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文檔簡(jiǎn)介
第02講語(yǔ)音知識(shí)+聽(tīng)力測(cè)試
國(guó)際音標(biāo)
一、語(yǔ)音知識(shí)
1.英語(yǔ)共有48個(gè)音素,分為元音和輔音兩大類。元音有20個(gè),分為單元音和雙元音。輔音有28個(gè),按
聲帶振動(dòng)情況分為濁輔音和清輔音。英語(yǔ)音素中半元音音素是/w/和/j/,鼻音是/m/、/n/、/n/。
2.26個(gè)字母中有5個(gè)元音字母,分別為:a,e,i,o,u,音標(biāo)為[ei]、[i:]、[ai]、[eu]、[ju:]。一個(gè)半元
音字母是y。元音字母在重讀開(kāi)音節(jié)中發(fā)字母的名稱音,在重讀閉音節(jié)中發(fā)短音。
二、國(guó)際音標(biāo)
元音音標(biāo)
元音音標(biāo)指發(fā)音時(shí)不受到發(fā)音器官的阻礙發(fā)出的聲音,國(guó)際音標(biāo)里,元音音標(biāo)共20個(gè):
元音(20個(gè))
單元音
前元音/i://I//e//ae/
中元音/3://a//A/
后元音/u://u//o://0//a:/
雙元音
開(kāi)合雙元音/ei//al//oI//au//au/
集中雙元音/ia//ea//ua/
元音音標(biāo)中單元音按發(fā)音時(shí)舌頭位置的不同分為前元音、中元音和后元音,輔助音按發(fā)音時(shí)口型的變化分
為合口雙元音和集中雙元音,如上表所示。
元音(20個(gè))
單元音長(zhǎng)元音/i://u://a://o://3:/
短元音/i//u//A//D//a//e//ae/
雙元音合口雙元音/ai//ei//oI//au//au/
集中雙元音/Ia//ea//ua/
元音音標(biāo)中單元音按發(fā)音時(shí)音音長(zhǎng)短的不同分為長(zhǎng)元音、短元音,長(zhǎng)元音音標(biāo)符號(hào)包括":”號(hào),如上表所示。
元音音標(biāo)表
單元音:/i:/、/i/、/3:、//a/、/o:/、/D/、/U:/、/u/、/a:/>/A/、/as/、/e/
雙元音:/ei/>/ai/>/。I/、/au/、/au/、/Ia/>Ie?、//ua/
注意,元音也可以分為:
1)長(zhǎng)元音:/a://"http://u://i://。:/
2)短元音:/A//D//9//I//u//e//ae/
10對(duì)清濁輔音:清輔音:[p][t][k][f][9][s][tr][ts][/][tf]
濁輔音:[b“d][g][v]口[z][dr][dz]口[d]
其他輔音:清輔音:[h]
濁輔音:[m][n][][1][r][w][j]
20個(gè)元音音標(biāo)發(fā)音單詞示例
1)/i:/sea,he,see,piece,ceiling
2)/l/sit,build,miss,myth
3)/e/bed,desk,head
4)/ae/bad,land,bank,stamp(a和e中間是連起來(lái)的)
5)/a:/car,fast,class,plant,calm,aunt
6)/D/hot,want
7)/O:/door,more,sport,ball,warm,author,court,bought,caught
8)/u:/good,who,blue,soup,
9)/u/look,put,women,could
10)/A/cup,come,blood,rough
11)/3:/girl,work,serve,nurse
12)/d/cadre,ago,forget,polite,dollar,doctor,famous,Saturday
雙元音8個(gè)如下:
13)/el/cake,they,play,eight,great
14)/ai/bike,die,neither,light,try,find,height,eye
15)/ou/phone,cold,boat,soul,grow
16)/au/house,town
17)/□I/boy,oil
18)/iMdear,idea,deer,here,fierce
19)/es/pear,care,there,fair
20)/uo/tour,poor
輔音音標(biāo)發(fā)音單詞示例
1)/p/pay,put,cup,open,panda
2)/b/bread,club,lab,rabbit,garbage
3)/t/talk,taxi,tell,kitty,night
4)/d/duck,deep,dog,card,bed
5)/k/key,cold,card,desk,cup,cat
6)/g/eagle,egg,lag,dig,glass
7)/f7fish,finger,face,floor,frog
8)/v/very,dove,ever,leave,invite
9)/s/sit,say,sky,face,bus
10)/z/zebra,zoo,zero,seize
11)/f/ship,sheep,fish,clash,shirt
12)/j/visual,version,visionJeisure
14)/dj/jar,jamJuly,angel,cage
15)/0/south,path,mouth,math,path
16)/d/they,those,other,teethe
17)/ts/cats,boats,meets,gifts
18)/dz/beds,cards,rides,friends
19)/tr/trade,trill,metric,tree
20)/dr/drink,dress,dream,draw
21)/h/home,hello,hand,happy
22)Mrain,read,red,grass
23)/I/linejike,alive,meahpool
24)/m/mud,move,swim,smart,animal
25)/n/no,winner,ant,brain
26)/q/ink,bank,sing,spring,pink
27)/w/swan,with,what,white,work
28)/j/yak,youth,yell,billion,unit
三、讀音方法
在學(xué)習(xí)字母在單詞中的讀音時(shí)有三種方法:
第一種:去尾法,有九個(gè),b、d、c、p、t、v、z、j、k。比如:能根據(jù)讀音把b分成兩個(gè)音標(biāo)/b//i/,去尾顧名
