考研英語(yǔ)修辭手法大全課件

FiguresofSpeech

FiguresOfSpeechInEnglishStylistics精品課件Simile

Afigureofspeechinwhichonethingislikentoanother,insuchawayastoclarifyandenhanceanimage.Itisanexplicitcomparisonrecognizablebytheuseofthewordlikeoras.(ADictionaryofLiteraryTerms)

精品課件Simile

w

1.Origin:Latin,meaninglike

w

2.Comparativewords:like,as

w

3.Functions:describingshape,scenery;expressingemotions;explaining;vividdescription,makingeasytounderstand;creatinginterest.精品課件StructureofaSimileTenor+comparativeword+vehicleSubject+comparativeword+referenceExample:MyloveislikearedredroseTomisastallashisbrother(notasimile)TomisastallasaMaypole.(simile)精品課件TypeOne:likeLivingwithoutanaimislikesailingwithoutacompass.Marriageislikeabeleagueredfortress:thosewhoarewithoutwanttogetin,andthosewithinwanttogetout.精品課件TypeTwo:asAsfirmasarockAsmuteasafishAsstrongasahorseAsbraveasalionAsobstinateasacowAswhiteassnowAsblackasink/pitchAschangeableastheweatherAswetasadrownedratAsblindasabatAsfatasapigAsproudasapeacockAsfreshasarose精品課件TypeThree:what

TwoPatterns:AistoBwhatCistoD.WhatCistoD,AistoB.精品課件TypeThree:what

Readingistothemindwhatexerciseistothebody.Thepenistoawriterwhatthegunistoafighter.作家的筆猶如戰(zhàn)士的槍。.

精品課件TypeThree:what

Whatsculptureistoablockofmarble,educationistothesoul.教育之于心靈猶如雕刻之于大理石。Whatsaltistofood,witandhumoraretoconversationandliterature精品課件TypeFour:thanAhomewithoutloveisnomorethanabodywithoutasoul.Hehadnomoreideaofmoneythanacow精品課件TypeFive:andLoveandcoughcannotbehid.愛(ài)情像咳嗽一樣是掩蓋不了的。Truthandroseshavethornsaboutthem.Kingsandbearsoftenworrytheirkeepers.Awordandstoneletgocannotberecalled.說(shuō)出去的話就像拋出去的石子，是收不回的。精品課件TypeSix:othersWhoistoblamebuthertyrantofafather.怪誰(shuí)呢？只怪她那暴君般的父親。Adoctormusthavetheheartofalionandthehandofalady.當(dāng)一個(gè)醫(yī)生必須有獅子般的膽量和仕女般的巧手。精品課件Simile

O,mylove’slikeared,redrose,That’snewlysprunginJune:O,mylove’slikethemelodyThat’ssweetlyplayedintune.－RobertBurns精品課件Simile

啊，我的愛(ài)人像一朵紅紅的玫瑰；六月里迎風(fēng)初開(kāi)；啊，我的愛(ài)人像一曲甜蜜的歌；唱得合拍又柔和。精品課件Thefirstlineofthepoemabove,O,mylove’slikeared,redrose,isasimile.Tocommunicatehisfeelings,thepoetinvitesthereadertoperceiveinhissweetheartsomeofthepropertiesofarose.Propertiesthismightincludearebeauty,freshness,scentedness,specialnessandrarity.Greenfly,thornsorblight,alsocommonpropertiesofroses,arelikelytoseemappropriatepointsofcomparison,bearinginmindwhatweknowofthecontext.精品課件Metaphor

Afigureofspeechcontaininganimpliedcomparison,inwhichawordorphraseordinarilyandprimarilyusedofonethingisappliedtoanother.(Webster’sNewWorldDictionary)

精品課件MetaphorAfigureofspeechinwhichonethingisdescribedintermsofanother.Thebasicfigureinpoetry.Acomparisonisusuallyimplicit;whereasinsimileitisexplicit.(ADictionaryofLiteraryTerms)精品課件Metaphor

