大學(xué)英語(yǔ)精讀-第四冊(cè)-復(fù)習(xí)范圍

TestYourself1Inside,inthewarmlivingroom,withaglassofwinetodrinkandMozarttolistentoontheCD,shewasfarfromthetirednessshehadCearlier.Aadvocated BconceivedCclaimed DaccumulatedIfyou'veworkedforoneemployerfortwoyearsormorebeforeleavingtohaveyourbaby,youmaybe_Bmaternitypay（產(chǎn)婦薪酬）Adrawnon Bentitledto（有權(quán)益）Csettledfor（滿足于）Drestedon（依靠）TonsoffoodwaslaidoutonthebigtableandcratesofbeerwereD_readyforconsumption.Areserved（保留）Bexpended（花費(fèi)） Cgenerated（產(chǎn)生） Dstacked（一堆）You'dbetterkeepyourleadersAofyouractivitiessothattheycanensureyouareadequatelysupported.Ainformed（告知）Bamused（有趣的）Coutlined（概括） Dswallowed（吞咽）Accordingtothelatestpoll,thepresident's43percentsupporthas_Bto32percent.Aminimized（最小化）Bshrunk（減少） Ccited（引證）Dpredicted（預(yù)言）Managersmightnotborrowasmuchastheyshould,iftheywanttoretainalargeC_ofborrowingpowerincaseofproblems.Adelivery（遞交）Bburden（負(fù)擔(dān)） Creserve（ Ddeposit（沉淀）ItissaidthatoneD_aworkofartandbringsitforthasachildisandbroughtforthintotheworld.Areproduces,reproduced（繁殖） Bsafeguards,safeguarded（防護(hù)措施）Ctolerates,tolerated（忍受） Dconceives,conceived（構(gòu)思、懷孕）Ourcaseagainstpiracywaswon,butover$75000hadbeen_Binlegalcostsintheproceedings,farmorethanthecompensationawardedbythecourt.Aadvanced（提高）Bexpended（花費(fèi)）Cattained（獲得）Dblasted（爆炸）IftheenvironmentistobeproperlyCpoliciesmustbeformulatedwhichwillencouragethegreenindustry.Abluffed（嚇唬） Bpromoted（促進(jìn)）Csafeguarded（保障）Dvarnished（裝飾）AlthoughweareoftensuccessfulinsecuringaccommodationforpeoplewithAIDS,itisaproblemwhichstretchesour_Ctothefullandneedstakencareofimmediately.Abonuses（獎(jiǎng)金） Bdilemmas（窘境） Cresource（資源） Dlimitations（限制）Mark'slatestworkDthelearningtheoriesofthe1980saswellashisownexperienceinteachingEnglishtoforeigners.Abuilton（建立。。）Bleftout（漏掉）Cbroughtup Ddrewon（運(yùn)用）Dtheprosandconsofbeingthesonofoneofthefamous,Rockreplies:"IthinkI'mamongthemostblessedofpeoplewhoeverlived."AFedon（靠。生存）BHeadedfor（朝。走）CBroughtdownDpressedforPaintingistheartofreachingthesoulthroughtheeyes,butifthepictureAtheeyesandneverreachesthesoul,thepainterhasfallenfarshortofhisaim.A.appealsto（吸引） Bsettlefor（。定下來(lái)）Cfumbleswith（摸索）Daimsat（瞄準(zhǔn)）Acommissionwasappointedto_Aintotheallegedillegalpaymentsbythefootballclub.A.inquire（調(diào)查） Bbounce（彈跳）Crender（使）Ddeceive（欺騙）Underthenormsofinternationallaw,countriesare_Ainusingmilitaryforceabroadtodefendtheircitizensfromhostilemilitaryaction.Ajustified（正義的）Brefuted CshelteredDidentified（證明身份）Statisticsare_Ctoprovethedepthofpopularmisery:fallingrealwages,risingunemployment,andageneralcollapseoflivingstandards.Aconcealed（隱瞞）Bgrabbed（抓）Ccited（引證）Dprojected（突出）Theclaimthatwomencanneverbeinpositionsofpublicresponsibilitybecauseoftheir"raginghormonal（荷爾蒙的）imbalances"isthoroughly_Cinthisarticle.Apoked（戳）Binjured