思義,就是把最后一個(gè)音去掉,第一個(gè)音,就是在單詞中的發(fā)音;
第二種:掐頭法,有六個(gè),f、Im、n、s、Xo比如f能根據(jù)讀音把f分成兩個(gè)音標(biāo)/e/、/f/,把第一個(gè)音去掉
就是在單詞中發(fā)音;
第三種:對(duì)比法,就是把字母在單詞中的發(fā)音和在漢語(yǔ)拼音中的發(fā)音對(duì)比,有五個(gè):g、h、y、w、r,我們可
以發(fā)現(xiàn),這五個(gè)音和拼音中的音很相似,所以可以這樣記。
拼讀規(guī)則
一、音節(jié)及音節(jié)的劃分
1.音節(jié)的定義:
音節(jié)由音素組合而成。一個(gè)元音加上一個(gè)或幾個(gè)輔音即可構(gòu)成一個(gè)音節(jié),一個(gè)元音也能構(gòu)成一個(gè)音節(jié)。某
些輔音也能與其他輔音構(gòu)成音節(jié)。
2.音節(jié)構(gòu)成
A:一個(gè)元音和一個(gè)或多個(gè)輔音可以構(gòu)成一個(gè)音節(jié),如:be/bi:/;big/big/
B:一個(gè)元音可以構(gòu)成音節(jié),如about/'/a'baut/,I/al/
C:成音節(jié)即由輔音和成節(jié)音〃,Iml,Ini,/n/構(gòu)成的音節(jié),如:button/'bAtn/
3.音節(jié)的分類
A:開(kāi)音節(jié):指以發(fā)音的元音字母結(jié)尾的音節(jié)或元輔e結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
go/gau/;photo/'fautau/;cake/keik/;like/laik/
B:閉音節(jié):以輔音字母結(jié)尾(r,w,v除外),同時(shí)只有一個(gè)元音音素的音節(jié),如:bag/baeg/;stop/stDp/
C:r音節(jié):即ar/a/;er/a/;ir/a/;or/0/;ur/a/在非重讀音節(jié)中一般發(fā)短音/◎/
4.音節(jié)的劃分
口訣:一在后,二分手
一在后:如果兩個(gè)元音中有一個(gè)輔音,則把這個(gè)輔音的發(fā)音劃到后面.
二分手:如果兩個(gè)元音中有兩個(gè)輔音,則平分這兩個(gè)輔音的發(fā)音,前后各一個(gè)。
一般來(lái)說(shuō),一個(gè)單詞的發(fā)音元音的總數(shù)決定了這個(gè)單詞所包含的音節(jié)數(shù)目,也就是說(shuō)有幾個(gè)元音音素就有
幾個(gè)音節(jié),如一個(gè)音節(jié):I;a;six;girl;one;how
兩個(gè)音節(jié):fa/ther;re/move;peo/ple;ri/ver;rea/dy
三個(gè)音節(jié):cen/tu/ry;vi/ta/min;cer/tain/ly
5.不同音節(jié)中元音字母的發(fā)音
(1)在閉音節(jié)中的元音字母一般發(fā)短元音,如:
a/ae/cat;
e/e/bed;
i/I/big;
o/D/dog;
u/A/bus
(2)在開(kāi)音節(jié)中的元音字母一般發(fā)字母的名稱音
絕對(duì)開(kāi)音節(jié):以發(fā)音的元音字母結(jié)尾。如:she/Ji/;hi/hai/
相對(duì)開(kāi)音節(jié):元輔e結(jié)構(gòu)。如:lake/lelk/;like/lalk/;coke/kouk/
二、不完全爆破音與濁化
1.不完全爆破音(incompleteplosion)
帶有不完全爆破音的詞或句子,聽(tīng)起來(lái)好像有些音被吞掉,但實(shí)際上并未完全被吞掉。當(dāng)兩個(gè)輔音相鄰時(shí)
前面的輔音由于受后面輔音的影響,在發(fā)音時(shí)只需要作出這個(gè)音的口形,但不需要把音發(fā)出來(lái)。這種要發(fā)
而又不發(fā)出來(lái)的音就是我們所說(shuō)的不完全爆破音,這種發(fā)音現(xiàn)象叫做失去爆破。
爆破音/p//b〃t//d//k//g/
(1).兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的爆破音相連,只爆破最后一個(gè)爆破音,其他爆破音只需要作出口形即可。如:
act;two
(2).爆破音后跟破擦音時(shí),爆破音失去爆破。如pi(c)ture;lha(t)judge
(3).爆破音后跟摩擦音時(shí)只需做出口形,不爆破。如:brea(k)fast
(4).爆破音后跟鼻音時(shí),爆破音亦不爆破。如:goo(d)morning
2.濁化(soft)
濁化就是把清輔音發(fā)成與其相應(yīng)的濁輔音。一般情況下,在音節(jié)開(kāi)頭如果有兩個(gè)在一起的清輔音,那么第
二個(gè)清輔音就要濁化,即發(fā)成濁輔音。
常見(jiàn)的有:/sp/r/sb/如:sport;
/st/i/sd/如:stair;
/sk//sg/如:sky;scarf;school
3.連讀(liaison)
在英語(yǔ)的實(shí)際運(yùn)用中,人們常將屬于同一意群的詞連在一起,一口氣說(shuō)出來(lái)。意群中詞與詞之間不留空隙,
這種讀法叫連讀。如:
NotAatAall.PleasetakeAalookAatAit.IfindAabookinAit.(book與in分別在兩個(gè)不同的意群中故中不連讀。
三、重音、語(yǔ)調(diào)與節(jié)奏
1.重音(stress)。)單重音
英語(yǔ)的每個(gè)詞,至少有一個(gè)音節(jié)讀得特別重而清楚,而其他的音節(jié)則輕而含糊。讀得重而清楚的音節(jié),叫
做單詞重音,又叫重讀音節(jié)。讀得輕而含糊的音節(jié),叫做非重讀音節(jié)或輕讀音節(jié)。如:
'interesting;'dictionary;'relay;for'get;e'nough;dis'like
(2)句子重音
①實(shí)詞如名詞、實(shí)意動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞等,一般需重讀,但在倒裝句中實(shí)意動(dòng)詞要輕讀。如:
Shealways'madeherclassinteresting
Underthetreestoodanoldman.