Metaphors

areofteneasytoidentifyandtaketheformXisY.Somethingorsomeoneisbeingcomparedtosomethingorsomeoneelsethroughaconstructionusingtheappropriatepartoftheverbtobe(i.e.am,are,is,was,were,willbe).精品課件MetaphorEducationisnotthefillingofapail,butthelightingoffire.教育不是將桶裝滿水，而是將火點(diǎn)燃。Moneyisabottomlesssea,inwhichhonor,conscience,andtruthmaybedrowned.金錢(qián)像無(wú)底的海洋，將榮耀、良知和真理淹沒(méi)。Marriageisabookofwhichthefirstchapteriswritteninpoetryandremainingchaptersinprose.精品課件Alltheworld’sastage,Andallmenandwomenmerelyplayers;Theyhavetheirexitsandentrances,Andonemaninhistimeplaysmanyparts,Hisactsbeingsevenages…(Shakespeare,AsyouLikeit)Thefirstclausesetsupthebasiccomparison.Thetenorandvehicleinvokedbythefirstlineareelaboratedinthelinesthatfollow.Themetaphormakespossiblefortheliterarywritertoexplainthingsvividlyingreatdetail.

精品課件MetaphorTheboywolfeddownthefoodthemomenthegrabbedit.Somebooksaretobetasted,othersswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.(OfStudies,Bacon)Shehasaphotographicmemoryfordetails.ThemountainouswavesswalloweduptheshipApolicemanwavedmeoutofthesnakeoftraffic.精品課件Metonymy(借代）Afigureofspeechthatconsistsinusingthenameofonethingforthatofsomethingelsewithwhichitisassociated.

(Webster’sNewInternationalDictionary)精品課件MetonymyDefinition:onethingforanother;associationw

MetonymyisGreekforachangeofname

Function:brief,vivid,interestingExample:Whatislearnedinthecradleiscarriedtothegrave(fromthecradletothegrave從生到死）精品課件Athousandmustachescanlivetogetherbutnotfourbreasts.千條漢子能共處，兩個(gè)婆娘難相容。

Thepenismightierthanthesword.Hekeepsagoodtable.(待客周到,以豐盛的飲食招待客人)Shehastheeyeforthefairandthebeautiful.Thewolfandthepigmingledtogetherinhisface.Chinawon4goldsand5silvers.WedroveaFordtoHydePark.精品課件MetonymyThisisthestrugglebetweenthekimonoandtheminiskirt.Itisapitythatthereismoreignorancethanknowledgeinthecountry.Shehasretiredfromthestagetoteach.精品課件Thegloriesofourbloodandstate,Areshadows,notsubstantialthings;Thereisnoarmouragainstfate;Deathlayshisicyhandonkings;SceptreandCrownMusttumbledownAndinthedustbeequalmadeWiththepoorcrookedScytheandSpade.(Shirley,TheGloriesofourBlood)精品課件Inthispoem,fourmetonymsareused:Sceptre,Crown,Scythe,andSpade.SceptreandCrownarethingsthatkingsandqueenscarryandweartorepresenttheirpowerandauthority,andarethereforemetonymsforkingsandqueens.ScytheandSpadearethingsusedbypeasantsorfarmworkers,andarethereforemetonymsforpeasants.WhatShirleyistryingtosayisthatdeathcomestoallpeople,thenobleandthehumblealike.Theideawouldhavebeenexpressedmuchlesseffectively,ifmetonymshadnotbeenused.精品課件顯貴王侯全會(huì)倒毖，與賤民并肩齊埋在塵土之中。在這首詩(shī)中詩(shī)人借皇冠(crown)和君主節(jié)杖(sceptre)來(lái)代替顯貴王侯、君主貴族。借農(nóng)民常用的工具大鐮刀(scythe)和鐵鍬(spade)代表農(nóng)民大眾。詩(shī)人運(yùn)用借代這一修辭手段形象生動(dòng)、簡(jiǎn)潔地表達(dá)了一種不可抗拒的自然規(guī)律：無(wú)論是至高無(wú)上的君主，還是卑微的勞苦大眾在死神面前一律平等。精品課件Parody(Pieceof)writingintendedtoamusebyimitatingthestyleofwritingusedbysomebodyelse.(OxfordAdvancedLearner’sDictionaryofCurrentEnglish)精品課件ParodyLiteraryormusicalcompositionimitatingthecharacteristicstyleofsomeotherworkorofawriterorcomposer,buttreatingaserioussubjectonanonsensicalmanner,asinridicule.