Crefuted（駁斥） DpleadedOncetheproblemhasbeenidentified,thecouplecanstartappropriatetreatment,andwiththerighttreatment,MrGoswamy_D,manymoreinfertile不育的）coupleswillconceive.A0*2886^165（夸大） Bcurses（詛咒）Cbetrays Dpredicts（預(yù)言）Everyfewmileshissuitcase_BoutthebackofthecartandTockbecameannoyedathavingtostopandcollectitallthetime.Aarose（引起）Bbounced（蹦）Ccollided（撞）Dstrayed（偏離）WhileIamwaitingonplatform,arailwayemployeeshoutsacrossthetrackthatthe9.49trainisA,andthatthenexttrainwillbeat10.19.A.canceled BabridgedC.poised D.upsetThedaughterofanIndianlaborer,MrsSwamiwas_Bbyherhusbandandhadtosupportfourchildrenonherown.A.followed B.deserted C.canceled D.scaredPeterreadthelettertwicebeforeitsmeaning_BA.cameup B.sankin C.caughton D.turnedup"Imightjustaswell_Candgoifyoucan'tevenlistentothingsreasonably.!"A.meanbusinessB.makeconcessionsC.packupD.hangupMaryDherselfformakingthesillymistakeandlettingthegoldenopportunityslipthroughherfingers.A.AmusedB.JustifiedC.BlessedD.cursedEnvironmentalistsaredoingeverythingwithintheirpowertoprotectthebirdsand_Atheimpactoftheoilspill.A.minimizeB.swallowC.exaggerateD.abridgeButwhatreally_Btheofficialstatisticsisthattheyarebasedalmostentirelyonthestateeconomy.A.Burdens B.DistortsC.ConfirmsD.MaintainsTheDtruthisthatsomeyoungstersaresooutofcontroltheyhavetobedetained.A.ThoughtfulB.internalCmature DbrutalMaryadmiredMaxforhiswit,althoughshecouldnotAhisphilosophyoflife.A.Tolerate Binvade Crefute DinterpretThisisamatterwhichcannotbetoocarefullywatchedsincefailuretocomply_Byouliabletoheavypenalties.A.Enables BrendersCinjures DflushesTheirorganizationneitherusednorDtheuseofviolenceinitsstruggleforequality.A.scattered B.enrolledCoverheardDadvocatedTestYourself2ItmaybepossibletoclaimdamagesagainstalocalauthorityfornegligentlyfailingtoensurethatconstructionworkcompliedwiththeBbuildingregulations.AmagnificentBrelevant Cartificial DdelicateAsubstantialproportionofeducationalcostswas_Atolocalauthorities,althoughthelatterhadneithersufficientfinancialnoradministrativemeanstocarryouttheirnewassignments.Atransferred BwithdrawnChurled DadjustedThesefadsforphysicalfitnessAleadtotwothings:agreatdealofunnecessaryinjuryandalotofprofittothepeoplebehindthescheme.

AinvariablyBvirtuallyCoriginallyDliterallyAinvariablyBvirtuallyCoriginallyDliterallyEachproductBbyourcompanyisqualitytestedatleastthreetimes,dependingupontherequirements.Aderived BmanufacturedCdemonstratedDconstructedTechnologicalinnovationis_Ctothemodernizationoftheeconomy.Aunique Balien Cindispensable DcontinualTheessenceofbeinghuman_Dthevaluesweplaceonourselvesweplaceonourselvesinbeinghumanbeings.Areachesfor BassociateswithCrestson DconsistsinIftheyareAtheyhavenothingtofear,that'swhattheyalwayssay.Ainnocent Binherent Cattractive DnotableIfistobeexpectedthathomebuyerswillbelessBtoborrowattoday'shighrates.Arestrained Binclined Cobliged