2023年考研考博-考博英語-華東交通大學(xué)考試歷年高頻考點(diǎn)真題薈萃帶答案篇

長風(fēng)破浪會(huì)有時(shí)，直掛云帆濟(jì)滄海。住在富人區(qū)的她2023年考研考博-考博英語-華東交通大學(xué)考試歷年高頻考點(diǎn)真題薈萃帶答案第1卷一.綜合題(共10題)1.單選題Recently,CongressionalDemocratsintroducedlegislationtomakeiteasierforolderworkerstowinagediscriminationlawsuits.Agediscriminationremainsasignificantworkplaceissue.Inrecenttenyears,15.79percentofcasesbroughttotheEqualEmploymentOpportunityCommission,weredescribedassuccessfulclaims.WhilethisnumberissmallgiventhenumberofworkerscoveredbytheAgeDiscriminationinEmploymentAct,many,ifnotmost,instancesofagediscriminationareneversued,andcaseshiringdiscriminationoftengoundetected.Mostofthosewhodosuearewhite,malemiddle-managerswhoarelikelytohavelostasizeablesalaryandpension.Forthemostpart,othergroupsdonotsuebecausethecostsofalawsuitoutweighthepotentialbenefits.Agediscriminationremainsasignificantworkplaceissue.Thereisstrongexperimentalevidenceforagediscriminationinhiring,atleastforentry-leveljobs.Recently,IperformedalabormarketexperimentinBostoninwhichIsentoutthousandsofresumesforfictitious(虛構(gòu)的)entry-levelfemalecandidatesandmeasuredresponseratebasedondateofhighschoolgraduation.Amongthisgroup,youngerapplicants,whosedateofhighschoolgraduationindicatedthattheywerelessthan50yearsold,were40percentmorelikelytobecalledbackforaninterviewthanwereolderapplicants.Itisdifficulttotellwhetheremploymentproblemsareworseforolderworkersthanforotherworkerswhentimesarebad.Thenumberofdiscriminationlawsuitsincreasesduringtimesofhighunemployment,butthisfindingbyitselfdoesnotindicateanincreasedlevelofagediscrimination.Intimesofhigherunemployment,theopportunitycosttoalawsuitislowerthanitiswhentimesaregood.Fromtheemployer’sperspective,masslayoffsmayseemlikeagoodchancetoremoveahigherproportionofgenerallymoreexpensiveolderworkerswithouttheworryofbeingsued.Ontheotherhand,employersmaybelesslikelytoremoveprotectedolderworkersbecausetheystillfearlawsuits.Onethingwedoknowisthatonceanolderworkerlosesajob,heorsheismuchlesslikelytofindanewjobthanayoungerworkeris.Unfortunately,theeffectoflegislationprohibitingagediscriminationisnoteasytoseeandmayactuallybepartofthereasonitissodifficultforolderworkerstofindemployment.Ifitismoredifficulttofireanolderworkerthanayoungerworker,afirmwillbelesslikelytowanttohireolderworkers.Indeed,myresearchfindsthatinstateswhereworkershavelongertimetobringalawsuitclaim,oldermenworkfewerweeksperyear,arelesslikelytobehired,andlesslikelytobefiredthanmeninstateswheretheydonothaveasmuch.NotmanypeoplewouldsuggestthatwegobacktoaworldpriortotheAgeDiscriminationinEmploymentAct,inwhichadvertisementsspecifythespecificagesofpeopletheyarewillingtohire.However,legislationprohibitingdiscriminationisnopanacea(萬靈藥).Therecentproposedcongressionallegislationcouldhavebothpositiveandnegativeeffectsonpotentialolderworkers.1.Alotofcasesofagediscriminationarenotfoundbecause（）2.ThelabormarketexperimentinBostonshowsthat（）3.Whatmayleadtotheincreaseofdiscriminationlawsuitsduringtimesofhighunemployment?4.Fromthelastparagraph,welearnthat（）5.Theauthoris（）whenheanalyzestheagediscriminationissue.