②代詞以及虛詞如冠詞、連詞、介詞等往往不重讀,但作表語(yǔ)的介詞短語(yǔ)中的介詞需重讀。如:
Theballis'underthechair.Whichgradeareyou'in?
2.語(yǔ)調(diào)(intonation)
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)調(diào),即說(shuō)話的腔調(diào),就是一句話里聲調(diào)(pitch)高低抑揚(yáng)輕重的配制和變化。
(1)降調(diào):主要用于陳述句、祈使句、特殊疑問(wèn)句、感嘆句句末,表示肯定、明確或意思表達(dá)完整。如:
Pleaseopenthedoor.Whatafineday!
(2)升調(diào):主要用于疑問(wèn)句或表示請(qǐng)求的句子末尾,表示不太肯定、親切和意思未完。如:
Wouldyoulikeacupoftea?D
Doyouoftengotoschoolbybike?
(3)降升調(diào)
①先升后降:常用于選擇疑問(wèn)句中或列舉時(shí)。
如:Isyourfriendaboyoragirl?
Whichdoyouprefer,匚Iteaorcoffee?□
Thereareeggplants,cucumbers,tomatoesandpotatoesinthemarket.
②先降后升:常用于補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明或反意疑問(wèn)句中。如:
Wehavetohurryup,匚I'mafraid.
Hehasn'tbookedtheroom,Chashe?
3.節(jié)奏(therhythm)
讀長(zhǎng)句時(shí),需要注意在意群之間換氣,稍作停頓,而一個(gè)意群內(nèi)部不可停頓,以便意思保持完整。如:
OurEnglishteacher/toldus/aninterestingstory.
Heandhisbrother/havealreadyfinished/doingtheirhomework.
檢測(cè)訓(xùn)練
一、短對(duì)話
1.Whatdoesthemanlikeaboutthemovie?
A.Itsfunnyplot.B.Itsmusic.C.Itsactors.
2.Howmuchisaconcertticketforachild?
A.$2.B.$4.C.$8.
3.Whatdoesthewomansuggestdoingfirst?
A.Havingbreakfast.B.Buyingthemedicine.C.Travelingtothetown.
4.WhatwillSamdotonight?
A.Attendaparty.B.FlytoTokyo.C.Haveameeting.
5.Whereisthemanprobablygoingnow?
A.Agiftshop.B.Hisbrother'shouse.C.TheChildren'sCenter.
6.Whatdoesthemansayaboutthenewfilmstar?
A.Heispopularwithyoungpeople.B.Heisnothandsome.C.Heisagood
actor.
7.Whatisthepictureabout?
A.Acity.B.Afarm.C.Apet.
8.Howwillthemangotopark?
A.Bybus.B.Bycar.C.Onfoot.
9.Whatisthewomandoingnow?
A.Havingameeting.B.Havingameal.C.Working.
10.Howdoesthemanhelpthewoman?
A.Byfillingouttheformforher.
B.Bytellingherhispersonalinibrmation.
C.Byreadingtheinformationontheform.
11.Whatarethespeakerstalkingabout?
A.Whattheman'shobbyis.
B.Whetherthemanlearneddrawing.
C.Whenthemanwenttohighschool.
【答案】A
【原文】
W:Tellme,whatdoyouenjoydoinginyoursparetime?
M:Ienjoydrawing.
W:Ididn'tknowyoucoulddraw.
M:Ilearnedbackinhighschool.
12.Whenwillthemanarriveattheparty?
A.At7:30.B.At8:00.C.At8:30.
13.Whatistherelationshipbetweenthespeakers?
A.Teacherandstudent.B.Doctorandpatient.C.Classmates.
14.Whatisthewomangoingtodo?
A.Payfortheshoes.
B.Gototheshoeshop.
C.Borrowmoneyfromtheman.
15.Whoisthegirltalkingto?
A.Herdentist.B.Thepolice.C.Aguide.
16.Whatwillthemandonext?
A.Gotothemovies.B.Keeponstudying.C.Checkoutsomebooks.
17.WhatdoesthemanusuallydoonSundayafternoons?
A.Hegoesshopping.
B?Heworksinthegarden.
C.Hereadsthenewspaper.
18.Whenwillthematchbeginaccordingtotheman?
A.At2:30.B.At3:00.C.At4:00.
19.Whatdoesthemanliketodrink?
A.Tea.B.Coffee.C.Water.
20.HowdidthespeakersgotoFrance?
A.Bytrain.B.Byair.C.Bycar.
21.Whatdoesthewomanwanttoborrownow?