(Webster’sNewWorldDictionary)精品課件ParodyDefinition:imitationofwell-knownsayingsFunction:humorous,ironical,interestingExample:精品課件ParodyIhavenooutlook,butanuplook.Myplaceinsocietywasatthebottom.我沒(méi)有人生觀，但我有“上爬觀”，我的地位在社會(huì)的最底層。精品課件ParodyAfriendinneedisafriendtobeavoided.難中的朋友是要躲避的朋友。這句話明顯是仿Afriendinneedisafriendindeed.而來(lái)的。精品課件ParodyItissaidJanehasfalleninlovewithJack.Yes,butshesaysshehadhesitatedforalongtimebeforeshefinallywalkedintolove.據(jù)說(shuō)簡(jiǎn)與杰克墜入了情網(wǎng)。是的，不過(guò)她說(shuō)她曾經(jīng)猶豫了很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間最后才步入情網(wǎng)。精品課件Reagan’sconductintheGovernor’sofficedidatleastdemonstratethathisconservativebarkoftencarriedlittlebitewhenhetackledthepracticalproblemsgoverninghisstate.(Time,April28,1980)里根在州長(zhǎng)任上的行為至少顯示他在處理州里的實(shí)際問(wèn)題時(shí)并不像他大叫大嚷的那些保守的調(diào)調(diào)厲害。barkoftencarriedlittlebite是根據(jù)諺語(yǔ)Hisbarkisworsethanhisbite.(心地不如嘴惡)仿擬出來(lái)的。精品課件“Twinkle,twinkle,littlebat!HowIwonderwhatyou’reat!”“Youknowthesong,perhaps?”“I’veheardsomethinglikeit,”saidAlice.“Itgoeson,youknow.”theHattercontinued,“inthisway—Upabovetheworldyoufly.Likeateatrayinthesky.Twinkle,twinkle—”(l.Carrol,Alice’sAdventuresinWonderland)精品課件“一閃，一閃，小蝙蝠！我不知道你往哪里飛！”“你也許知道這首歌吧？”“我聽(tīng)過(guò)相似的歌，”艾麗斯說(shuō)，“你知道下面還有呢。”帽匠繼續(xù)道“是這樣的——離開(kāi)地面的你高高地飛翔像個(gè)茶盤(pán)在天上一閃一閃——”精品課件《艾麗斯漫游奇境記》中帽匠關(guān)于蝙蝠的歌明顯是仿擬英國(guó)詩(shī)人JaneTayor寫(xiě)的著名兒歌TheStar的第一節(jié)：Twinkle,twinkle,littlestar,HowIwonderwhatyouare!Upabovetheworldsohigh.Likeadiamondinthesky.精品課件ParodyOriginal:Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.Imitation:Wherethereisawill,thereisarelative.精品課件ParodyAbirdinhandisworthtwointhebush：itisbettertobecontentwithwhatonehasthantorisklosingeverythingbybeingtoogreedy.(一鳥(niǎo)在手勝于二鳥(niǎo)在林）Ahusbandinhandisworthtwointhebush.

biteoffmorethanonecanchew:attempttodotoomuchorsomethingthatistoodemanding.(試圖做過(guò)多的事或太費(fèi)周折的事）Hemarriedabitmorethanhecouldchew.精品課件Astitchintimesavesnine(一針及時(shí)，可省九針）

Awordintimesavesnine.Tobeornottobe,that’stheproblem.(生存還是毀滅，這是個(gè)問(wèn)題)Tolieornottolie—thedoctor’sdilemma.

精品課件Toerrishuman;toforgivedivine(人孰無(wú)過(guò)):Itishumannaturetosinandmakemistakesandthereforeoneshouldbeasforgivingaspossible.Toeatishuman;todigest,divine.精品課件PersonificationAfigureofspeechinwhichathing,quality,orideaisrepresentedasaperson.(Webster’sNewWorldDictionary)精品課件1.O,mylove’slikeared,redrose,That’snewlysprunginJune:O,mylove’slikethemelody

