中考英語(yǔ)閱讀詞義猜測(cè)講解教案設(shè)計(jì)

中考英語(yǔ)閱讀詞義猜測(cè)講解教案

一、考點(diǎn)分析

猜測(cè)詞義也是一種英語(yǔ)閱讀能力.英語(yǔ)閱讀理解試題中有不少這樣的題目。

任何一個(gè)實(shí)詞，只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一個(gè)確定的詞義。所謂上下文(context),

正如英語(yǔ)辭典所解釋的，其作用就是幫助確定上下文中的詞、短語(yǔ)或句子的意義。據(jù)此，我

們可以盡可能地利用上下文來(lái)猜測(cè)詞義，即從已知推求未知，也就是用我們所熟悉的詞或短

語(yǔ)來(lái)猜測(cè)我們不熟悉的詞的詞義。

二、考察形式

猜測(cè)詞義的能力屬于英語(yǔ)的基本能力之一。具體到考試題型上，在單項(xiàng)選擇、完型填空、

首字母填空、閱讀理解等題型上都會(huì)有體現(xiàn)，尤其是閱讀類(lèi)題目，對(duì)陌生單詞意思的猜測(cè)和

對(duì)熟詞生義的理解都是會(huì)直接影響到對(duì)文章的理解。閱讀理解題型往往會(huì)以如下形式進(jìn)行考

察。

1.Whatdoesthewordreferto?

2.Theunderlinedword"...”istheclosestinmeaningto.

3.Bysayingthat"...”,theauthormeansthat___.

看到這樣的題目，就知道，若是不能理解所指單詞意思，那就是失分嘍！

三、猜詞方法大突破

前面一開(kāi)始我們猜測(cè)了幾個(gè)單詞的意思，現(xiàn)在我們?cè)谟猩舷挛恼Z(yǔ)境的情況下，你猜的對(duì)不

對(duì)。

■Onthewaytothefactory,Jacksangapopsonghappily.Becauseitisthefirstdayforhim

towork,Whenhewasworking,hetalkedwithhiscomrade.Suddenly,themachine

brokedownbecauseofhiscarelessness.Jackwasafraidoftheblameofhisboss.His

comradetoldhim,"Takeiteasy,youareagreenhand.^

■Doyoulikealadybird?Itisnotakindofbird.Itisainsect(昆蟲(chóng)).Itcanfly.Itswings

arered.Itisverysmall.

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■Tomisagreatman.Tomistreatedasabigpotato.

■Timdranktoomuchwaterlastnight,sohewenttovisitiohntwice.

【講解】一個(gè)完全陌生的單詞，或者一個(gè)熟悉的單詞怎么都看不出啥意思？為什么？缺乏上

下文的語(yǔ)境，一個(gè)單詞，尤其是在文章中出現(xiàn)的單詞，其前后句子或單詞在意義上和語(yǔ)法上

都會(huì)與其相聯(lián)系。

如上面幾句，第一句，第二句，第三句都是相當(dāng)于對(duì)單詞的解釋?zhuān)谒木渚褪且蚬P(guān)系，根

據(jù)我們

的日常生活邏輯，喝水多了，自然就要上廁所。所以這些就是幫助我們判斷詞義的重要線(xiàn)索。

下面

我們來(lái)看看，英語(yǔ)的句子，在語(yǔ)法關(guān)系上，在句型結(jié)構(gòu)上，有沒(méi)有幫助我們的技巧。

1、定義釋義法:通過(guò)定義，定語(yǔ)從句，詞組，同位語(yǔ)從句來(lái)體現(xiàn).其表現(xiàn)形式為:用thatis,inother

words,or,mean,becalled,referto,或連系動(dòng)詞tobe等定義或重述形式來(lái)解釋生詞.如：

1)Sociologyisthetermusedtodescribethescientificstudyofhumansociety.

2)Janeisindecisive,thatis,shecan'tmakeuphermind.

3)Ilwillbeveryhardbutalsoverybrittle—thatis,itwillbreakeasily.

4)Acalendarisalistofthedays,weeks,monthsofaparticularyear.

2、對(duì)比法：句中多半有unlike,but,although,yet,while,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,

insteadof,ratherthan等信息詞.另外,分號(hào)也可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折，對(duì)比的意義.