問題1選項(xiàng)A.agediscriminationlawwasjustintroducedrecently.B.otherdiscriminatedgroupsdon’tsueexceptthewhites.C.agediscriminationcasesareinlargequantityanditisdifficulttodetectallofthem.D.manydiscriminatedpeopledon’tsueandcostsofalawsuitoutweighpotentialbenefits.問題2選項(xiàng)A.youngermaleapplicantsaremorelikelytobehiredthantheirfemalecounterparts.B.agediscriminationisquitecommoninhiringprocess.C.theauthorcollectedinformationbyinterviewingfemaleapplicants.D.femaleapplicantswhoare50yearsoldwillneverhaveachancetogetajob.問題3選項(xiàng)A.Theincreaseofagediscrimination.B.Thedecreaseofagediscrimination.C.Thedecreaseofopportunitycosttolawsuits.D.Theincreaseofopportunitycosttolawsuits.問題4選項(xiàng)A.employerscouldspecifytheagesofpeopletheywanttohireinthepast.B.allemployersrecruitedworkersthroughadvertisementinthepast.C.legislationprohibitingdiscriminationcan’tfreeoldworkersfromagediscrimination.D.therecentproposedcongressionallegislationisineffective.問題5選項(xiàng)A.pessimisticB.partialC.objectiveD.doubtful2.單選題TheBenefitsofNewUrbanism(1)Newurbanismisthemostimportantplanningmovementinthiscentury,andisaboutcreatingabetterfutureforusall.Itisaninternationalmovementtoreformthedesignofthebuiltenvironment,andisaboutraisingourqualityoflifeandstandardoflivingbycreatingbetterplacestolivein.Newurbanismistherevivalofourlostartofplace-making,andisessentiallyare-orderingofthebuiltenvironmentintotheformofcompletecities,towns,villages,andneighborhoods—thewaycommunitieshavebeenbuiltforcenturiesaroundtheworld.Newurbanisminvolvesfixingandinfillingcities,aswellasthecreationofcompactnewtownsandvillages.Thebenefitsofnewurbanismareasfollows:BenefitstoResidents(2)Higherqualityoflife;betterplacesinwhichtolive,work,andplay;morestablepropertyvalues;lesstrafficcongestionandlessdriving;healthierlifestylewithmorewalkingandlessstress;closeproximitytomainstreetretailandservices;closeproximitytobiketrail,parks,andnature;pedestrianfriendlycommunitiesoffermoreopportunitiestogettoknowothersintheneighborhoodandtown,resultinginmeaningfulrelationshipswithmorepeople,andfriendliertown;morefreedomandindependencetochildren,theelderly,andthepoorinbeingabletogettojobsrecreation,andserviceswithouttheneedforacarorsomeonetodrivethem;greatsavingstoresidentsandschoolboardsinreducedbusingcostsfromchildrenbeingabletowalkorbicycletoneighborhoodschools;morediversityandsmaller,uniqueshopsandserviceswithlocalownerswhoareinvolvedincommunity;bigsavingsbydrivingless,andowninglesscars;lessugly,congestedsprawltodealwithdaily;bettersenseofplaceandcommunityidentitywithmoreuniquearchitecture;moreopenspacetoenjoythatwillremainopenspace;moreefficientuseoftaxmoneywithlessspentonutilitiesandroadsusedforthesprawl.BenefitstoBusinesses(3)Increasedsalesduetomorefoottrafficandpeoplespendinglessoncarsandgas;moreprofitsduetospendinglessonadvertisingandlargesigns;betterlifestylebylivingnearworkunitssavesthestressfulandcostlycommute;economiesofscaleinmarketingduetocloseproximityandcooperationwithotherlocalbusinessincubation;lowerrentsduetosmallerspacesandsmallerparkinglots;healthierlifestyleduetomorewalkingandbeingnearhealthierrestaurants;morecommunityinvolvementfrombeingpartofcommunityandknowingresidents.(4)BenefitstoDevelopers.Moreincomepotentialfromhigherdensitymixed-useprojectsduetomoreleasablesquarefootage,moresalespersquarefoot,andhigherpropertyvaluesandsellingprices;fasterapprovalsincommunitiesthathaveadoptedsmartgrowthprinciplesresultingincost/timesayings:costsavingsinparkingfacilitiesinmixed-usepropertiesduetosharingofspacesthroughoutthedayandnight,resultinginlessduplicationinprovidingparking;lessneedforparkingfacilitiesduetomixofresidencesandcommercialuseswithinwalkingdistanceofeachother;lessimpactonroads/traffic,whichcanresultinlowerimpactfees;lowercostofutilitiesduetocompactnatureofnewurbanistdesign;fasterselloutduetogreateracceptancebyconsumersfromawiderproductrangeresultinginwidermarketshare.BenefitstoMunicipalities(5)Stable,appreciatingtaxbase;lessspentpercapitaoninfrastructureandutilitiesthantypicalsuburbandevelopmentduetocompacthigh-densitynatureofprojects;increasedtaxbaseduetomorebuildingspackedintoatighterarea;lesstrafficcongestionduetowalkabilityofdesign;lesscrimeandlessmoneyspentonpoliceduetothepresenceofmorepeopledayandnight;betteroverallcommunityimageandsenseofplace;lessincentivetosprawlwhenurbancoreareaisdesirable;easytoinstalltransitwhereit’snot,andimproveitwhereitis;greatercivicinvolvementofpopulationleadingtobettergovernance.(6)Themosteffectivewaytoimplementnewurbanismittoplanforit,andwriteitintozoninganddevelopmentcodes.Thisdirectsallfuturedevelopmentintothisform.(7)Increasingly,regionalplanningtechniquesarebeingusedtocontrolandshapegrowthintocompact,high-density,mixed-useneighborhoods,villages,towns,andcities.Planningnewtrainsystems(insteadofmoreroads)deliversthebestresultswhendesignedinharmonywithregionallandplanningknownasTransitOrientedDevelopment(TOD).Atthesametime,therevitalizationofurbanareasdirectsandencouragesinfilldevelopmentbackintocitycenters.(8)Planningforcompactgrowth,ratherthanlettingitsprawlout,hasthepotentialtogreatlyincreasethequalityoftheenvironment.Italsopreventscongestionproblemsandtheenvironmentaldegradationnormallyassociatedwithgrowth.