That’ssweetlyplayedintune.－RobertBurns啊，我的愛(ài)人像一朵紅紅的玫瑰；六月里迎風(fēng)初開(kāi)；啊，我的愛(ài)人像一曲甜蜜的歌；唱得合拍又柔和。(王佐良譯）精品課件2.Kindnessisthegoldenchainbywhichtheworldisbound.(Goethe)仁愛(ài)是聯(lián)結(jié)世界的一條金鏈。精品課件3.Theraintothewindsaid“YoupushandI’llpelt,”TheysosmotethegardenbedThattheflowersactuallykneltAndlaylodged—thoughnotdeadIknowhowtheflowersfelt.(RobertFrost)精品課件雨對(duì)風(fēng)說(shuō)：“你來(lái)狂吹，我來(lái)猛落?！彼麄儌z就這樣在花圃上施暴虐于是花兒們便七歪八倒葉殘瓣破最后終于倒下了——盡管還奄奄一息活著我知道花兒們此時(shí)心中感受如何。精品課件例1是明喻，將愛(ài)人比作花朵，比作樂(lè)曲；例2是隱喻，將仁愛(ài)比作金鏈條，都是靜止的比喻。例3作為擬人格卻活潑得多，風(fēng)和雨都成了人，變成了冷酷、殘暴、以施虐為樂(lè)的人，風(fēng)和雨狂吹猛落直把花兒摧殘得奄奄一息。精品課件HowsoonhathTime,thesubtlethiefofyouth,stolenonhiswingmythreeandtwentiethyear!(Milton)時(shí)間，這個(gè)盜竊青春的狡猾的小偷，盜竊了我二十又三年飛去了。在十七、十八世紀(jì)的古典詩(shī)歌中，詩(shī)人們出于對(duì)神話和傳統(tǒng)的尊重，常喜歡把自然現(xiàn)象人格化。詩(shī)人按照傳統(tǒng)把Time比擬做人。精品課件PersonificationLove,freeasair,atsightofhumanties,spreadshislightwings,andinamomentflies.愛(ài)情，自由得像空氣，一見(jiàn)到人間的羈絆，伸展開(kāi)他的翅膀立即飛開(kāi)。精品課件Personification…h(huán)ereletthemlieTillfamineandagueeatthemup.(Shakespeare:Macbeth)讓他們?nèi)ト鲋e吧直到饑荒與瘧疾把他們都吃掉。饑荒與瘧疾都是可以置人于死地的，所以，用eatup把這些災(zāi)禍擬人化，是很貼切的。精品課件PersonificationAliecantravelhalfwayaroundtheworldwhilethetruthisputtingonitsshoes.真理還來(lái)不及穿上鞋子，謊言已經(jīng)走遍了半個(gè)世界。精品課件

TheRoseandtheGardenerTheRoseinthegardenslippedherbud,Andshelaughedintheprideifheryouthfulblood,Asshethoughtofthegardenerstandingby——“Heisold—soold;andhesoonwilldie!”ThefullRosewaxedinthewarmJuneair,Andshespreadandspread,tillherheartlaybare,Andshelaughedoncemoreassheheardhistread,“Heisoldernow.Hewillsoonbedead!”精品課件Butthebreezeinthemorningblew,andfoundThattheleavesoftheblownRosestrewedtheground,Andhecameatnoon,thatGardenerold,Andherakedthemsoftlyunderthemold.AndIwovethethingtoarandomrhyme,FortheRoseisBeauty:theGardener,Time.(AustinDobson1840-1921)精品課件