A.Thedictionary.B.Theeraser.C.Thescissors.
22.WhydoesthewomancallJack?
A.Toaskhimtoclosethewindow.
B.Tomakeacomplaint.
C.Togethernotebookback.
23.Whatdoesthewomanmean?
A.Mattmightseethestrongmouse.
B.Mattmightknowhowtogetmorecheese.
C.Mattmighthaveeatenthecheese.
24.Howdoesthemanprobablyfeelnow?
A.Satisfied.B.Nervous.C.Disappointed.
25.Whatwasthewoman'sworryinherdream?
A.Failingtofinishthehomework.
B.Beinglateforschool.
C.Herbeinglaughedat.
26.Whydoesthewomanwanttodesigntheschooluniforms?
A.Tomakemoney.
B.Towearwhattheylike.
C.Tosatisfytheschool'sneed.
27.Whatdoesthemanmean?
A.Thequestionisnotveryclear.
B.Thewomanislatefbrclassagain.
C.Thepapercan'tbeputofftohandin.
28.Whatdictionariescanbeusedbystudents?
A.English-Englishdictionaries.
B.English-Chinesedictionaries.
C.OxfordEnglishdictionaries.
29.Whatcanwelearnfromtheconversation?
A.Thestudentslikeschooluniforms.
B.Thestudentswanttoweartheirownclothes.
C.Theschoolruleswillbechangedsoon.
30.WhatdoweknowaboutPeter?
A.Heisn'ttalkative.B.Hestudiedveryhard.C.Hefailedtogetintocollege.
二、長(zhǎng)對(duì)話
聽(tīng)下面一段較長(zhǎng)對(duì)話,回答以下小題。
31.Whydoesthemanthankthewoman?
A.SheofferedhimajobB.Shetoldhiminformationonajob.C.Shehelpedhimwiththeinterview.
32.Whatdoesthewomanadvisethemantodo?
A.Goouttocelebrate.B?Takethejobseriously.C.Rebuildhisconfidence.
聽(tīng)下面一段較長(zhǎng)對(duì)話,回答以下小題。
33.What'stheprobablerelationshipbetweenthespeakers?
A.Friends.B.Neighbors.C.Customerandwaitress.
34.HowwillBillandMarygohome?
A.Bybus.B.Bytaxi.C.Bysubway.
聽(tīng)下面一段較長(zhǎng)對(duì)話,回答以下小題。
35.Whatistheprobablerelationshipbetweenthespeakers?
A.Husbandandwife.B.Bossandsecretary.C.Salesmanandcustomer.
36.Whatdothespeakersplantodo?
A.SeeMartin.B.Haveacarfixed.C.Buyacar.
37.Whenwillthespeakersgotoacarshop?
A.ThisSaturday.B.ThisSunday.C.NextSunday.
聽(tīng)下面一段較長(zhǎng)對(duì)話,回答以下小題。
38.WhatisBilFsattitudetowardhisexamresult?
A.Greatlyexcited.B.Abitdissatisfied.C.Terriblydisappointed.
39.WhatdoesthewomansuggestBilldo?
A.Behardonhimself.B.Gooutfordinner.C.Goshoppingwithher.
40.Howsoonwillthespeakersleavehome?
A.Inabout15minutes.B.Inabout30minutes.C.Inabout45minutes.
三、短文
聽(tīng)下面一段獨(dú)白,回答以下小題。
41.WhatisBigLots?
A.Aparkingplace.B.Abigstore.C.Awoman'shouse.
42.Whatdidthespeakerfindinthebasket?
A.Awallet.B.Amobilephone.C.Aletter.
43.Whatinformationdidthespeakergetaboutthewoman?
A.Herworkplace.B.Herphonenumber.C.Herhomeaddress.
44.Whatdidthewomanoffertothespeaker?
A.Apostcard.B.Ajob.C.Ameal.