DexposedOn6MarchbewassufferingfromskinproblemsandanCfallinhisbloodsugarlevelresultingfromtheearlierhunger-strike.Aacute B intense C dramatic DtenderBothgirlsquicklyturnedtheirfacesaway,justincasehewouldwanttotake_Conthemlaterforhavingwitnessedhishumiliation.AsequenceBoccupation C revenge D complaintIhadnoexperienceofteachingarttoanyone,buttheheadmaster_Bmethatitsimplyinvolvedgivingtheboyssomepaintstoplaywithandthentellingthemtogetonwithit.Aexerted Bassured Cgrasped DaddressedThehotel'srestaurantenjoysagoodreputation,withalovelyfirst-floorterracewhereonfinedaysyoudine_Dthelake.Avisualizing Bpicturing Cdipping DoverlookingInDiana'swordsthenewinventioncanprovide"disabledpeoplewithfreedomfromthewheelchairtheyspendsomuchoftheirlifein,makingthemasAasthenextgustofwind."Amobile Battractive Chospitable DmarvelousMaterialismhasuntilrecentlybeen_BunknowninConfuciansocieties.Anormally Bvirtually Cinvariably DincreasinglySomelawyerssaythelawofdeceptionmustbe_Ctoincludedeceptionofmachinesratherthanjustpeople.

AreflectedBunifiedCadjustedDloosenedAreflectedBunifiedCadjustedDloosenedThebuildingmaterialsindustryCitselftomeetthesteadypredictabledemandofthehouse-buildingindustry,thuseliminatingoneofthechiefobstaclestotheoutputofhouses.Abound Bintegrated Cgeared DloweredAsageneralrulevegetableoilsaremuchbetterforyouthanfatsthatare_Afromanimals.Aderived Benriched Ccurled DdetachedThecriticalmomentforharvestDfromyeartoyearandfromoneplanttothenext.Arenews Benvies Cbaffles DvariesIflefttoreachtheirnatural_D,manyplantspecieswilleventuallytakeoverawideareaofgroundandshouldbeavoidedinsmallgardens.Acapacities Boccupations Csuspicions DdimensionsFameisthemost_BsubjectintheworldandI'mkeenlyinterestedinspeakingtocertainpeoplewho'vehadfameandthenlostif.Aoverwhelming Bfascinating Crewarding DmisleadingInterestinglyenough,havingonceenteredtheprofessionitself,ageceasestobeaC,foractorsofanyagemayeasilyteacheachothersomethingandshareemotionshonestly.Anecessity Bpursuit Cbarrier DconcessionAnother_Cishowtheyachtdriftednorth-westwhenprevailingconditionswouldnormallyhavesentittowardsSouthAmerica.Ainquiry Bdilemma Cmystery DriskThecompanyisbasedonanovel_Dofdirectselling,whichinvolvesrepresentativesknockingondoorssellinghouseholdgoods.Aextent Baspect Csymptom DconceptItismyexperiencethatmanystudentsofEnglishLiteraturewithgoodA-levelresultsdislikepoetry,oratleastfeel_Abyif,andcangothroughathree-yeardegreecoursewithoutthisattitudebeingradicallychanged.Abaffled Boverlooked Cdeceived Drestrained_Bthetechnologicalrequirementsofthenewsystem,otherimportantissueshavetoberesolvedANextto BAsidefrom CRatherthan DContrarytoBytheendofthismonthmanufacturing_Cisexpectedtoincreasethree-fold,accordingtosalesandmarketingdirectorJoeWeston.Adimension Bendeavor Ccapacity DscheduleYoumayfinditsurprisingthatinthiscountry_Blaborshortagecoexistswithhigh.unemployment.Acrucial