玫瑰與園丁玫瑰花在園中綻開(kāi)了她的蓓蕾，她訕笑著自恃著年輕嬌美，她笑那老園丁竟站在她身邊—“他已經(jīng)老了—老態(tài)龍鐘，很快便會(huì)命喪黃泉。在六月的暖風(fēng)中她盡量搖曳盛開(kāi)，她燦爛地開(kāi)放，開(kāi)放，直到袒露心懷，她聽(tīng)見(jiàn)老園丁的腳步聲便再次嘲笑：“他越來(lái)越老了，他老命難保！”精品課件可是上午的和風(fēng)不停地吹，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)玫瑰花的花瓣被吹落地上一片又一片，老園丁來(lái)時(shí)已經(jīng)到了正午，他把落花輕輕聚攏埋入泥土。我且漫將此事寫(xiě)上我的詩(shī)箋，玫瑰雖美但園丁卻擁有時(shí)間。這首詩(shī)是詩(shī)人借物抒情，詩(shī)人感慨人間有些人妄自尊大、淺薄自傲、負(fù)心薄義，但若直接說(shuō)出便成了乏味的說(shuō)教，而用擬人的手法將花變成人讓花兒自己現(xiàn)身說(shuō)法，十分巧妙地將詩(shī)人的心理感受轉(zhuǎn)移到花兒身上。精品課件PersonificationSlangislanguagethattakesoffitscoat,spitsonitshands,andgoestowork.Lazinesstravelssoslowly,thatpovertysoonovertakeshim.Australiaissokindthat,justtickleherwithahoe,andshelaughswithaharvest.精品課件OnomatopoeiaCombinationofsoundsinawordthatimitatingwhatthewordrefersto,like‘hiss’or‘boom’.精品課件Thestreamflowsthroughthewoods.Thestreamismurmuringthroughthewoods.Dasistartedlaughing.Dasistartedgiggling.Thedoorwaspushedopen.Thedoorcrashedopen.Heavyraindropsfellonthetent.Heavyraindropsbeganpitter-patteringonthetent.精品課件OnomatopoeiaDefinition:imitationofsound.Function:association,direct,vivid.Example:Thesnakehissed.Giggle,clap,patter,mew,rumble精品課件OnomatopoeiaAturkrygobbles.火雞咯咯叫Awolfhowls/growls.狼嚎Asnakehisses.蛇聲咝咝Abeehums.蜜蜂嗡嗡叫Atigergrowls.老虎吼叫Asparrowtwitters.麻雀吱吱喳喳叫精品課件OnomatopoeiaAcockcrows.公雞喔喔叫Acricketchirps蟋蟀唧唧叫Acrowcaws烏鴉哇哇叫Ahorseneighs/whinnies/nickers.馬叫/馬嘶/馬鳴/馬蕭蕭Apiggrunts/squeaks.豬咕嚕咕嚕/哼哼叫Amousesqueaks/peeps老鼠吱吱/唧唧/啾啾叫精品課件OnomatopoeiaThetrainclatteredoutofthestation.火車(chē)哐唧哐唧駛出車(chē)站。Theclockticked,thefirecracked.鐘聲滴滴答答，火聲噼噼啪啪。Themanshutthedoorwithabang.那人砰的一聲把門(mén)關(guān)了。Thewindiswhistling.風(fēng)呼呼地響。精品課件OnomatopoeiaSoundfromnature:Murmur,babble,swish,patter,rumble,roll,rustle,zip,toot,tick,tinkle,screech,bang,bubble,clang,crack,splash,grumble精品課件EuphemismTheuseofpleasant,mildorindirectwordsorphrasesinplaceofmoreaccurateordirectones.InoldGreek,‘eu’means‘well’or‘soundingwell’;‘pheme’meansspeech(說(shuō)話).精品課件EuphemismDefinition:totalkaboutunpleasantthingsinapleasantway.Undertheweather.HardofhearingJoinone’sancestorsWashone’shands精品課件Life生:Ugly丑：Homely,plain;Fat胖：weightwatcher,chubby,plumy,stout;Skinny瘦:slender,slim,willowy,svelte精品課件EuphemismDiseases：病LookoffcolourUndertheweatherNotallthereLongillness精品課件Euphemism殘疾：DisabilityDisabledHandicappedInconveniencedVisuallyretarded精品課件EuphemismOld老:AdvancedinagePastone’sprimeFeelingone’sageGoldenageSeniorcitizenThelongerliving精品課件EuphemismDeath死：GowestAtrestAsleepReturntodustPassawayGotoheaven精品課件Hyperbole/OverstatementAnexaggeratedorextravagantstatementusedasafigureofspeech

(AmericanHeritageDictionary)Exaggerationforeffect,notmeanttobetakenliterally…

(TheWebster’sNewWorldDictionary)Extravagantexaggeration

(TheWebster’sNinthNewCollegiateDictionary)精品課件Hyperbole/OverstatementFunction:exaggeratethetoneCompare:Herandowntheavenue,makingaloudnoise.Herandowntheavenue,makinganoiseliketenhorsesatagallop.精品課件Hyperbole

OverstatementOnefatherismorethanahundredschoolmasters.It’sacrimetostayinsideonsuchabeautifulday.Themosteffectivewaterpowerintheworld–women’stears精品課件Asfairartthou,mybonnielass,SodeepinluveamI,AndIwillluvetheestill,mydear,Tilla’theseasgangdry,

Tilla’theseagangdry,mydear,Andtherocksmeltwi’thesun!AndIwillluvetheestill,mydear,Whilethesandso’lifeshallrun.精品課件

Itisquiteobviousthatalltheseaswillneverbecomedryandtherockswillunlikelymeltwiththesun.However,wecannoticethatthespeakerhereisexpressingagenuinelyfeltemotion.Whathetriestosaytohisbelovedisthathewillforeverloveher.Thehyperbolicexpressionherestronglyemphasizethepromiseofundyinglove.

