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Butterfly1Butterflyisaninsectoftheorder
Lepidoptera.Unlikemanyinsects,butterfliesdonot
experienceanymphperiod,butinsteadgothroughapupal(蛹的)stagewhichliesbetweenthelarva(幼蟲)andtheadultstage(theimago成蟲).Butterfliesaretermedasholometabolous(完全變態(tài))insects,andgothroughcompletemetamorphosis(變態(tài)).2Thefour-stagelifecycle1.Egg2.Larva,knownasacaterpillar
3.Pupa(chrysalis)4.Adultbutterfly(imago)3Egg4Butterflyeggsconsistofahard-ridgedouterlayerofshell,calledthechorion(絨毛膜).Thisislinedwithathincoatingofwax(蠟)whichpreventstheeggfromdryingoutbeforethelarvahashadtimetofullydevelop.Eacheggcontainsanumberoftinyfunnel-shapedopeningsatoneend,calledmicropyles(卵孔)(toallowsperm(精子)toenterandfertilizetheegg).Butterflyeggsarefixedtoaleafwithaspecialgluewhichhardensrapidlyandwilldeformtheshapeoftheegg.5Eggsareusuallylaidonplants.Eachspeciesofbutterflyhasitsownhostplantrangeandwhilesomespeciesofbutterflyarerestrictedtojustonespeciesofplant.6Theeggstagelastsafewweeksinmostbutterfliesbuteggslaidclosetowinter,especiallyintemperateregions,gothroughadiapause(滯育)stage,andthehatching(孵卵)maytakeplaceonlyinspring.Otherbutterfliesmaylaytheireggsinthespringandhavethemhatchinthesummer(northernspecies).7Caterpillars8Butterflylarvae,orcaterpillars,consumeplant
leavesandspendpracticallyalloftheirtimeinsearchoffood.Althoughmostcaterpillarsareherbivorous(planteating),afewspeciesareentomophagous(insecteating).9Butterflycaterpillarshavethreepairsoftruelegsfromthethoracic(胸)segmentsandupto6pairsofprolegsarisingfromtheabdominal(腹部)segments.10wingdevelopment11Wingsorwingpads(翅芽)arenotvisibleontheoutsideofthelarva,butwhenlarvaearedissected(切開),tinydevelopingwingdiskscanbefoundonthesecondandthirdthoracicsegments,inplaceofthespiracles(呼吸孔)thatareapparentonabdominalsegments.Wingdisksareverysmalluntilthelastlarvalinstar.12Pupa蝶蛹1314Thelarvatransformsintoapupa(orchrysalis蛹)byanchoring(依靠)itselftoasubstrate(基質(zhì))andmoulting(換毛)forthelasttime.Thechrysalisisusuallyincapableofmovement.Thepupaltransformationintoabutterflythroughmetamorphosis(變態(tài))hasheldgreatappealtomankind.Totransformfromtheminiaturewingsvisibleontheoutsideofthepupaintolargestructuresusableforflight,thepupalwingsundergorapidmitosis(有絲分裂)andabsorbagreatdealofnutrients.15AdultorImago16Theadultissexuallymature.AsLepidoptera,butterflieshavefourwingsthatarecoveredwithtinyscales.Theforeandhindwingsarenothookedtogether,permittingamoregracefulflight.Anadultbutterflyhassixlegs,butinthenymphalids,thefirstpairisreduced.Afteritemergesfromitspupalstage,abutterflycannotflyuntilthewingsareunfolded.Anewly-emergedbutterflyneedstospendsometimeinflatingitswingswithbloodandlettingthemdry,duringwhichtimeitisextremelyvulnerabletopredators.17habitButterfliesfeedprimarilyonnectar(花蜜)fromflowers.Somealsoderivenourishmentfrompollen(花粉),treesap(汁),rottingfruit,dung(家畜糞便),anddissolvedmineralsinwetsandordirt.Butterfliesareimportantaspollinators(傳粉媒介)18Asadults,butterfliesconsumeonlyliquidsandthesearesuckedbymeansoftheirproboscis(喙).Theyfeedonnectarfromflowersandalsosipwaterfromdamppatches.Thistheydoforwater,forenergyfromsugarsinnectarandforsodium(鈉)andothermineralswhicharevitalfortheirreproduction.Severalspeciesofbutterfliesneedmoresodiumthanprovidedbynectar.Theyareattractedtosodiuminsaltandtheysometimeslandonpeople,attractedbyhumansweat.Besidesdamppatches,somebutterfliesalsovisitdung,rottingfruitorc
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