第02講語(yǔ)音知識(shí)+聽(tīng)力測(cè)試
國(guó)際音標(biāo)
一、語(yǔ)音知識(shí)
1.英語(yǔ)共有48個(gè)音素,分為元音和輔音兩大類。元音有20個(gè),分為單元音和雙元音。輔音有28個(gè),按
聲帶振動(dòng)情況分為濁輔音和清輔音。英語(yǔ)音素中半元音音素是/w/和/j/,鼻音是/m/、/n/、/n/。
2.26個(gè)字母中有5個(gè)元音字母,分別為:a,e,i,o,u,音標(biāo)為[ei]、[i:]、[ai]、[eu]、[ju:]。一個(gè)半元
音字母是y。元音字母在重讀開(kāi)音節(jié)中發(fā)字母的名稱音,在重讀閉音節(jié)中發(fā)短音。
二、國(guó)際音標(biāo)
元音音標(biāo)
元音音標(biāo)指發(fā)音時(shí)不受到發(fā)音器官的阻礙發(fā)出的聲音,國(guó)際音標(biāo)里,元音音標(biāo)共20個(gè):
元音(20個(gè))
單元音
前元音/i://I//e//ae/
中元音/3://a//A/
后元音/u://u//o://0//a:/
雙元音
開(kāi)合雙元音/ei//al//oI//au//au/
集中雙元音/ia//ea//ua/
元音音標(biāo)中單元音按發(fā)音時(shí)舌頭位置的不同分為前元音、中元音和后元音,輔助音按發(fā)音時(shí)口型的變化分
為合口雙元音和集中雙元音,如上表所示。
元音(20個(gè))
單元音長(zhǎng)元音/i://u://a://o://3:/
短元音/i//u//A//D//a//e//ae/
雙元音合口雙元音/ai//ei//oI//au//au/
集中雙元音/Ia//ea//ua/
元音音標(biāo)中單元音按發(fā)音時(shí)音音長(zhǎng)短的不同分為長(zhǎng)元音、短元音,長(zhǎng)元音音標(biāo)符號(hào)包括":”號(hào),如上表所示。
元音音標(biāo)表
單元音:/i:/、/i/、/3:、//a/、/o:/、/D/、/U:/、/u/、/a:/>/A/、/as/、/e/
雙元音:/ei/>/ai/>/。I/、/au/、/au/、/Ia/>Ie?、//ua/
注意,元音也可以分為:
1)長(zhǎng)元音:/a://"http://u://i://。:/
2)短元音:/A//D//a//I//u//e//ae/
10對(duì)清濁輔音:清輔音:[p][t][k]田[9][s][tr][ts][f][tf]
濁輔音:[b“d][g][v]口[z][dr][dz]口[d]
其他輔音:清輔音:[h]
濁輔音:[m][n][][1][r][w][j]
20個(gè)元音音標(biāo)發(fā)音單詞示例
1)/i:/sea,he,see,piece,ceiling
2)/l/sit,build,miss,myth
3)/e/bed,desk,head
4)/ae/bad,land,bank,stamp(a和e中間是連起來(lái)的)
5)/a:/car,fast,class,plant,calm,aunt
6)/D/hot,want
7)/O:/door,more,sport,ball,warm,author,court,bought,caught
8)/u:/good,who,blue,soup,
9)/u/look,put,women,could
10)/A/cup,come,blood,rough
11)/3:/girl,work,serve,nurse
12)/d/cadre,ago,forget,polite,dollar,doctor,famous,Saturday
雙元音8個(gè)如下:
13)/el/cake,they,play,eight,great
14)/ai/bike,die,neither,light,try,find,height,eye
15)/ou/phone,cold,boat,soul,grow
16)/au/house,town
17)/□I/boy,oil
18)/iMdear,idea,deer,here,fierce
19)/es/pear,care,there,fair
20)/uo/tour,poor
輔音音標(biāo)發(fā)音單詞示例
1)/p/pay,put,cup,open,panda
2)/b/bread,club,lab,rabbit,garbage
3)/t/talk,taxi,tell,kitty,night
4)/d/duck,deep,dog,card,bed
5)/k/key,cold,card,desk,cup,cat
6)/g/eagle,egg,lag,dig,glass
7)/f7fish,finger,face,floor,frog
8)/v/very,dove,ever,leave,invite
9)/s/sit,say,sky,face,bus
10)/z/zebra,zoo,zero,seize
11)/f/ship,sheep,fish,clash,shirt
12)/j/visual,version,visionJeisure
14)/dj/jar,jamJuly,angel,cage
15)/0/south,path,mouth,math,path
16)/d/they,those,other,teethe
17)/ts/cats,boats,meets,gifts
18)/dz/beds,cards,rides,friends
19)/tr/trade,trill,metric,tree
20)/dr/drink,dress,dream,draw
21)/h/home,hello,hand,happy
22)/r/rain,read,red,grass
23)/I/linejike,alive,meahpool
24)/m/mud,move,swim,smart,animal
25)/n/no,winner,ant,brain
26)/q/ink,bank,sing,spring,pink
27)/w/swan,with,what,white,work
28)/j/yak,youth,yell,billion,unit
三、讀音方法
在學(xué)習(xí)字母在單詞中的讀音時(shí)有三種方法:
第一種:去尾法,有九個(gè),b、d、c、p、t、v、z、j、k。比如:能根據(jù)讀音把b分成兩個(gè)音標(biāo)/b//i/,去尾顧名
思義,就是把最后一個(gè)音去掉,第一個(gè)音,就是在單詞中的發(fā)音;
第二種:掐頭法,有六個(gè),f、Im、n、s、Xo比如f能根據(jù)讀音把f分成兩個(gè)音標(biāo)/e/、/f/,把第一個(gè)音去掉
就是在單詞中發(fā)音;
第三種:對(duì)比法,就是把字母在單詞中的發(fā)音和在漢語(yǔ)拼音中的發(fā)音對(duì)比,有五個(gè):g、h、y、w、r,我們可
以發(fā)現(xiàn),這五個(gè)音和拼音中的音很相似,所以可以這樣記。
拼讀規(guī)則
一、音節(jié)及音節(jié)的劃分
1.音節(jié)的定義:
音節(jié)由音素組合而成。一個(gè)元音加上一個(gè)或幾個(gè)輔音即可構(gòu)成一個(gè)音節(jié),一個(gè)元音也能構(gòu)成一個(gè)音節(jié)。某
些輔音也能與其他輔音構(gòu)成音節(jié)。
2.音節(jié)構(gòu)成
A:一個(gè)元音和一個(gè)或多個(gè)輔音可以構(gòu)成一個(gè)音節(jié),如:be/bi:/;big/big/
B:一個(gè)元音可以構(gòu)成音節(jié),如about/'/a'baut/,I/al/
C:成音節(jié)即由輔音和成節(jié)音〃,Iml,Ini,/n/構(gòu)成的音節(jié),如:button/'bAtn/
3.音節(jié)的分類
A:開(kāi)音節(jié):指以發(fā)音的元音字母結(jié)尾的音節(jié)或元輔e結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
go/gau/;photo/'fautau/;cake/keik/;like/laik/
B:閉音節(jié):以輔音字母結(jié)尾(r,w,v除外),同時(shí)只有一個(gè)元音音素的音節(jié),如:bag/baeg/;stop/stDp/
C:r音節(jié):即ar/a/;er/a/;ir/a/;or/0/;ur/a/在非重讀音節(jié)中一般發(fā)短音/◎/
4.音節(jié)的劃分
口訣:一在后,二分手
一在后:如果兩個(gè)元音中有一個(gè)輔音,則把這個(gè)輔音的發(fā)音劃到后面.
