20120609新托福閱讀考題回顧

2012.06.09新托福閱讀考題回顧考試日期2012.06.09Passage1Title:罐頭的發(fā)展和鐵路的發(fā)展大致內(nèi)容有罐頭技術(shù)的普及。剛開始的時候罐頭剛發(fā)明，很多人不買賬，因為價格太貴了而且不好打開，要用工具打開（有題），后來價格降低了，大家就接受了。后來說到railway,交通運輸?shù)陌l(fā)展，當(dāng)鐵路通到某處（Chicago等）的時候，它們代替了原來的一些東西。

英文原文閱讀：

【老托福96-01】類似保鮮技術(shù)的發(fā)展

Asidefromperpetuatingitself,the

sole

purposeoftheAmericanAcademyandInstituteofArtsandLettersisto"foster,assistandsustainaninterest"inliterature,music,andart.Thisitdoesbyenthusiasticallyhandingoutmoney.Annualcashawardsaregiventodeservingartistsinvariouscategoriesofcreativity:architecture,musicalcomposition,theater,novels,seriouspoetry,lightverse,painting,sculpture.Oneaward

subsidizes

apromisingAmericanwriter'svisittoRome.Thereisevenanawardforaverygoodworkoffictionthatfailedcommercially—oncewonbytheyoungJohnUpdikefor

ThePoorhouseFair

and,morerecently,byAliceWalkerfor

InLoveandTrouble

Theawardsandprizestotalabout$750,000ayear,butmostofthemrangeinsizefrom$5,000to$12,500,awelcomesumtomanyyoungpractitionerswhoseworkmaynotbringinthatmuchmoneyinayear.Oneoftheadvantagesoftheawardsisthat

many

gotothestrugglingartists,ratherthantothosewhoarealreadysuccessful.

MembersoftheAcademyandInstitutearenoteligibleforanycashprizes.Another

advantageisthat,unliketheNationalEndowmentfortheArtsorsimilarinstitutionsthroughouttheworld,thereisnogovernmentmoneyinvolved.

Awardsaremadebycommittee.Eachofthethreedepartments—Literature(120members),Art(83),Music(47)—hasacommitteedealingwithitsownfield.Committeemembership

rotates

everyyear,sothatnewvoicesandopinionsareconstantlyheard.

ThemostfinanciallyrewardingofalltheAcademy-InstituteawardsaretheMildredandHaroldStraussLivings.HaroldStrauss,adevotededitoratAlfredA.Knopf,theNewYorkpublishinghouse,andMildredStrauss,hiswife,werewealthyandchildless.TheylefttheAcademy-Instituteauniquebequest:forfiveconsecutiveyears,twodistinguished(andfinanciallyneedy)writerswouldreceiveenoughmoneyso

they

coulddevotethemselvesentirelyto"proseliterature"(noplays,nopoetry,andnopayingjobthatmightdistract).In1983,thefirstStraussLivingsof$35,000ayearwenttoshort-storywriterRaymondCarverandnovelist-essayistCynthiaOzick.By1988,thefundhadgrownenoughsothattwowinners,novelistsDianeJohnsonandRobertStone,eachgot$50,000ayearforfiveyears.

【98-10】美國鐵路發(fā)展類似文章

RailroadsreshapedtheNorthAmericanenvironmentandreorientedNorthAmericanbehavior."Inaquarterofacentury",claimedtheOmahaDailyRepublicanin1883,"theyhavemadethepeopleoftheUnitedStateshomogeneous,breakingthroughthepeculiaritiesandprovincialismswhichmarkedseparateandunminglingsections."

Therailroadsimultaneouslystrippedthelandscapeofthenaturalresources,madevelocityoftransportandeconomyofscalenecessarypartsofindustrialproduction,andcarriedconsumergoodstohouseholds;it

dispatchedimmigrantstounsettledplaces,

drew

emigrantsawayfromfarmsandvillagestocities,andsentmenandgunstobattle.Itstandardizedtimeandtravel,seekingto

annihilate

distanceandspacebyallowingmovementatanytimeandinanyseasonortypeofweather.Initsgrandandimpressiveterminalsandstations,architectsrecreatedhistoricRomantemplesandpublicbaths,FrenchchateausandItalianbelltowers-edificesthatpeopleusedasstagesformanyofeverydaylife'shighemotions:meetingandparting,waitingandworrying,planningnewstartsorcominghome.

Passengerterminals,liketheluxuryexpresstrainsthathurledpeopleoverspots,spotlighttheromanceofrailroading.(Thetwentieth-CenturyLimitedspedbetweenChicagoandNewYorkintwentyhoursby1915).Equallyimportanttoeverydaylifeweretheslowfreighttranschuggingthroughindustrialzones,themorningandeveningcommuterlocalsshuttlingbackionsandurbanterminals,andtheincessantcomingsandgoingsthatoccurredintheclassifications,orswitching,yards.Moreover,inadditiontoitsbeingatransportationpathwayequippedwithamammothphysicalplantoftrackssignals,crossings,bridges,andjunctions,plustelegraphandtelephonelinestherailroadnurturedfactorycomplexes,coatpiles,warehouses,andgeneratingstations,formingalongitsright-of-waywhathas

aptly

beencalled"themetropolitancorridor"oftheAme