(9)Therearesomeobstaclesinimplementationofnewurbanism.Themostimportantobstacletoovercomeistherestrictiveandincorrectzoningcodescurrentlyinforceinmostmunicipalities.Currentcodesdonotallownewurbanismtobebuilt,butdoallowsprawl.(10)AnequallyimportantobstacleisthecontinuousroadbuildingandexpansiontakingplaceineverycommunityacrossAmerica.Thisencouragesmoredrivingandmoresprawlwhichhasadominoeffectonincreasingtrafficcongestionacrosstheregion.Haltingroadprojectsandbuildingnewtrainsystemcanhelpreversethisproblematictrend.1.Apedestrianstreetisastreet（）.2.Accordingtothepassagenewurbanismemphasizes（）.3.WhichofthefollowingcanBESTsummarizethebenefitsofnewurbanismtoresidents?4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?5.Topreservetheenvironment,newurbanismlaysstresson（）.問題1選項(xiàng)A.suitableforbicyclingB.suitableforwalkingC.designedforpedalsD.designedforscooters問題2選項(xiàng)A.theexpansionofurbanareasB.theartisticdecorationofnewly-builtbuildingsC.theimprovementofthebuiltenvironmentD.theenvironmentalpreservation問題3選項(xiàng)A.Compactnessincivicstructure,conveniencesandeconomiesinlife.B.Betterrelationshipswithmorepeopleandafriendliertown.C.Easyshoppingandmoreservicesthatreducebusingcosts.D.Walkability,healthierlifestyleandmorefreedom.問題4選項(xiàng)A.Newurbanismlikestodesignmoreroadsinordertofacilitatethetraffic.B.Newurbanismfavorsthetransportationwithnewrailwaysystems.C.Newurbanistplannersopposetopedestrianfriendlydesign.D.Newurbanistplannersdonotsupporttheinfilldevelopment.問題5選項(xiàng)A.thereductionoffactoriesB.thesprawlofthecityC.thelesseningoftrafficjamsD.thecompactgrowthoftheurbanarea3.單選題

Thesupervisordidn’thavetimesofartogointoit（）,buthegaveusanideaabouthisplan.問題1選項(xiàng)A.athandB.inturnC.inconclusionD.atlength4.單選題（）nativetoNorthAmerica,cornhasnowspreadallovertheworld.問題1選項(xiàng)A.InspiteofB.ThatitisC.ItwasD.Although5.單選題

Theprofessorcanhardlyfindsufficientgrounds（）hisargumentinfavorofthenewtheory.問題1選項(xiàng)A.whichtobaseonB.onwhichtobaseC.tobaseonwhichD.whichtobebasedon6.單選題Themachineneedsacomplete（）sinceithasbeeninuseforovertenyears.問題1選項(xiàng)A.amendingB.fittingC.mendingD.renovating7.單選題HewroteanarticlecriticizingtheGreekpoetandwon（）andascholarship.問題1選項(xiàng)A.faithB.statusC.fameD.courage8.單選題Fromthismaterialwecan（）hundredsofwhatyoumaycalldirectproducts.問題1選項(xiàng)A.deriveB.discernC.diminishD.displace9.單選題Please（）yourselffromsmokingandspittinginpublicplaces,sincethelawforbidsthem.問題1選項(xiàng)A.restrainB.hinderC.restrictD.prohibit10.單選題Afternewspaperreportsclaimedthecompanywasdumpingtoxicwasteillegally.Itcameunder（）fromtheauthorities.問題1選項(xiàng)A.insultB.solitudeC.nuisanceD.scrutiny第1卷參考答案一.綜合題1.【答案】第1題:D第2題:B第3題:C第4題:A第5題:C【解析】1.推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段最后一句caseshiringdiscriminationoftengoundetected（雇傭歧視的案例往往沒有被發(fā)現(xiàn)。），接下來第三段說明了沒有被發(fā)現(xiàn)的原因，由第三段第二句Forthemostpart,othergroupsdonotsuebecausethecostsofalawsuitoutweighthepotentialbenefits.