二分手:如果兩個(gè)元音中有兩個(gè)輔音,則平分這兩個(gè)輔音的發(fā)音,前后各一個(gè)。
一般來(lái)說(shuō),一個(gè)單詞的發(fā)音元音的總數(shù)決定了這個(gè)單詞所包含的音節(jié)數(shù)目,也就是說(shuō)有幾個(gè)元音音素就有
幾個(gè)音節(jié),如一個(gè)音節(jié):I;a;six;girl;one;how
兩個(gè)音節(jié):fa/ther;re/move;peo/ple;ri/ver;rea/dy
三個(gè)音節(jié):cen/tu/ry;vi/ta/min;cer/tain/ly
5.不同音節(jié)中元音字母的發(fā)音
(1)在閉音節(jié)中的元音字母一般發(fā)短元音,如:
a/ae/cat;
e/e/bed;
i/I/big;
o/D/dog;
u/A/bus
(2)在開(kāi)音節(jié)中的元音字母一般發(fā)字母的名稱音
絕對(duì)開(kāi)音節(jié):以發(fā)音的元音字母結(jié)尾。如:she/Ji/;hi/hai/
相對(duì)開(kāi)音節(jié):元輔e結(jié)構(gòu)。如:lake/lelk/;like/lalk/;coke/kouk/
二、不完全爆破音與濁化
1.不完全爆破音(incompleteplosion)
帶有不完全爆破音的詞或句子,聽(tīng)起來(lái)好像有些音被吞掉,但實(shí)際上并未完全被吞掉。當(dāng)兩個(gè)輔音相鄰時(shí)
前面的輔音由于受后面輔音的影響,在發(fā)音時(shí)只需要作出這個(gè)音的口形,但不需要把音發(fā)出來(lái)。這種要發(fā)
而又不發(fā)出來(lái)的音就是我們所說(shuō)的不完全爆破音,這種發(fā)音現(xiàn)象叫做失去爆破。
爆破音/p//b〃t//d//k//g/
(1).兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的爆破音相連,只爆破最后一個(gè)爆破音,其他爆破音只需要作出口形即可。如:
act;two
(2).爆破音后跟破擦音時(shí),爆破音失去爆破。如pi(c)ture;lha(t)judge
(3).爆破音后跟摩擦音時(shí)只需做出口形,不爆破。如:brea(k)fast
(4).爆破音后跟鼻音時(shí),爆破音亦不爆破。如:goo(d)morning
2.濁化(soft)
濁化就是把清輔音發(fā)成與其相應(yīng)的濁輔音。一般情況下,在音節(jié)開(kāi)頭如果有兩個(gè)在一起的清輔音,那么第
二個(gè)清輔音就要濁化,即發(fā)成濁輔音。
常見(jiàn)的有:/sp/—>/sb/如:sport;
/st/i/sd/如:stair;
/sk//sg/如:sky;scarf;school
3.連讀(liaison)
在英語(yǔ)的實(shí)際運(yùn)用中,人們常將屬于同一意群的詞連在一起,一口氣說(shuō)出來(lái)。意群中詞與詞之間不留空隙,
這種讀法叫連讀。如:
NotAatAall.PleasetakeAalookAatAit.IfindAabookinAit.(book與in分別在兩個(gè)不同的意群中故中不連讀。
三、重音、語(yǔ)調(diào)與節(jié)奏
1.重音(stress)。)單重音
英語(yǔ)的每個(gè)詞,至少有一個(gè)音節(jié)讀得特別重而清楚,而其他的音節(jié)則輕而含糊。讀得重而清楚的音節(jié),叫
做單詞重音,又叫重讀音節(jié)。讀得輕而含糊的音節(jié),叫做非重讀音節(jié)或輕讀音節(jié)。如:
'interesting;'dictionary;'relay;for'get;e'nough;dis'like
(2)句子重音
①實(shí)詞如名詞、實(shí)意動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞等,一般需重讀,但在倒裝句中實(shí)意動(dòng)詞要輕讀。如:
Shealways'madeherclassinteresting
Underthetreestoodanoldman.
②代詞以及虛詞如冠詞、連詞、介詞等往往不重讀,但作表語(yǔ)的介詞短語(yǔ)中的介詞需重讀。如:
Theballis'underthechair.Whichgradeareyou'in?
2.語(yǔ)調(diào)(intonation)
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)調(diào),即說(shuō)話的腔調(diào),就是一句話里聲調(diào)(pitch)高低抑揚(yáng)輕重的配制和變化。
(1)降調(diào):主要用于陳述句、祈使句、特殊疑問(wèn)句、感嘆句句末,表示肯定、明確或意思表達(dá)完整。如:
Pleaseopenthedoor.、Whatalineday!\
(2)升調(diào):主要用于疑問(wèn)句或表示請(qǐng)求的句子末尾,表示不太肯定、親切和意思未完。如:
Wouldyoulikeacupoftea?/
Doyouoftengotoschoolbybike?/
(3)降升調(diào)
①先升后降:常用于選擇疑問(wèn)句中或列舉時(shí)。
如:Isyourfriend/aboyoragirl?、
Whichdoyouprefer,/teaorcoffee?\
Thereareeggplants,/cucumbers,/tomatoesandpotatoesinthemarket.