1)AndrewisoneofthemostsuperciliousmanIknow.Hisbrother,incontrast.isquite

humbleandmodest.

2).Hervoicewasusuallysoftandsweet,butnowitwashoarse,(沙啞的)

3).ThoughTom'sfacehasbeenwashedquiteclean,hisneckstillremainsgrubby.(骯臟的).

【講解】在含有though,but等含有轉(zhuǎn)折詞的句子中，主從句某些詞構(gòu)成對(duì)比關(guān)系.即可看

出softandsweel和hoarse及clean和grubby意義相對(duì).

4).Ifyouagree,write"yes";ifyoudissent,write"no".

【講解】根據(jù)對(duì)比關(guān)系的yes和no,不難看出agree和dissent是反義詞.

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5).Hehasbeeninofficeforonlyafewmonths.However>hehasachievedmorethananyof

hispredecessors.(前任者)

【講解】用however來(lái)提示下文要表達(dá)意想不到的結(jié)果.

3、因果法：文章借助關(guān)聯(lián)詞because,as,since,for,so,thus,astheresult,therefore等表示

前因后果.有時(shí)利用動(dòng)詞leadto,cause,resultin,resultfrom,bringabout等表達(dá)因果關(guān)系.

1)Theflowersinthevasewitheredbecausetheyhadnowater.

2)Thelackofmovementcausedthemusclestoweaken.Sometimestheweaknesswaspe

rmanent.Sotheplayercouldneverplaythesportagain.

3)Theriverissoturbidthatitisimpossibletoseethebottomevenwhenitisshallow.

4.根據(jù)同等關(guān)系猜詞：在特定的情況下，作者通過(guò)一連串同一類(lèi)型或同一范疇和詞語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá)

其思想。如果有一生詞在這一系列的同一范疇的詞語(yǔ)中，可以通過(guò)這些詞語(yǔ)的一段特

征和語(yǔ)義范圍推斷出生詞的詞義范圍。如：

l).Butthecaptain'scourage,perseverance,andpowerfulwillmasteredeverymanonboard,and

wewenttoworkagain.(意志)

這一段文字中，反映的是船長(zhǎng)的積極進(jìn)取的精神面貌，是船長(zhǎng)的勇氣、毅力和意志征

服大家，才使他們又重新投入排水戰(zhàn)斗。

2).IntheancientcityofRome,wevisitedeverymansion,church,battlesite,theatreandpublic

halls.(建筑物)從這一連串詞不難看出mansion的詞義.

5.根據(jù)生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和常識(shí)：

I)Inolddays,whengirlsfromrichfamiliesweremaiTiedtotheirhusbands,theyexpectedto

bringwiththemselvesalargequantityofdowry,嫁妝

2)nIdon'thaveanyfamily/saidtheboy,"Iamanorphan."孤兒

3)Soonthewindhadpiledsnowintodrifts.雪堆

【講解】其實(shí)很多生詞或熟詞僻義都可以根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和常識(shí)來(lái)推測(cè)出來(lái)，尤其是英英字典，全

都是用語(yǔ)言來(lái)

解釋單詞，反過(guò)來(lái)也可以根據(jù)句子來(lái)猜測(cè)詞義，讓學(xué)生養(yǎng)成動(dòng)腦子的好習(xí)慣。

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6、根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法：合成、派生（前綴、后綴）、轉(zhuǎn)化等，如下列舉一些常見(jiàn)的詞綴。

1.adj.+ly=adv.

Cheap—cheaplycruel-cruelly

firm——firmlystrange——strangely

2.en+adj.=v.

sure-ensureable-enable

1.n.+en=v.

fright—frightenheight-heightenstrength—strengthen

2.adj+ize=v.

familiar—familiarize使通俗modern-modernize現(xiàn)代化

real—realizespecial—specialize以...為專(zhuān)業(yè)

5.n.+y=adj.

mud——muddyrain——rainyshadow——shadowy陰暗的

storm—stormywind—windy

6.adj+en=v.使具有；使成為

black—blackenbright—brighten

sharp-sharpenweak—weaken

7.n.+some=adj.

quarrel-quarrelsometrouble-troublesome

tire—tiresomeworry—worrisome

8.n.+y=adj.

Air-airyanger-angryhill-hillyluck-lucky

9.n.+ly=adj.