Bacute Cartificial DinstantThosepresentatthemeetingexpressedinterestinalloftheorganizationalDofhomecare,includingnursing,equipmentloansandthevolunteerprogram.Aconcepts Bsequences Cconsequences DaspectsInthisandsucceedingmeetingsthe_Aofattentionwasprimarilyonthemanpowerinvolvedwithsomediscussionofthepublicexpenditurecosts.Afocus Babsence Cminimum DauthorityOthertypesofskincancerare_Dcontinuedexposuretothesunoveralongperiod..AdedicatedtoBinclinedto Cderivedfrom DassociatedVIIClozeWhendadtoldusaboutthedeliveryworkitsoundedeasy,justapieceofcake.Thetroublewas,wedidn'ttakecaiequirejusthowmuchmaterialwasinvolved.Beforelongtrucksseemedtobepullingupoutsideourhousealldaylong,leavingstacksofadvertising.Itseemedweshouldhavenochanceofmeetingthedeadline.Thewehadthismarvelousidea.Hiringlocalkidstohelpwouldenableustogetthejobdoneontime.True,itwouldcutintoourprofits,buttherewasnoalternative.thingsseemedtobegoingwell,butthenwehadtroubleoverapayclaim.Ourworkersdemandedfivedollarsanhour,butfortunatelyforustheywerereadytosettleforless.Asforus,whenwefinallysettledouraccountsweendedupearninglessthantheminimumwageforourefforts.Iguessweshouldhaveknowbetterthantobelievethatbigbuckscomeeasy.Unit5英譯漢TOLIEORNOTTOLIE--THEDOCTOR'SDILEMMA撒謊還是不撒謊--醫(yī)生的難題SisselaBokShoulddoctorseverlietobenefittheirpatients--tospeedrecoveryortoconcealtheapproachofdeath?為了對(duì)病人有好處--為了加快病人康復(fù)或不讓病人知道死亡的來(lái)臨--醫(yī)生到底該不該撒謊。Inmedicineasinlaw,government,andotherlinesofwork,therequirementsofhonestyoftenseemdwarfedbygreaterneeds:theneedtoshelterfrombrutalnewsortoupholdapromiseofsecrecy;toexposecorruptionortopromotethepublicinterest.醫(yī)療行業(yè)與法律、政府及其他行業(yè)一樣，往往顯得對(duì)誠(chéng)實(shí)與否的問(wèn)題不那么看重，要緊的倒是另外的一些事情，譬如，應(yīng)設(shè)法避免可怕的消息造成的打擊，或是應(yīng)考慮恪守保密的諾言，或是需要揭露腐敗行為或促進(jìn)公眾利益等。Whatshoulddoctorssay,forexample,toa46-year-oldmancominginforaroutinephysicalcheckupjustbeforegoingonvacationwithhisfamilywho,thoughhefeelsinperfecthealth,isfoundtohaveaformofcancerthatwillcausehimtodiewithinsixmonths?舉例說(shuō)吧。一個(gè)46歲的男子，在與家人外出度假之前進(jìn)行常規(guī)體格檢查，雖然他自我感覺(jué)良好，但醫(yī)生發(fā)現(xiàn)他患了某種癌癥，6個(gè)月內(nèi)就會(huì)死去。Isitbesttotellhimthetruth?Ifheasks,shouldthedoctorsdenythatheisill,orminimizethegravityoftheillness?Shouldtheyatleastconcealthetruthuntilafterthefamilyvacation?這時(shí)，醫(yī)生該怎么對(duì)他講呢是不是最好對(duì)他講實(shí)話要是他問(wèn)起檢查結(jié)果，醫(yī)生該不該否認(rèn)他得了病該不該將病情的嚴(yán)重性縮小到最低限度該不該將真情至少隱瞞到他全家度假之后？Doctorsconfrontsuchchoicesoftenandurgently.Attimes,theyseeimportantreasonstolieforthepatient'sownsake;intheireyes,suchliesdiffersharplyfromself-servingones.醫(yī)生們常常面臨這樣的非常緊迫的選擇。他們不時(shí)認(rèn)為，為了病人自身的利益，撒謊很有必要，在他們看來(lái)，這種謊言與利己的謊言截然不同。Studiesshowthatmostdoctorssincerelybelievethattheseriouslyilldonotwanttoknowthetruthabouttheircondition,andthatinformingthemrisksdestroyingtheirhope,sothattheymayrecovermoreslowly,ordeterioratefaster,perhapsevencommitsuicide.