②先降后升:常用于補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明或反意疑問(wèn)句中。如:
Wehavetohurryup,、I'mafraid./
Hehasn'tbookedtheroom,\hashe?/
3.節(jié)奏(therhythm)
讀長(zhǎng)句時(shí),需要注意在意群之間換氣,稍作停頓,而一個(gè)意群內(nèi)部不可停頓,以便意思保持完整。如:
OurEnglishteacher/toldus/aninterestingstory.
Heandhisbrother/havealreadyfinished/doingtheirhomework.
檢測(cè)訓(xùn)練
一、短對(duì)話
1.Whatdoesthemanlikeaboutthemovie?
A.Itsfunnyplot.B.Itsmusic.C.Itsactors.
【答案】c
【原文】
W:Thatisagreatmovie,isn'tit?Ithassomereallyfunnyparts,andIthinktheactorsarereallygood.
M:Iagreeabouttheacting,butIdon'tthinkitisfunny.Idon'tcaremuchforthemusic.
2.Howmuchisaconcertticketforachild?
A.$2.B.$4.C.$8.
【答案】B
【原文】
M:Concertticketsare8dollarsforadults,halfpriceforchildren.
W:OK.Edlikeoneadultticketandtwochildrentickets,please.
3.Whatdoesthewomansuggestdoingfirst?
A.Havingbreakfast.B.Buyingthemedicine.C.Travelingtothetown.
【答案】A
【原文】
M:Wereallymustgotothetowntobuythatmedicinerightnow.
W:Ithinkthat'sOKafterwehavebreakfast.
4.WhatwillSamdotonight?
A.Attendaparty.B.FlytoTokyo.C.Haveameeting.
【答案】B
【原文】
W:Sam、couldyoucometotheparty?
M:Tdloveto,butI'llflytoTokyoonbusinesstonight.THattendsomemeetingsthereinthenextfewdays.
5.Whereisthemanprobablygoingnow?
A.Agiftshop.B.Hisbrother'shouse.C.TheChildren'sCenter.
【答案】A
【原文】
W:Whyareyouinsuchahurry?
M:TomorrowisChildren'sDay,butIhavengotagiftformybrother.
6.Whatdoesthemansayaboutthenewfilmstar?
A.Heispopularwithyoungpeople.B.Heisnothandsome.C.Heisagood
actor.
【答案】A
【原文】
W:Look!Thathandsomeboyisanewfilmstar,isn'the?
M:Yes,he'sverypopularwithyoungpeople.ButIdon'tthinkheactswell.
7.Whatisthepictureabout?
A.Acity.B.Afarm.C.Apet.
【答案】B
【原文】
W:Whatanicepicture!Abeautifulfarmwithcowseverywhere!
M:Thankyou.ItookthepicturewhenIstayedinthecountryside.
8.Howwillthemangotopark?
A.Bybus.B.Bycar.C.Onfoot.
【答案】A
【原文】
W:Wouldyouliketogototheparkbycar?
M:No.Yousee,it'sSundaytodayanditisn'tverycrowdedonthebus.
9.Whatisthewomandoingnow?
A.Havingameeting.B.Havingameal.C.Working.
【答案】B
【原文】
M:Hi,Mary.ThisisTed.Areyoubusy?
W:We'rehavingdinnernow.CanIcallyoubackinhalfanhour?
10.Howdoesthemanhelpthewoman?
A.Byfillingouttheformforher.
B.Bytellingherhispersonalinformation.
C.Byreadingtheinfonnationontheform.
【答案】C
【原文】
W:Excuseme!Canyoureadoutthisfbmiforme?I'veforgottenmyglasses.
M:Ofcourse,ma'am.First,youshouldwritedownyournameandaddress,andthenyourtelephonenumber.
11.Whatarethespeakerstalkingabout?
A.Whattheman'shobbyis.
B.Whetherthemanlearneddrawing.
C.Whenthemanwenttohighschool.
【答案】A
【原文】
W:Tellme,whatdoyouenjoydoinginyoursparetime?
M:Ienjoydrawing.
W:Ididn'tknowyoucoulddraw.
M:Ilearnedbackinhighschool.
12.Whenwillthemanarriveattheparty?
A.At7:30.B.At8:00.C.At8:30.
【答案】C
【原文】
W:Whattimedoesthepartystart?
M:Itstartsat8o'clock.IthinkI'llarrivehalfanhourlatebecauseIhavetoworklatetoday.
13.Whatistherelationshipbetweenthespeakers?
A.Teacherandstudent.B.Doctorandpatient.C.Classmates.
【答案】C
【原文】
W:Ididn'tgotoschoolyesterdaybecauseIwassick.
M:Pmsorrytohearthat.DoyouwantthenotesandhomeworkfromEnglishclass?
W:Thatwouldbenice,thankyou.
M:Noproblem.Ihopetoseeyouatschooltomorrow.
14.Whatisthewomangoingtodo?
A.Payfortheshoes.
B.Gototheshoeshop.
C.Borrowmoneyfromtheman.