（在大多數(shù)情況下，其他團(tuán)體不會(huì)起訴，因?yàn)樵V訟的成本超過了潛在的利益。）可知，很多年齡歧視的案例沒有被發(fā)現(xiàn)是因?yàn)槿藗儧]有起訴，而且起訴的成本高于利益。因此D選項(xiàng)“許多受歧視的人不起訴，而且訴訟的成本超過了潛在的利益。”正確。A選項(xiàng)“年齡歧視法最近剛剛出臺”，文中沒有具體說年齡歧視法出臺的時(shí)間，所以A錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)“除了白人，其他受歧視的群體不起訴”，文章說的是大多數(shù)提起訴訟的都是白人，而不是其他群體不起訴，所以B錯(cuò)誤。C選項(xiàng)“年齡歧視案件數(shù)量龐大，很難全部發(fā)現(xiàn)”，根據(jù)文章第二段第二句WhilethisnumberissmallgiventhenumberofworkerscoveredbytheAgeDiscriminationinEmploymentAct（考慮到《就業(yè)年齡歧視法》所涵蓋的工人人數(shù)，這個(gè)數(shù)字很?。┛芍挲g歧視案件的數(shù)量并不多，所以C錯(cuò)誤。2.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“l(fā)abormarketexperimentinBoston”可以定位到文章第四段，由第四段第一句Thereisstrongexperimentalevidenceforagediscriminationinhiring,atleastforentry-leveljobs.（有強(qiáng)有力的實(shí)驗(yàn)證據(jù)表明，在招聘中存在年齡歧視，至少在入門級工作中是如此。）可知，年齡歧視在招聘過程中很普遍。因此B選項(xiàng)“年齡歧視在招聘過程中很常見?！闭_。A選項(xiàng)“年輕的男性求職者比女性求職者更有可能被錄用”，文章說的是年齡歧視，而不是性別歧視，所以A錯(cuò)誤。C選項(xiàng)“作者通過面試女性申請者收集信息”，作者是通過投遞女性求職者的簡歷來做調(diào)查，而不是面試女性，所以C錯(cuò)誤。D選項(xiàng)“50歲的女性應(yīng)聘者將永遠(yuǎn)沒有機(jī)會(huì)得到工作”，文章說的是年輕的求職者比50歲以上的求職者接到面試通知的可能性高，而不是50歲的女性永遠(yuǎn)找不到工作，所以D錯(cuò)誤。3.推理判斷題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“highunemployment”可以定位到文章第五段最后一句Intimesofhigherunemployment,theopportunitycosttoalawsuitislowerthanitiswhentimesaregood.（在高失業(yè)率時(shí)期，訴訟的機(jī)會(huì)成本比經(jīng)濟(jì)景氣時(shí)要低。），說明高失業(yè)率時(shí)期訴訟成本降低會(huì)導(dǎo)致訴訟案件增加。因此C選項(xiàng)“訴訟的機(jī)會(huì)成本降低?！闭_。A選項(xiàng)“年齡歧視的增加”，B選項(xiàng)“年齡歧視的減少”，根據(jù)第五段第二句butthisfindingbyitselfdoesnotindicateanincreasedlevelofagediscrimination.（但這一發(fā)現(xiàn)本身并不表明年齡歧視水平的增加）可知訴訟案件的增加和年齡歧視的多少無關(guān)，所以A，B錯(cuò)誤。D選項(xiàng)“訴訟的機(jī)會(huì)成本增加”和C選項(xiàng)是相反的，所以D錯(cuò)誤。4.推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章最后一段，由最后一段第一句NotmanypeoplewouldsuggestthatwegobacktoaworldpriortotheAgeDiscriminationinEmploymentAct,inwhichadvertisementsspecifythespecificagesofpeopletheyarewillingtohire.（沒有多少人會(huì)建議我們回到《就業(yè)年齡歧視法》出臺之前的時(shí)代，在那個(gè)時(shí)代，招聘廣告會(huì)明確指出他們愿意雇傭的人的具體年齡。）可知，在過去雇主可以指定他們想雇傭的人的年齡。因此A選項(xiàng)“過去的雇主可以指定他們想雇傭的人的年齡?！闭_。B選項(xiàng)“過去所有的雇主都是通過廣告招聘工人的”，在文中沒有提及，所以B錯(cuò)誤。C選項(xiàng)“禁止歧視的立法不能使老年工人免受年齡歧視”，根據(jù)最后一段最后一句Therecentproposedcongressionallegislationcouldhavebothpositiveandnegativeeffectsonpotentialolderworkers.（最近提出的國會(huì)立法可能對潛在的老年工人產(chǎn)生正面和負(fù)面的影響。）可知，立法對解決年齡歧視問題是有一定積極影響的，所以C錯(cuò)誤。D選項(xiàng)“最近提出的國會(huì)立法是無效的”，在文中沒有提及，所以D錯(cuò)誤。5.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。文章第一段說到年齡歧視情況很多時(shí)候不被發(fā)現(xiàn)，接下來分析原因，講到立法效果不明顯等，這些都是事實(shí)和現(xiàn)狀，作者不帶自己的主觀色彩，說明作者對年齡歧視問題的闡述態(tài)度是客觀的。因此C選項(xiàng)“客觀的”正確。A選項(xiàng)“悲觀的”，B選項(xiàng)“部分的”，D選項(xiàng)“懷疑的”都不能說明作者的態(tài)度，所以A，B，D錯(cuò)誤。2.【答案】第1題:B第2題:C第3題:D第4題:B第5題:D【解析】1.