研究結(jié)果表明，大多數(shù)醫(yī)生深信身患重病的人不想知道他們的真實(shí)病情，如果將真情相告，則有可能使他們完全失去希望，結(jié)果使他們恢復(fù)得更慢或惡化得更快，甚至?xí)詫ざ桃?jiàn)。Asonephysicianwrote:"Oursisaprofessionwhichtraditionallyhasbeenguidedbyapreceptthattranscendsthevirtueofutteringthetruthfortruth'ssake,andthatis'asfaraspossibledonoharm」"正如一位內(nèi)科醫(yī)生寫道：“我們這個(gè)職業(yè)，傳統(tǒng)上恪守一條信條，那就是‘盡可能不造成傷害’，這一信條勝過(guò)為講真話而講真話的美德”。Armedwithsuchaprecept,anumberofdoctorsmayslipintodeceptivepracticesthattheyassumewill"donoharm"andmaywellhelptheirpatients.Theymayprescribeinnumerableplacebos,soundmoreencouragingthanthefactswarrant,anddistortgravenews,especiallytotheincurablyillandthedying.有了這樣一個(gè)指導(dǎo)原則，一些醫(yī)生可能漸漸習(xí)慣于采用他們認(rèn)為對(duì)病人很可能有益而“無(wú)害”的騙人做法。他們可能開(kāi)出無(wú)數(shù)帖安慰劑，說(shuō)一些沒(méi)有事實(shí)根據(jù)的打氣的話，并歪曲嚴(yán)重的病情，對(duì)那些患有不治之癥和瀕臨死亡的病人，則尤其如此。Buttheillusorynatureofthebenefitssuchdeceptionismeanttoproduceisnowcomingtobedocumented.然而，現(xiàn)在開(kāi)始有人提出證據(jù)，說(shuō)明這種欺騙旨在給病人帶來(lái)好處的說(shuō)法是虛幻的。Studiesshowthat,contrarytothebeliefofmanyphysicians,anoverwhelmingmajorityofpatientsdowanttobetoldthetruth,evenaboutgraveillness,andfeelbetrayedwhentheylearnthattheyhavebeenmisled.研究結(jié)果表明，與許多醫(yī)生的想法相反，絕大多數(shù)病人確實(shí)想知道真實(shí)情況，甚至是嚴(yán)重的病情。當(dāng)他們了解到醫(yī)生沒(méi)有對(duì)他們講真話的時(shí)候，他們感到自己被玩弄了。Wearealsolearningthattruthfulinformation,humanelyconveyed,helpspatientscopewithillness:helpsthemtoleratepainbetter,needlessmedicine,andevenrecoverfasteraftersurgery.我們還獲悉，將真實(shí)情況妥當(dāng)?shù)馗嬖V病人，能幫助他們與病魔作斗爭(zhēng)，有助于他們更好地忍受疼痛，減少用藥，甚至在手術(shù)后更快地康復(fù)。Notonlydoliesnotprovidethe"help"hopedforbyadvocatesofbenevolentdeception;theyinvadetheautonomyofpatientsandrenderthemunabletomakeinformedchoicesconcerningtheirownhealth,includingthechoiceofwhethertobepatientinthefirstplace.謊言不僅不能提供鼓吹“仁慈”欺騙的人們所希望的那種“幫助”它還侵犯了病人的個(gè)人自由，使他們不能對(duì)有關(guān)自己健康的問(wèn)題作出明達(dá)的選擇，包括要不要就醫(yī)這一首要的選擇。Wearebecomingincreasinglyawareofallthatcanbefallpatientsinthecourseoftheirillnesswheninformationisdeniedordistorted.我們?cè)絹?lái)越意識(shí)到，病人發(fā)病期間，在不知病情或未被如實(shí)地告知病情的情況下，他們會(huì)遭到什么樣的不幸。Dyingpatientsespecially--whoareeasiestomisleadandmostoftenkeptinthedark--canthennotmakedecisionsabouttheendoflife:aboutwhetherornottheyshouldenterahospital,orhavesurgery;aboutwhereandwithwhomtheyshouldspendtheirremainingtime;abouthowtheyshouldbringtheiraffairstoacloseandtakeleave,特別是瀕臨死亡的病人--他們最易受騙也最會(huì)被人蒙在鼓里--因此而不能作出臨終前的種種有關(guān)抉擇：是否要住進(jìn)醫(yī)院，或進(jìn)行手術(shù)，在何處與何人度過(guò)所剩下的一點(diǎn)時(shí)間，以及如何處理完自己的事務(wù)而后與世長(zhǎng)辭。Liesalsodoharmtothosewhotellthem:harmtotheirintegrityand,inthelongrun,totheircredibility.Lieshurttheircolleaguesaswell.謊言也傷害說(shuō)謊的人，損害他們的誠(chéng)實(shí)，并最終損害他們的信譽(yù)。謊言還傷害他們的同事。由于病人懷疑有欺騙行為，許多對(duì)病人十分開(kāi)誠(chéng)布公的醫(yī)生的工作也因此受到影響。