從技術(shù)過程看專利制度對技術(shù)發(fā)展的負面效應(yīng)

NegativeEffectsofthePatentSystemintheDevelopmentofTechnologyintheviewoftheProcessofTechnology從技術(shù)過程看專利制度對技術(shù)發(fā)展的負面效應(yīng)AliceZhangInstitutefortheHistoryofNaturalSciencesChineseAcademyofSciences張改珍中國科學(xué)院自然科學(xué)史研究所第一頁，共十三頁。

MainPoints:ProcessofTechnology:ToolofTheory（技術(shù)過程：理論工具）ToolofExample:theTreatmentandControlofAIDS（例子工具:艾滋病的治療及控制）Conclusion:NegativeEffectsofthePatentSystemintheDevelopmentofTechnology（結(jié)論：專利制度對技術(shù)發(fā)展消極影響的表現(xiàn)）

第二頁，共十三頁。Preface

Since1474,thebirthoftheVenicePatentLaw（威尼斯專利法）,and1623,theproclamationofthe“monopolyLaw”（壟斷法）intheUnitedKingdom,thepatenthadgraduallychangedfromafirstprivilege（特權(quán)）grantedbymonarchtoakindofprivateright（私權(quán)）setdownasasystem,whichhasbeenvaluedforitsprotectionofindividuallycreativeabilitiesandforitseconomicfunctionofpromotingtechnologicaldissemination（促進技術(shù)傳播）.

第三頁，共十三頁。

Thoughpatentlawistosomeextentaneffectivebalancebetweenindividualandcollectivebenefits(detailsofpatentedtechnologyistobeknownpubliclyinacertainyear技術(shù)公開和專利年限),obtainingthemonopolyoverpatentedtechnology（專利技術(shù)壟斷）forpatentholders（專利權(quán)人）withinacertaintimehasneverthelesscausednegativeeffectsinthedevelopmentoftechnology.第四頁，共十三頁。ProcessofTechnologyFourStagesoftheProcessofModernTechnology

InterestExpected（利益預(yù)期）

TechnologicalIdeas（技術(shù)構(gòu)想）

Technology

Realized（技術(shù)實現(xiàn)）,

Technology

Used(interestrealized)（技術(shù)應(yīng)用，利益實現(xiàn)）

Withthedevelopmentofmarketeconomyandtechnologybecominganimportanttoolforeconomicdevelopment,interestexpectedhasincreasinglyplayedanimportantroleintheprocessoftechnologicaldevelopment..第五頁，共十三頁。TheDefinitionofTechnologicalDevelopment

AprocessoftechnologyfromonestagetoanotherstageoftransformationAtechnologicaldiffusionfromonetechnologicalsystemtoanother,inthesameordifferentindustrialenterprises,aswellasonaninternationalscale第六頁，共十三頁。Example:theTreatmentandControlofAIDS

AIDS(acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome)isoneoftheinfectiousdiseaseswhichcausethehighestrateofdeathintheworld.

Roughly6,000peoplebecomeinfectedwithHIVeachday,withatotalofapproximately2.7millionnewinfectionsperyear.Worldwide,anestimated33millionpeoplearelivingwithHIV/AIDS,with22millionofthoseindividualslivinginsub-SaharanAfrica.EveniftheincidenceofHIVinfectionscontinuestodeclineatcurrent

rates—forwhichthereisnoguarantee—therewillstill

bemorethan22millionnewinfectionsby2015.第七頁，共十三頁。

Thoughvaccineshaveprovedtobeoneofthe

mostpowerfulandcost-effectiveofallpublichealthtools,uptonow,humanbeingshaven’tfoundeffectivevaccinetocontrolAIDS,andveryfewpeople,companyororganizationinvesttothiskindofvaccine.Thepooroutcomesof

oneHIVvaccine

trialin2007promptedreductions

incommercialinvestmentandredirectionofgovernment

fundingtowardmorebasicresearch.Bill&MelindaGatesfoundationdonated287millionUSDtofoundCAVD（TheCollaborationforAIDSVaccineDiscovery）inJuly2006.

第八頁，共十三頁。

Onereasonofthenon-investmentistechnologicaldifficultyindiscovering,whiletheotherimportantreasonbeingfailuresofinterestexpectedwhichareascertainedbypatentsystem.Technologicaldevelopmentissetbackinthefirststage.HumanbeingsfindwaystotreatAIDS.

However,only

afewrichpeoplecanaffordit.

Tomostpatientlivinginsubsaharacountries,theycanonlysufferfromAIDSuntildead.Patentsoftechnologycausehighpricesandholdbackoftechnologicaldissemination.Technologicaldevelopmentissetbackinthefourthstage:

technologyused.第九頁，共十三頁。CaseProcessTheControlofAIDSTheTreatmentofAIDSInterestExpectedno(GatesFoundation)yesTechnologicalIdeasnoyesTechnologicalRealizednoyesTechnologicalUsednosomerichpeople第十頁，共十三頁。Conclusions:Interest-orientedofpatenttopatentholdersmakeinterest,notsocialneeds,becomethedirectdrivingforcefortechnologicalinnovation,andthetechnologyfailedininterest-expectedusuallyhasnotbeendeveloped.Monopolyoverpatentedtechnologybestowedbypatentlawmakesthepricesoftechnologicalproductsunreasonablyhigherthantheirvalue,whichhaslimiteditspopularization.Monopolymakestechnologicaldiffusion,inthesame,orindifferent,andinternationalcountriesaswell,becomedifficult,andmakesaseriousresultinthedevelopmentoftechnologyasawhole,andinthesmallbusinessesinsimilarorheterogeneousindustries,underdevelopedanddevelo