精品課件Forshewasbeautiful－h(huán)erbeautymadethebrightworlddim,andeverythingbesideseemedlikethefleetingimageofashade.－Shelly精品課件Thehyperboleherbeautymadethebrightworlddimexpressesthespeaker’sgreatadmirationforthefemalefigure.Whatthepoetintendstosay,putinplainterms,isthatshewasextraordinarilybeautiful.精品課件Tobe,ornottobe:thatisthequestionWhether’tisnoblerinthemindtosufferTheslingsandarrowsofoutrageousfortune,OrtotakearmsagainstaseaoftroublesAndbyopposingendthem?...(Shakespeare’sHamlet)生存還是毀滅,這是一個(gè)值得考慮的問(wèn)題；默默忍受命運(yùn)的暴虐的毒箭，或是挺身反抗人世的無(wú)涯的苦難，在奮斗中結(jié)束一切？……精品課件Ahyperboleisoftenmetaphorical.Thephraseaseaoftroublesinlinefourisanexaggeratedaswellasmetaphoricwayofsayingthatitisagreatquantityoftroubles.Hamlet:IlovedOphelia:fortythousandbrotherscouldnot,withalltheirquantityoflove,makeupmysum.哈姆雷特：我愛(ài)奧菲莉亞，四萬(wàn)兄弟的愛(ài)集合起來(lái)也抵不上我的愛(ài)。精品課件Understatement(低調(diào)陳述)Statementthatexpressedanidea,etc,tooweakly.（輕描淡寫(xiě)地來(lái)陳述一種想法）(AdvancedLearner’sDictionary)精品課件Understatement(低調(diào)陳述）Function:controlthetoneofspeaking

Overstatement:deliberatelymaximizingtheimportance;playup;highprofile

Understatement:deliberatelyminimizetheimportance;playdown;lowprofile1)正話反說(shuō)：Thisproblemisnotaboveus.Heisamannotwithoutambition.精品課件2）回避正面說(shuō)法或不作正面回答IwishIcouldwritebetter.3）弱說(shuō)代替強(qiáng)說(shuō)Mr.Liissomethingofaphilosopher.精品課件ParallelismThearrangementofanumberofrelatedideasofthesameimportanceinanumberofparallelorbalancedstructuresformsaintegratedwhole,inordertointensifyemotionandtoemphasizetheauthor’spoint.

精品課件ParallelismFunction:createrhythm,brief,compareandcontrastCivilizedmenarrivedinthePacific,armedwithalcohol,syphilis,trousersandtheBible.AnEnglishmanthinksseated;aFrenchman,standing;anAmerican,pacing;anIrishman,afterward.精品課件ParallelismTheycoulddescribeanentertainmentwithaccuracy,relateananecdotewithhumour,andlaughattheiracquaintancewithspirit.Readnottocontradictandconfuse;nortobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscourse;buttoweighandconsider.精品課件ParallelismTheworldlistens.Theworldwatches.Theworldwaitstoseewhatwewilldo.Iamveryfondofthecompanyofladies;Iliketheirbeauty.Iliketheirdelicacy;Iliketheirvivacity,andIliketheirsilence.精品課件ParallelismWomenwererunningouttothelineofmarch,cryingandlaughingandkissingthemengood-bye.(JohnD.Killens:“GodBlessAmerica”)精品課件

Theyriseoutoftheearth,theysweatandstarveforafewyears,andthentheysinkbackintothenamelessmoundsofthegraveyardandnobodynoticesthattheyaregone.－GeorgeOrwell,Marrakech

精品課件Itwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes;itwastheageofwisdom,itwastheageoffoolishness;itwastheepochofbelief,itwastheepochofincredulity;itwastheseasonofLight,itwastheseasonofDarkness;itwasthespringofhope,itwasthewinterofdespair;wehadeverythingbeforeus,wehadnothingbeforeus;wewereallgoingdirecttoHeaven,wewereallgoingdirecttheotherway.