Thesuspicionofdeceitundercutstheworkofthemanydoctorswhoarescrupulouslyhonestwiththeirpatients;itcontributestothespiraloflawsuitsandof"defensivemedicine,"andthusitinjures,inturn,theentiremedicalprofession.病人的不信任使醫(yī)療訴訟案增多，造成醫(yī)生避免風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的“防御性診治”增多，而這些又進(jìn)而有損于整個(gè)醫(yī)療事業(yè)。Sharpconflictsarenowarising.Patientsarelearningtopressforanswers.劇烈的沖突正在出現(xiàn)。病人開(kāi)始學(xué)會(huì)催問(wèn)真實(shí)情況。Patients'billsofrightsrequirethattheybeinformedabouttheirconditionandaboutalternativesfortreatment.根據(jù)病人應(yīng)享有的權(quán)利的規(guī)定，醫(yī)生應(yīng)將病情和可供選擇的治療方案通告病人。Manydoctorsgotogreatlengthstoprovidesuchinformation.Yeteveninhospitalswiththemosteloquentbillofrights,believersinbenevolentdeceptioncontinuetheirage-oldpractices,許多醫(yī)生盡可能向病人提供這些情況。然而，即使在對(duì)病人的權(quán)益考慮得最周到的醫(yī)院里，信奉“仁慈”欺騙的醫(yī)生們繼續(xù)他們傳統(tǒng)的古老做法。Colleaguesmaydisapprovebutrefrainfromobjecting.Nursesmaybitterlyresenthavingtotakepart,dayafterday,indeceivingpatients,butfeelpowerlesstotakeastand.同事們也許不贊同，但避免公開(kāi)表示反對(duì)。護(hù)士們對(duì)不得不日復(fù)一日地參與欺騙病人的做法也許深惡痛絕，但要抵制卻感到無(wú)能為力。Thereisurgentneedtodebatethisissueopenly.Notonlyinmedicine,butinotherprofessionsaswell,practitionersmayfindthemselvesrepeatedlyindifficultywhereseriousconsequencesseemavoidableonlythroughdeception.及時(shí)對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題進(jìn)行公開(kāi)辯論非常必要。不僅在醫(yī)療業(yè)，而且在其他行業(yè)，從業(yè)者不斷發(fā)現(xiàn)，自己常處于似乎不采用欺騙手段就無(wú)法避免嚴(yán)重后果的困難處境。Yetthepublichaseveryreasontobewaryofprofessionaldeception,forsuchpracticesarepeculiarlylikelytobecomedeeplyrooted,tospread,andtoerodetrust.Neitherinmedicine,norinlaw,government,orthesocialsciencescantherebecomfortintheoldsaying,"Whatyoudon'tknowcan'thurtyou."但是公眾完全有理由對(duì)職業(yè)性欺騙保持警惕，因?yàn)檫@種做法特別容易變得根深蒂固，蔓延滋長(zhǎng)，并損害信任。無(wú)論醫(yī)療界、法律界、政府機(jī)構(gòu)還是社會(huì)科學(xué)界，都不應(yīng)從“不知者，不為所害”這句老話中得到絲毫慰藉。Unit10漢譯英WHYPEOPLEWORK人為什么工作LeonardR.SaylesJobsandworkdomuchmorethanmostofusrealizetoprovidehappinessandcontentment.職業(yè)和工作在使人得到幸福與滿足方面所起的作用比我們大多數(shù)人意識(shí)到的要多得多。We'reallusedtothinkingthatworkprovidesthematerialthingsoflife--thegoodsandservicesthatmakepossibleourmoderncivilization.Butwearemuchlessconsciousoftheextenttowhichworkprovidesthemoreintangible,butmorecrucial,psychologicalwell-beingthatcanmakethedifferencebetweenafullandanemptylife.我們都習(xí)慣于認(rèn)為工作為人生提供物質(zhì)的東西--提供使我們的現(xiàn)代文明成為可能的商品和服務(wù)。但是我們對(duì)工作在促進(jìn)精神生活方面所起的作用則知之甚少。這方面的作用難以捉摸，卻更加至關(guān)重要，它是人生過(guò)得充實(shí)還是空虛的決定性因素。Historically,workhasbeenassociatedwithslaveryandsinandpunishment.Andinourownday在歷史上，工作一直與奴役、罪惡和懲罰聯(lián)系在一起。weareusedtohearingthetraditionalcomplaints:"Ican'twaitformyvacation,""IwishIcouldstayhometoday,""Mybosstreatsmepoorly,""I'vegottoomuchworktodoandnotenoughtimetodoit."Againstthisbackground,itmaywellcomeasasurprisetolearnthatnotonlypsychologistsbutotherbehavioralscientistshavecometoacceptthepositivecontributionofworktotheindividual'shappinessandsenseofpersonalachievement.