Love-lovelyhour-hourly

quarter-quarterlyyear-yearly

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lO.n.+ous=adj.充滿(mǎn)…的

danger_dangerouscourage-courageousfame—famous

ll.n.+al=adj.

center-centraleducation-educationalindustry—industrial

12.v.+al=n.

arrive-arrivalrefuse-refusal

dismiss-dismissalremove—removal

練習(xí)

一、單項(xiàng)選擇練習(xí)

1.Heisusuallypromptforallherclasses,butshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass.

A.lateB.ontimeC.Pleased

2.Tomsawanowllastnightbutitflewawaywhenhegotnear.

A.abirdB.ananimalC.thesun

3.Theboywantstorideabrownpony.

A.dogB.catC.Horse

4.Thechildrenarelookingatalarge,hairy（毛的）a^eatthezoo.

A.akindofmonkeyB.akindofsnakeC.akindofbird

5.Thefreshtroutisverycheap,butIdon'tknowhowtocookit.

A.fishB.fruitC.Apple

6.Theladyaskedthewaitresstogetheracleansaucertoputhercoffeecupon.

A.aglassB.acakeC.asmallplate

7.Weseldomseeasparrowintheskybecausetheairisnotsocleannowasusedtobe.

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A.akindofdogB.akindofplaneC.akindofbird

答案：ABCAACC

二、綜合語(yǔ)境練習(xí)

1、Fastfoodisakindoffoodthatisquickandconvenient.Youcanbuyfastfoodanywhere.Fast

foodisusuallynotveryexpensive.Thatisbecauseitisusuallymadewithcheaperingredients,

suchashigh-fatmeatandsugar,butnohealthyingredients,suchasfreshfruitandvegetables.

Eatingfastfoodonceinawhileisnotgoingtocauseaproblem.Ifyoueattoomuchfast

foodoveralongtime,however,itcanbringsomehealthproblems.Forexample,youcould

becomeoverweightortoolarge.

Manyfastfoodrestaurantsarerevampingtheirmenus.Theywanttomaketheirfastfood

healthier.Forexample,somerestaurantshavestoppedsellingfoodmadewithunhealthy

ingredients.Theyarestartingtosellfoodwithfruitandvegetables.Ifyouhavefastfoodmore

thanonceaweek,trytomakeahealthierchoice.Mostfastfoodrestaurantsandotherrestaurants

putinformationabouttheirfoodonline.Havealookatthisinformation;thenyoucanmake

healthierchoiceswheneatingout.

1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“ingredient“meaninthefirstparagraph?

A.價(jià)格B.調(diào)料C.因素D威分

2.Whichofthefollowingistheclosestinmeaningto“overweight”?

A.TallB.FatC.ThinD.Short

3.Theunderlinedword"revamping“canbestbereplacedby"

A.changingB.choosingC.sellingD.creating

答案：DBA

2^Weekendsareshort.Theyareonlytwodaysoutofaseven-dayweek.Inordertomakeyour

weekendseemlonger,youneedtoplanitbetter.Herearesomeideas:

Wakeupatyourusualtime.Thebiggestmistakeistothinkthattheweekendisgreatfora

sleep?in.GotobedearlierifyouaretiredonFridaynight.

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Nobodywantstodothechores（家務(wù)雜事），buttheyhavetobedone.Sotheearlieryoudo

themattheweekend,thebetter.Setaside（留出）atime,say7:00amto9:00amonSaturday

morningtodothem.You'llfeelgreatwhentheyaredoneandthisclearsthewayfortherestofthe

weekend.

Afterdoingthechores,plantodothings.Weekendsfeellongerifyougetoutandenjoythem.

Thinkaboutwhatyou,yourfamilyandyourfriendsliketodotogether.Planasportsactivity,for

example,playingfootballinthepark.Youcanalsoplantogotoamuseum,azoo,orapark.

Visitingtheciicuswillbefun,too.There,youcanseeinterestingshowswithtrainedanimals.

Weekendsareagoodtimetorelaxandenjoy.Pleasecherishthem!

1.Theunderlinedwords“sleep?in''means.

A.睡在屋里B.睡得早C.睡懶覺(jué)D.睡得少

2.Theunderlinedword“circus”means”“inChinese.

A.馬戲團(tuán)B.電影院c.農(nóng)場(chǎng)D.市場(chǎng)

3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“cherish”meaninChinese?

