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/Schedulingofmanufacturingsystemsunderdual-resourceconstraintsusinggeneticalgorithms

OriginalResearchArticle

JournalofManufacturingSystemsSchedulingbelongstothespecialclassofNP-h(huán)ardproblemsforwhichnopolynomialtimealgorithmhasbeenfound.Therefore,aschedulethatisthebestpossiblenear-optimalsolutionisoftenacceptable.Thispaperpresentsaschedulingapproach,basedonGeneticAlgorithms(GAs),developedtoaddresstheschedulingprobleminmanufacturingsystemsconstrainedbybothmachinesandworkers.Thisgeneticalgorithmutilizesanewchromosomerepresentation,whichtakesintoaccountmachineandworkerassignmentstojobs。Asetofexperimentsfordeterminingthebeststaffinglevelandmachineandworkerassignmenttojobswasperformed。Astudywasconductedusingdispatchingruleswithvariousperformancemeasuresfortwotypesofshopcharacteristics:(i)dual-resource(machinesandworkers)constrained,and(ii)single-resourceconstrained(machinesonly)。Anexampleisusedforillustrationandcomparison.Theresultingschedulingmethodologyiscapableofdeterminingthebeststaffinglevelanddispat(yī)chingrulesforthechosenperformancemeasureinbothsingleanddual—resourceconstrainedshops。Decisionstoadopttheprescribedstaffingstrategytoimprovetheprimaryperformancemeasuressuchasmeanflowtime,meantardiness,andmeanwaitingtimemustbebalancedbymanagersagainstthepotentialincreaseindirectcost.Thedevelopedschedulingapproachandformulationprovedtobeveryusefulforoptimizingproductionperformanceundertherealisticconditionsimposedbybothmachineandworkeravailabilityconstraints.Suchatoolshouldbeusedtodefineapriorithebestdispatchingrulesandschedulesforagivensetofproductionrequirementsandobjectives.Microbialcontaminationoffoodrefrigerationequipment

OriginalResearchArticle

JournalofFoodEnginee(cuò)ringRefrigerationsystemsinchilledroomsin15plantsprocessingavarietyoffoodswerestudied.Theseincludedplantsprocessingrawmeatandsalads,Chinesereadymeals,dairyproducts,slicingandpackingofcookedmeatsandcat(yī)eringestablishments.Aninitialsurveyoftotalnumbersofmicrobesatatotalof891sitesonevaporators,driptraysandchilledroomwallswasfollowedupwithamoredetailedexaminat(yī)ionof336siteswithhighcounts,selectingforListeriaspp.,coliforms,enterococci,StaphylococcusaureusandBacilluscereus。Temperatures(particularlyaironandairoff,maximumandneardefrostheat(yī)ers)relativehumidity,airflow,layoutandcleaningregimesweresurveyed.Ingeneral,nocorrelationcouldbefoundbetwee(cuò)nanyofthephysicalmeasurementsandthenumbersandtypesofbacteriadetected。Maximummeantemperaturesinthechilledroomsvariedfrom?1to+16。9°Candfewchilledunitswereregularlycleaned.Twentyfivepercentofsitesexaminedhadmorethan105colony-formingunitspercm2,although,veryfewpathogensorfaecalindicatorbacteriaweredetected.Listeriaspp。werenotfoundandcoliformswerefoundonlyonce,inlownumbers.LownumbersofS。aureusorB.cereuswerepresentin9ofthe15plants,B.cereuswasfoundonevaporatorsandassociat(yī)eddriptraysintwocateringplantsandtwoplantsprocessingcookedmeat.EnterococciandS.aureuswerefoundmostfrequentlyinarawredmeatslaughterhouse(alwaysinlownumbers).Ingeneral,microbialcontaminationwaslowerinroomswherewrappedratherthanunwrappedproductswerestored.Thetypeofproductalsoaffectedthedegreeofcontamination,withrawredmeatandpoultryordryingredientsgivinghighestcounts,andrawvegetablesandcookedproductslowest.Theworkdemonstratedthatbacteriawerepresentonevaporat(yī)orcoolingcoilsinallfactorycoldroomsvisited.Althoughevaporator-cleaningprocedureswerecarriedoutinsomefactoriesaspartofroutinemaintenancethesewerenotshowntobeeffectiveatmaintaininglowlevelsofbacteriaonevaporators。Tomaintainevaporatorhygieneitissuggestedthatmoreregularcleaningprocedures,possiblybymeansofautomat(yī)edcleansingsystems,shouldbeconsidered.ArticleOutlineHYPERLINK""\l"toc1”1.IntroductionHYPERLINK””\l”toc2"2。MaterialsandmethodsHYPERLINK"”\l"toc3"2.1。PhysicalmeasurementsHYPERLINK""\l"toc4”2。2。MicrobiologicalsamplingHYPERLINK""\l"toc5”3.ResultsHYPERLINK”"\l"toc6"3.1.Totalviablecounts(TVC)HYPERLINK"”\l"toc7"3.2。SpecificbacteriaHYPERLINK""3.4.CleaningproceduresHYPERLINK""\l"toc10”4.DiscussionHYPERLINK""\l”secx1"Introduction2.HYPERLINK""\l”secx2"Globalmanufacturingchains3。HYPERLINK””\l"secx3"Integrationofproductionandlogistics3.1。HYPERLINK"”\l"secx4”Productionandtransportschedulingproblem3.2。\l”secx5"Collaborativeplanning4。HYPERLINK"”\l"secx6”Enablingcollaborat(yī)ion5.HYPERLINK”"\l"secx7”Investigat(yī)iveframework5.1。HYPERLINK""\l"secx8"AdaptationofPTSP5。1。1.HYPERLINK""\l”secx10”Nomenclat(yī)ure:parameters5。1.3.HYPERLINK""\l”secx11”Nomenclat(yī)ure:positivevariables5。1.4.HYPERLINK""Nomenclat(yī)ure:binaryv

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