【答案】B
【原文】
W:Yourshoeslookreallynice.Howmuchdidyougetthemfor?
M:Theyonlycostmeaboutfortydollars.
W:I'mgoingtogetapairformyhusband.LetmeseeifFvegotenoughmoney.
15.Whoisthegirltalkingto?
A.Herdentist.B.Thepolice.C.Aguide.
【答案】A
【原文】
M:Nowopenyourmouthwider.
W:Ah...
M:Oh,goodgirl.Well,Icanseewhafshappening.Thereisaholeinyourtooth.
16.Whatwillthemandonext?
A.Gotothemovies.B.Keeponstudying.C.Checkoutsomebooks.
【答案】A
【原文】
W:Cometothemovieswithus,Matt.You'vebeeninthelibraryallday.Youneedtorelax.
M:Youareright,Jenny.Tvebeenstudyingforsolong.Ineedtotakeabreak.
17.WhatdoesthemanusuallydoonSundayafternoons?
A.Hegoesshopping.
B.Heworksinthegarden.
C.Hereadsthenewspaper.
【答案】B
【原文】
W:WhatdoyouusuallydoonSundays?
M:Igoshoppinginthemorning,workinthegardenintheafternoon,andreadthenewspaperafterdinner.
18.Whenwillthematchbeginaccordingtotheman?
A.At2:30.B.At3:00.C.At4:00.
【答案】c
【原文】
W:Wedoneedtohurryup.It'salready2:30.Thematchissupposedtobeginin30minutes.
M:Youmusthavebeentoldthewrongtime.Iamsurethematchbeginsat4:00.
19.Whatdoesthemanliketodrink?
A.Tea.B.Coffee.C.Water.
【答案】c
【原文】
W:Ipreferteatocoffee,butwheneverwevisitHarry,healwaysservesuscoffee.
M:Idon'tlikecoffee,either.AllIreallywantisaglassofcoldwater.
20.HowdidthespeakersgotoFrance?
A.Bytrain.B.Byair.C.Bycar.
【答案】B
【原文】
M:HereweareinFranceatlast.Whatajourney!Airtravelismoretiringthandriving.
W:Youwouldn'thavesaidthatifyouhaddrivenalongway.Let'stakethetrainnexttime.
21.Whatdoesthewomanwanttoborrownow?
A.Thedictionary.B.Theerase匚C.Thescissors.
【答案】A
【原文】
W:Canyougivememyeraserback,please?I'dliketouseit.
M:Sure,hereyouare.
W:OK.Andwouldyoumindlendingmeyourdictionary?Oh,andthanksforyourscissors.
22.WhydoesthewomancallJack?
A.Toaskhimtoclosethewindow.
B?Tomakeacomplaint.
C.Togethernotebookback.
【答案】A
【原文】
W:Gee,it'sfreezinghere!Jack,wouldyoumindclosingthewindow?
M:Holdon.Justletmefinishthisnotefirst.
23.Whatdoesthewomanmean?
A.Mattmightseethestrongmouse.
B.Mattmightknowhowtogetmorecheese.
C.Mattmighthaveeatenthecheese.
【答案】c
【原文】
W:That'sfunny.Tmsurethere9ssomecheeseleft.Theremustbeastrongmousearoundourhousethatcanopen
thefridge!Matt,whatdoyousay?
M:Er...maybethereisone.
24.Howdoesthemanprobablyfeelnow?
A.Satisfied.B.Nervous.C.Disappointed.
【答案】C
【原文】
M:Yousaidyoucouldplaythedrumwell.Isthatall?Ihavehighhopesforyou.
W:Hmm...Iwastoonervousjustnow.THdobetternexttime.
25.Whatwasthewoman'sworryinherdream?
A.Failingtofinishthehomework.
B.Beinglateforschool.
C.Herbeinglaughedat.
【答案】A
【原文】
W:Inmydream,Iwascoveredwithbooks,beingworriedaboutthedeadlineofhandinginmyhomework.
M:Thatmeansyouhavetoomuchhomeworktodo.
26.Whydoesthewomanwanttodesigntheschooluniforms?
A.Tomakemoney.
B.Towearwhattheylike.
C.Tosatisfytheschoofsneed.
【答案】B
【原文】
W:Weshouldbeallowedtodesignourschooluniforms.
M:Whydoyouthinkso?
W:Weshoulddecidewhatweliketowear.
27.Whatdoesthemanmean?
A.Thequestionisnotveryclear.
B.Thewomanislateforclassagain.
C.Thepapercan'tbeputofftohandin.
【答案】C
【原文】
W:Professor,couldIhandinmypapertwodayslater?Iwanttoaddsomefreshmaterialtoit.
M:Pmafraidthat'soutofthequestion.
28.Whatdictionariescanbeusedbystudents?
A.English-Englishdictionaries.
B.English-Chinesedictionaries.
C.OxfordEnglishdictionaries.
【答案】A
【原文】
W:Studentsshouldbeallowedtousedictionarieswhenwritingacomposition.
M:Yes,buttheyshouldonlyuseEnglish-Englishdictionaries.
29.Whatcanwelearnfromtheconversation?
A.Thestudentslikeschooluniforms.
B.Thestudentswanttoweartheirownclothes.
C.Theschoolruleswillbechangedsoon.
【答案】B
【原文】
W:Whatschoolrulesdoyouthinkshouldbechanged?
M:Well,Ithinkweshouldbeallowedtowearourownclothes.
W:Wh
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