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“pedestrian”可以定位到文章第二段pedestrianfriendlycommunitiesoffermoreopportunitiestogettoknowothersintheneighborhoodandtown（行人友好型社區(qū)提供了更多的機(jī)會(huì)去認(rèn)識鄰里和城鎮(zhèn)中的其他人），說明pedestrianstreet是對行人友好的社區(qū)。因此B選項(xiàng)“適合行走”正確。A選項(xiàng)“適合騎自行車”，C選項(xiàng)“為腳踏車設(shè)計(jì)”和D選項(xiàng)“為小型摩托車設(shè)計(jì)”都不是指步行，所以A，C，D錯(cuò)誤。2.推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第一段第二句Itisaninternationalmovementtoreformthedesignofthebuiltenvironment,andisaboutraisingourqualityoflifeandstandardoflivingbycreatingbetterplacestolivein.（它是一場改革建筑環(huán)境設(shè)計(jì)的國際運(yùn)動(dòng)，是通過創(chuàng)造更好的居住場所來提高我們的生活質(zhì)量和生活水平。），說明新城市主義強(qiáng)調(diào)對居住環(huán)境的改善。因此C選項(xiàng)“改善建筑環(huán)境”正確。A選項(xiàng)“城市地區(qū)的擴(kuò)張”，B選項(xiàng)“新建筑的藝術(shù)裝飾”和D選項(xiàng)“環(huán)境保護(hù)”在文中均沒有提及，所以A，B，D錯(cuò)誤。3.主旨大意題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“residents”可以定位到文章第二段，healthierlifestylewithmorewalkingandlessstress（更健康的生活方式，更多的步行和更少的壓力）說明新城市主義對居民健康生活方式的好處；pedestrianfriendlycommunitiesoffermoreopportunitiestogettoknowothersintheneighborhoodandtown（行人友好型社區(qū)提供了更多的機(jī)會(huì)去認(rèn)識鄰里和城鎮(zhèn)中的其他人）說明了新城市主義注重人的步行友好性；morefreedomandindependencetochildren,theelderly,andthepoorinbeingabletogettojobsrecreation,andserviceswithouttheneedforacarorsomeonetodrivethem（讓孩子、老人和窮人有更多的自由和獨(dú)立，他們有能力去工作、娛樂和服務(wù)，而不需要搭乘汽車或別人給他們開車）說明了新城市主義為居民帶來了更多的自由。因此D選項(xiàng)“適合步行，更健康的生活方式和更多的自由?！弊钅芨爬ㄐ鲁鞘兄髁x為居民帶來的好處。A選項(xiàng)“城市結(jié)構(gòu)的緊湊，生活的便利和經(jīng)濟(jì)”中城市結(jié)構(gòu)的緊湊是對城市的好處，所以A錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)“更好的人際關(guān)系和更友好的城市”，C選項(xiàng)“方便的購物和更多的服務(wù)，減少巴士費(fèi)用”都只是對居民帶來好處的一部分，不能完整概括新城市主義為居民帶來的好處，所以B，C錯(cuò)誤。4.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由B選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞“railwaysystems”可以定位到文章第七段第二句Planningnewtrainsystems(insteadofmoreroads)deliversthebestresultswhendesignedinharmonywithregionallandplanningknownasTransitOrientedDevelopment.（規(guī)劃新的鐵路系統(tǒng)——而不是更多的道路——如果設(shè)計(jì)與區(qū)域土地規(guī)劃相協(xié)調(diào)，就會(huì)產(chǎn)生最好的效果。），說明新城市主義注重于新的鐵路系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃。因此B選項(xiàng)“新城市主義用新的鐵路系統(tǒng)促進(jìn)交通。”正確。由A選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞“moreroads”可以定位到文章第七段第二句Planningnewtrainsystems(insteadofmoreroads)deliversthebestresults（規(guī)劃新的鐵路系統(tǒng)——而不是修建更多的公路能帶來最好的結(jié)果），說明新城市主義不主張修建更多的公路。因此A選項(xiàng)“新城市主義喜歡設(shè)計(jì)更多的道路，以方便交通。”不符合原文。由C選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞“pedestrian”可以定位到文章第二段pedestrianfriendlycommunitiesoffermoreopportunitiestogettoknowothersintheneighborhoodandtown（行人友好型社區(qū)提供了更多的機(jī)會(huì)去認(rèn)識鄰里和城鎮(zhèn)中的其他人），說明新城市主義者注重行人友好性。因此C選項(xiàng)“新城市主義規(guī)劃師反對行人友好的設(shè)計(jì)。”不符合原文。由D選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞“infilldevelo