A.珍惜B.保存c.浪費(fèi)D.失去

答案：CAA

3、Peoplehavebeenmakingtastypizzaforaverylongtime.Inoldtimes,peoplecookedlarge

piecesofbreadonflatstones（平滑的石頭）.Later,inItaly,peoplecookedtheseflatpiecesof

breadwithherbs（香草）andcalleditfocacciabread.WhenpeoplefromEuropecametotheNew

World,theygottoknowtomatoes.Thentheytooktomatoesbacktotheirhomecountries.People

didn'twanttoeattomatoesatfirst,becausetheythoughtthisdeliciousredfruitwaspoisonous!

TheItalianswerethefirsttoputtomatoesontheirbread.Inthelate1800s,anItalianbaker

namedRaffaeleEspositomadeadishfortheking（國(guó)王）ofItaly.Hewantedtohavethecolorsof

theItalianflaginhisdish,soheputredtomatoes,whitecheeseandgreenbasilonsomefocaccia

bread.Thekinglikeditverymuch.Thedishwascalledpizza.Itissaidthattheworld'sfirst

pizzeriaopenedin1830.

However,pizzadidnotbecomepopularuntilWorldWarILToday,pizzaisoneofthetastiest

andmostpopularkindsoffoodintheworld!

l.Ifwesaysomethingis"poisonous”,wewillmeanit.

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A.cankillpeopleoranimalsB.canburnpeopleoranimals

C.isverybeautifulandtastyD.isbeautifulbutnottasty

2.Fromthesecondparagraph,weknowthat“basil"issomething.

A.topaintwithB.towritewithC.toeatD.todrink

3.A"pizzeria”isprobablya“

A.factoryB.hospitalC.restaurantD.supermarket

答案：ACC

強(qiáng)化練習(xí)

A

Sometimespeoplecomeintoyourlifeandyouknowatoncethattheyweresuretobethere.

Theyservesomesortofpuipose,teachyoualessonorhelpfindoutwhoyouareorwhoyouwant

tobecome.Youneverknowwhothesepeoplemaybe:yourclassmate,neighbor,teacher,

long-lostfriendorevenarealstranger.Butyouknowthateverymomenttheywillaffect（影響）

yourlifeinsomeseriousway.

Sometimesthingshappentoyou.Atthetimetheymayseemterrible,painful（痛苦的）and

unfair.Butlateryourealizethatwithoutgettingoverthosedifficultiesyouwouldhavenever

realizedyourfurtherabilityandstrength.Everythinghappensforareasonandnothinghappensby

chanceorwithgoodorbadluck.

Thepeopleyoumeetaffectyourlife,andthesuccessesandfailure（失?。﹜ouexperience,

createwhoyouare.Eventhebadexperiencescanbelearnedfrom.Infact,theyareprobablythe

mostpoignantandimportantones.

Enjoyeverydayeveneverymomentandtakefromiteverythingthatyoupossiblycan,foryou

mayneverbeabletoexperienceitagain.Talktopeopleyouhavenevertalkedtobefore,and

reallylisten.Youshouldsetyoursightshigh,holdyourheadup,tellyourselfyouareagreatone

andbelieveinyourself.

Youcanmakeyourlifeanythingyouwish.Createyourownlifeandthengooutandliveit.

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68.Theunderlinedword''poignant1'inthepassagemeans°

A.平淡的B.明顯的C.深刻的D.艱苦的

解析：

【文章大意】有些人可能會(huì)走進(jìn)你的生活，也可能會(huì)改變你的生活，這個(gè)人也許是你的同

學(xué)、你的朋友，也許是為陌生人。無(wú)論誰(shuí)影響你或改變你，最終你要學(xué)會(huì)自己來(lái)創(chuàng)造生活。

68.C詞義猜測(cè)題由文意可知：影響你的人，無(wú)論成敗，對(duì)你來(lái)說(shuō)都是最深刻、最重要的。

這道題可以從這個(gè)詞所在的這一段前后句子的邏輯關(guān)系來(lái)推斷，前面既有成功也有失

敗的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，無(wú)論成敗都會(huì)

B

Paperisoneofthemostimportantproductseverinventedbyman.Theinventionofpaper

meantthatmorepeoplecouldbeeducatedbecausemorebookscouldbeprinted.Paperprovided

animportantwaytocommunicatewithknowledg