrossing—bothroadsleadtothepark.6．Asmanyasfivecoursesareprovided，andyouarefreetochoosewhicheversuitsyoubest.7．Jerrydidnotregretgivingthecommentbutfeltthathecouldhaveexpresseditdifferently.8．Thenoticecamearoundtwointheafternoonthatthemeetingwouldbepostponed.9．Afarmeronceorganizedacompetitionbetweenhisdogandhisrabbit.Hedugaholeinoneofhisbiggestfields，andhidacarrotandaboneinit.Hewantedtoseewhichanimalwouldfindthemfirst.10．Itcanbereallyupsettryingtoaskforsomethinginastoreortotellthetaxidriverwhereyouaregoing.Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)(每小題1處錯(cuò)誤)That1.WhatBarbaraJonesofferstoherfansishonestyandhappiness.2．Itwasneverclearwhetherwhythemanhadn’treportedtheaccidentsooner.3．Itisstillunderdiscussioniftheoldbusstationshouldbereplacedwithamodernhotelorwhethernot.how4．Theshockingnewsmademerealizewhatterribleproblemswewouldface.5．Thevillagershavealreadyknownwhichwe’lldoistorebuildthebridge.what∧6．Whatheshoulddoisthathestaysathomeandwaitsforhismotherfromwork.becausehisbikewentwrong.7．Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathow8．I’dliketostartmyownbusiness—that’swhatI’ddoifIhadthemoney.∧9．Hecamelate.Thatwasbecausehegotuplate.10．Thequestionthatwhysomanypeoplewouldchoosetoliveinthecountrysidebuttoworkinthecityisstillunderdiscussion.Ⅲ.語法填空(名詞性從句專練 )1．WhatworriesmyclassmateMaryalotthesedaysis2.thatsheputsontoomuchweightandsheisfrequentlyill.Shehassomedoubts3.whether/ifsheeatstoomuchfastfoodhighinfatorsugar.Also，withtheCollegeEntranceExaminationapproaching

，shebecomesmorestressfulandshecan’tsleepwell thesedays.Maybethisis4.why shebecomesfatter thesedays，shethinks.5.Howshebecomesslimmerandhealthierhasbeenhermaintask.Soshewantstoconsultsomeexpertsandgainsomeinstructions.Butwhereshecouldgetbettersuggestionsand6.whowillgiveherbetteradvicealsopuzzleher.Itisherparents’suggestion7.thatsheshouldconsultProfessorWanginZhongshanHospital.ProfessorWangsuggests8.thatshekeepabalanceddietfirst.Sheshouldeatvegetablesandfruithighinfiber ，vitaminandprotein.What’smore，ifshewantstoloseweight，shehadbettertakeregularexercisemorethanhalfanhouraday.MaryaskedProfessorWang9.whensheshouldtakeexercise.ProfessorWangadvisedhertotakeexerciseat5o’clockintheafternoon.Thatis10.becauseshewillhavemoretimetodosports.ItiswiththehelpofProfessorWangthatMaryhasbecomemuchhealthiernow.◆書面表達(dá)中名詞性從句易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)聚焦1．語序問題(誤)Thesepicturesshowyouwhatdoesourvillagelooklike.(正)Thesepicturesshowyouwhatourvillagelookslike.賓語從句的語序應(yīng)用陳述語序，而不是特殊疑問句的語序。(誤)Doyouthinkwhichoftheseisthemostusefulinvention?(正)Whichofthesedoyouthinkisthemostusefulinvention?在疑問句中，賓語從句的連接詞應(yīng)擔(dān)當(dāng)特殊疑問詞的角色位于句首。2．what和

that

的運(yùn)用(誤)Americawasthatwasfirstcalled

“India”

byColumbus.(正)Americawaswhatwasfirstcalled

“India”

byColumbus.在名詞性從句中，連接詞

that

既不作任何句子成分，也沒有意義；而連接代詞

what

則相反，它既充當(dāng)從句的主干成分也有其自身的意義。另外，我們可以把 what解釋為：the＋名詞＋that/which。3．whether和if的運(yùn)用(誤)Ifwe’llholdthepartyhasnotbeendecidedyet.(正)Whetherwe’llholdthepartyhasnotbeendecidedyet.whether適用于任何情況； if(作“是否”講 )僅限于動(dòng)詞賓語從句中，但 discuss，decide等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句除外。4．連接詞的使用易受漢語干擾(誤)ThereasonwhyIwaslateisbecauseIwastrappedinthetrafficjam.(正)ThereasonwhyIwaslateisthatIwastrappedinthetrafficjam.通過提取簡化可得出： Thereasonisbecause...在英語中顯然造成了重復(fù)現(xiàn)象。專題3 并列句和狀語從句◆連詞的分類連詞