－CharlesDickensATaleofTwoCities精品課件Foritisnotlightthatisneeded,buttire;itisnotthegentleshower,butthunder.Weneedthestorm,thewhirl-wind,andtheearthquake.Thefeelingofthenationmustbequickened;theconscienceofthenationmustberoused;theproprietyofthenationmustbestartled;thehypocrisyofthenationmustbeexposed;anditscrimesagainstGodandmenmustbeproclaimedanddenounced.－FrederickDouglass精品課件Itisratherforustobeherededicatedtothegreattaskremainingbeforeus,thatfromthesehonoreddeadwetakeincreaseddevotiontothatcauseforwhichtheyheregavethelastfullmeasureofdevotion;thatweherehighlyresolvedthatthesedeadshallnothavediedinvain;thatthisnation,underGod,shallhaveanewbirthoffreedom,andthatgovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople,shallnotperishfromtheearth.

精品課件WhenItookuponthetombsofthegreat,everyemotionofenvydiesinme;WhenIreadtheepitaphsofthebeautiful,everyinordinatedesiregoesout;WhenImeetwiththegriefofparentsuponatombstone,myheartmeltswithcompassion;WhenIseethetomboftheparentsthemselves,Iconsiderthevanityofgrievingforthosewhomwemustquicklyfollow.

精品課件Ifyouprickus,dowenotbleed?Ifyoutickleus,dowenotlaugh?Ifyoupoisonus,dowenotdie?Andifyouwrongus,shallwenotrevenge?(TheMerchantofVenice)精品課件Theseedyesow,anotherreaps;Thewealthyefind,anotherkeeps;Therobesyeweave,anotherwears;Thearmsyeforge,anotherbears.(P.B.Shelley,SongtotheMenofEngland)精品課件MyHeartLeapsUpMyheartleapsupwhenIbeholdArainbowinthesky,Sowasitwhenmylifebegan;SoisitnowIamaman;SobeitwhenIshallgrowold,Orletmedie!TheChildisfatheroftheMan;AndIcouldwishmydaystobeBoundeachtoeachbynaturalpiety.精品課件Inthispoem,thepoethassuccessfullyexpressedhisgreatreverencefornaturewhichgoesbeyondtheboundsofthepast,presentandfuture.Thethemeisthoughtoutchieflybytheparallelismwhichexistsinlines3,4,and5.Firstly,thesamenessofstructureimpliesthesamenessinmeaning.Thisshowsthatthespeakerhopesthathisresponsetoseeingarainbowremainsthesamethroughouthislife.Secondlyandmoreimportantly,theemotionalfeelingexpressedgetsstrongeraftereachjuxtaposedunit,reachingitsclimaxinthefinalparallelunit.Reinforcedbytheimperativemoodandthemeaningofthelinefollowingit,line5mosteffectivelyexpressesthespeaker’sstrongdeterminationforcontinuingtoholdadeeploveandrespectfornature.精品課件ContrastCowardsdiemanytimesbeforetheirdeath;thevaliantnevertasteofdeathbutonce…Letusnevernegotiateoutoffear,butletusneverfeartonegotiate.Menalwayswanttobeawoman’sfirstlove;womenhavemoresubtleinstinct;whattheylikeistobeaman’slastromance.精品課件ContrastAmothertakestwentyyearstomakeamanofherboy,andanotherwomanmakesafoolofhimintwentyminutes.精品課件Antithesis(對(duì)偶)Contrastofideasmarkedbythechoiceandarrangementofwords,e.g.Givemeliberty,orgivemedeath不自由，毋寧死。精品課件AntithesisFeature:contrastinmeaning,parallelinstructureKnowledgemakehumble,ignorancemakeproud.…thenegrolivesonalonelyislandofpovertyinthemidstofavastoceanofmaterialprosperity.精品課件AntithesisThelifeofthewolfisthedeathofthelamb.(對(duì)敵人的仁慈就是對(duì)人們的犯罪。)ShortaccountsmakelongfriendsLifecanonlybeunderstoodbackwards,butitmustbelivedforwards.Wherethere’smarriagewithoutlove,therewillbelovewithoutmarriage.－BenjaminFranklinIftheeconomystaysdown,canconservativesstayup?精品課件OxymoronTheyokingtogetheroftwoexpressionswhichareincompatible,sothatincombinationtheyhavenoconceivableliteralreferencetoreality.精品課件OxymoronFeatures:contradictoryinmeaningThecomplexityofthingsExample:Alivingdeath半死不活（不是：活著的死）Sweetsorrow憂喜參半（不是：甜蜜的悲傷）Proudhumility不卑不亢（不是：驕傲的謙卑）Cruelkindness害人的仁慈精品課件Oxymoron(矛盾修飾法)Adj.+N.creativedestruction,livingdeath,tearfuljoy,orderlychaos,etc.Adj.+Adj.coldpleasantmanner,sour-sweetdays,poorrichguys,etc.Adv.+Adj.dullybright,mercifullyfatal,falselytrue,wiselystupid,etc.V.+Adv.hastenslowly(=makehasteslowly),shinedarkly,groanloudly,etc.N.+N.love-haterelationship,thesoundofsilence,etc.精品課件OxymoronIt(NewYork)hasthepoorestmillionaires,thelittlestgreatmen,thehaughtiestbeggars,theplainestbeauties,thelowestskyscrapers.精品課件OxymoronAnhonourablemurdererifyouwill;FornoughtIdidinhate,butallinhonour.