現(xiàn)今我們還常常聽(tīng)到那些老一套的怨言：“我巴不得早點(diǎn)放假”，“今天我要是呆在家里該多好”，“我的老板待我不好”，“我的事情多得來(lái)不及做”等等。在這種情況下，當(dāng)你得悉心理學(xué)家們以及其他的行為科學(xué)家們都認(rèn)為，工作對(duì)個(gè)人幸福和個(gè)人成就起著積極作用時(shí)，你很可能會(huì)感到驚奇。Workismorethananecessityformosthumanbeings;itisthefocusoftheirlives,thesourceoftheiridentityandcreativity.對(duì)大多數(shù)人來(lái)說(shuō)，工作不僅僅是一種必需，它還是人們生活的焦點(diǎn)，是他們的個(gè)性和創(chuàng)造性的源泉。Ratherthanapunishmentoraburden,workistheopportunitytorealizeone'spotential.工作不是懲罰，也不是負(fù)擔(dān)，工作為個(gè)人潛在能力的發(fā)揮提供機(jī)會(huì)。Manypsychiatristsheadingmentalhealthclinicshaveobserveditshealingeffect.Agoodmanypatientswhofeeldepressedinclinicsgainrenewedself-confidencewhengainfullyemployedandlosesome,ifnotall,oftheirmostacutesymptoms.許多精神病診所的主治醫(yī)生觀察到工作的治療作用。許許多多在診所里顯得精神抑郁的病人，一旦受聘從事有一定收益的工作時(shí)，便重新獲得自信，并失去部分（如果不是全部的話）最嚴(yán)重的癥狀。Increasingly,institutionsdealingwithmentalhealthproblemsareestablishingworkshopswhereinthosetoosicktogetajobin"outside"industrycanwork,whileeveryeffortisexertedtoarrange"real"jobsforthosewellenoughtoworkoutside.越來(lái)越多的處理精神病問(wèn)題的機(jī)構(gòu)建立起工場(chǎng)，病情過(guò)重在“外面的”工廠里找不到工作的病人，可以在那里工作。與此同時(shí)，這些機(jī)構(gòu)還竭盡全力為那些身體條件尚可在外面工作的人，安排“真正的”工作。Andthereverseistrue,too.Forlargenumbersofpeople,theabsenceofworkisharmfultotheirhealth.Retirementoftenbringsmanyproblemssurroundingthe"WhatdoIdowithmyself?"question,eventhoughtheremaybenofinancialcares.Largenumbersofpeopleregularlygetheadachesandotherillnessesonweekendswhentheydon'thavetheirjobstogoto,andmustfendforthemselves.反過(guò)來(lái)也是一樣。對(duì)許多人來(lái)說(shuō)，沒(méi)有工作反而對(duì)他們的健康有害。退休即使沒(méi)有引起經(jīng)濟(jì)上的憂慮，也常常帶來(lái)“今后我該怎樣生活才好”之類的許多問(wèn)題。許多人一到周末因?yàn)椴簧习喽仨氉孕邪才派畋惝a(chǎn)生頭痛及其他不適。Ithasbeenobservedthatunemployment,quiteasidefromexertingfinancialpressures,bringsenormouspsychologicaltroublesandthatmanyindividualsdeterioraterapidlywhenjobless.人們還觀察到，失業(yè)除了產(chǎn)生經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力之外，還造成許多心理上的病痛，很多人一旦失業(yè)，身體便迅速惡化。Butwhy?Whyshouldworkbesuchasignificantsourceofhumansatisfaction?Agoodshareoftheanswerrestsinthekindofpridethatisstimulatedbythejob,bytheactivityofaccomplishing.這是為什么呢？為什么工作竟然是人們獲得滿足的如此重要的源泉呢？最主要的答案就在于，工作和通過(guò)工作所取得的成就，能激起一種自豪感。PrideinAccomplishment自于成功的自豪Thehumanbeinglongsforasenseofbeingaccomplished,ofbeingabletodothings,withhishand,withhismind,withhiswill.Eachofuswantstofeelheorshehastheabilitytodosomethingthatismeaningfulandthatservesasatributetoourinherentabilities.人們渴求取得成就，渴望有能力用自己的手，用自己的腦，憑自己的意志辦成事情。我們每個(gè)人都希望自己能夠做出有意義、并能顯示出自己天賦的事來(lái)。Itiseasiesttoseethisinthecraftsmanwholovinglyshapessomecheapmaterialintoanobjectthatmaybeeitherusefulorbeautifulorboth.Youcanseethecarpenterorbricklayerstandasideandadmiretheproductofhispersonalskill.這一點(diǎn)最容易在工匠身上看出來(lái)。