－WilliamShakespeare,Othello精品課件Juliet:Oserpentheart,hidwithaflow’ringface!Dideverdragonkeepsofairacave?Beautifultyrant!fiendangelical!Dove-feather’draven!Wolfish-raveninglamb!Despisedsubstanceofdivinestshow!Justoppositetowhatthoujustlyseem’st,Adamnedsaint,anhonourablevillain!－WilliamShakespeare,RomeoandJuliet

精品課件Themajoragainpressedtohisblueeyesthetipsofthefingersthatweredisposedontheedgeofthewheeledchairwithcarefulcarelessness,aftertheCleopatramodelandMr.Dombeybowed.(DombeyandSon)Thesemanticclashisevenmoreapparentinthetwoantonymscarefulandcarelessness.Thegroupingtogetheroftheantonymsvividlyandunreservedlydemonstratesthepretenceandaffectednessofthemajor.精品課件PunPun:“alsoplayonwords—n.Anamusinguseofawordorphrasethathastwomeanings,orwordswiththesamesoundbutdifferentmeanings:Hemadethispun:‘Sevendayswithoutwatermakeoneweak’(=1week)”。

（LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish)精品課件PunThehumoroususeofaword,orofwordswhichareformedorsoundedalikebuthavedifferentmeanings,insuchawayastoplayontwoormoreofthepossibleapplications;aplayonwords.

(Webster’sNewWorldDictionary)精品課件Pun1.Thesamesound,butdifferentmeaningsYouearn

yourlivingandurn

yourdead.謀生即筑墓。(earn

yourliving謀生，urn

yourdead火化死者）

精品課件Pun2.Thesamespelling,samesoundbutdifferentmeanings.ToEnglandwillIsteal,andthereI’llsteal.(Shakespeare:HenryV)我悄悄地溜到英國(guó)就在那兒偷。精品課件PunWemusthangtogether,orweshallallhangseparately.（BenjaminFranklin)我們必須緊密地團(tuán)結(jié)在一起，否則我們將被一個(gè)個(gè)地絞死。

精品課件Makeyoureveryhelloarealgood-buy.(aTelephoneAdvertisement)讓你的每一聲“哈羅”都真的物有所值。這則廣告，打電話第一句稱呼通常是“hello”而末尾通常是“good-bye”,那么每一次打電話從頭到尾都清晰，這個(gè)電話就確實(shí)買(mǎi)得好，good-buy與good-bye同音，一語(yǔ)雙關(guān)。精品課件BenBattlewasasoldierboldAndusedtowar’salarms;Butacannonballshotoffhislegs,Sohelaiddownhisarms.(Hood)本·拜脫是一個(gè)大膽的士兵習(xí)慣了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的警報(bào)；但是一顆炮彈打斷了他的雙腿，他只得放下他的武器。詩(shī)中arms一語(yǔ)雙關(guān)：手臂、武器。精品課件Zeugma（軛式搭配）Afigureofspeechinwhichasingleword,usuallyaverboradjective,issyntacticallyrelatedtotwoormorewords,withonlyoneofwhichitseemslogicallyconnected.

(Webster’sNewWo