他深情地將某一種價(jià)值不高的材料做成一件或是有用，或是美觀，或是兩者兼?zhèn)涞臇|西。你可以看到木匠或磚瓦匠常站到一邊，欣賞自己的產(chǎn)品。Butevenwherethereisnoobviousendproductthatissolelyattributabletooneperson'sskill,researchershavefoundthatemployeesfindprideinaccomplishment.研究人員還發(fā)現(xiàn)，即使在沒(méi)有明顯的最終產(chǎn)品可以顯示個(gè)人專長(zhǎng)的場(chǎng)合，雇員們也對(duì)工作成就感到自豪。Ourownresearchinhospitalssuggeststhateventhehouskeepingandlaundrystaffstakeprideinthefactthatintheirownwaystheyarehelpingtocuresickpeople--andthusaccomplishinggooddeal,我們自己在醫(yī)院的調(diào)查表明，即便勤雜人員和洗衣房的職工，也對(duì)自己的工作引以為榮，他們通過(guò)自身的工作協(xié)助治好了病人--因而也就作出了不少成績(jī)。We'reoftenmisledbythecomplaintssurroundingdifficultwork;deepdownmostpeopleregardtheirwoncapacitytoconquerthetoughjobasthemarkoftheirownuniquepersonality.我們常常被抱怨工作困難的言論所誤導(dǎo)。在內(nèi)心深處，多數(shù)人把自己善于解決棘手問(wèn)題的本領(lǐng)看作個(gè)人的出眾之處。Complainingisjustpartofworking.Afterall,howelsedoyouknowwhoyouare,exceptasyoucandemonstratetheabilityofyourmindtocontrolyoulimbsadhandsandwords?Youare,insignificantmeasure,whatyoucando.發(fā)牢騷也是工作的一部分。說(shuō)到底，如果你不顯示出駕馭自己言行的能力，那你還有什么別的辦法來(lái)認(rèn)識(shí)你自己呢？在很大程度上，你就是你所能成就的事情。Somearedeceivedintothinkingthatpeopleliketostoreupenergy,torestandsavethemselvesasmuchaspossible.Justtheopposite.Itisenergyexpenditurethatissatisfying.有些人誤認(rèn)為人們喜歡積蓄精力，喜歡休息，并盡可能保養(yǎng)自己。事實(shí)恰恰相反。消耗精力才真正給人以滿足。Justwatchanemployeewhomustdealwithcountlessotherpeoplebecausehisorherjobisatsomecentralpointinacommunicationsnetwork:asalesmanatabusycounter,astockbrokeronthephone,acustomerrepresentative.Theywilltellyouhowmuchskillandexperienceittakestoanswercountlessquestionsandhandlevariouskindsofpersonalitieseveryhouroftheday.試看一位因其工作處于某個(gè)通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)的中心位置而必須與無(wú)數(shù)的其他人打交道的雇員：一個(gè)繁忙柜臺(tái)上的售貨員，一個(gè)手不離電話的股票經(jīng)紀(jì)人，或是一個(gè)客戶代理人，他們會(huì)告訴你，每時(shí)每刻回答無(wú)數(shù)個(gè)問(wèn)題以及應(yīng)付各種各樣的人物該需要怎樣的本領(lǐng)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)。Noteveryonecaninteractwithsuchpersistenceandoverlonghours,butthosewhodo,pridethemselvesonadistinctiveabilitythatcontributesmightilytotherunningoftheorganization.不是每個(gè)人都能以這樣的韌性長(zhǎng)時(shí)間地與人周旋的。但是能夠這樣做的人，都為自己具有出眾才能，能對(duì)所在單位的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)作出巨大貢獻(xiàn)而感到自豪。Butworkismorethanaccomplishmentandprideinbeingabletocommandthejob,becauseexceptforafewcraftsmenandartistsmostworktakesplace"outintheworld,"withanthroughotherpeople.但是工作不光是成就和能夠勝任工作的自豪，因?yàn)槌松贁?shù)工匠和藝術(shù)家的工作而外，大部分工作是在“外面”進(jìn)行的，是與別人合作或通過(guò)別人來(lái)完成的。Espritdecorps團(tuán)體精神Perhaspsanexamplewillmakethepoint:或許一個(gè)例子就能把這點(diǎn)說(shuō)明白。Irememberviewingahalfdozenmeinachairfactorywhosejobitwastobendseveralpiecesofsteelandattachthemsothatafoldingchairwouldresult.Whilethereweretenortwelveofthese"teams"thatworkedtogether,oneinparticularwasknownforitsperfectcoordinationandlightning-likeeffo