內(nèi)容英語講義main idea and title二

MainIdeaand 提倡使用MainIdeaandTitle（2）Familieshavealwayschanged.Forexample,oncethefamilywastheworld.Inotherwords,atonetimeeverythinga didtookcewithinthefamily.Thefamilywasachild'sonlyschool.Oneworshiped(;信奉)onlywithinthefamily.Therulessetupbythefamilyweretheonlylawsonehadtoobey,andthefamilywastheonlymeans(way)onehadtosettleadispute(爭端).Thefamilyisstillthe“world”insomecultures.Butinmanycultures,theseformerfunctions(先前的功能)ofthefamilyhavelargelybeentakenoverbytheirotherinstitutions,suchasschools,churches,andernments.Inthepast,familieschangedinotherways.Somescientistsbelievethatwhenpeopleobtainedfoodbyhuntinganimalsandgatheringrootsandnts,thenuclearfamilywastherule.Thefamilyhadtobesmallinordertomovearoundandliveofftheland.Whenpeoplesettledinoneceandbegantofarmtoobtainfood,theyfoundthattheyneededmorehandstodothework.Theextendedfamilydevelopedinsomecultures.Nowinadditionto(besides)theirchildren,peoplelivedtogetherwiththeirparentsandevenwithHowarefamilieschangingtoday?Thenumberofnuclearfamiliesseemstobeincreasingeverywhereintheworldwhilethenumberofextendedfamiliesisdeclining.Onereasonforthisseemstobethatinmanyculturestodaypeopleareleavingfarmsandvillagestofindjobsinthecity.Extendedfamiliesarehardtomaintain(維持)whenpeoplehavetobetomoveinordertofindwork.Duringthetimewhenthefamilywasthe peopletraveledalloverthechildrenwereeducatedatonlyafewpeoplewenttodisputescouldhardlybeInmanycultures thefamilyisthethefamilyisnotanthefamilydoesnothaveanythefamilyhaslostmanyofthefunctionsitusedtoThenuclearfamilywastherule thefamilyhadtomovearoundtofindenoughpeopledidn'tknowmanywaysofhuntingpeopleneededmanyhandstodotheextendedfamilyhadnotbeeninventedThereasonwhymanypeopleareleavingfarmstofindjobsinthecity thattherearemoreandmorenuclearfamiliesinthethatextendedfamiliesarehardtothatpeopledonotliketosettlenotstatedintheaboveWhichofthefollowingisA.Althoughthenuclearfamilydevelopedbeforetheextendedfamily,thelatterisgainingmoreandmorepopularityeverywhereintheworldB.ThemostimportantreasonwhypeopleareleavingvillagesisthattheydonotenjoylivingtogetherwiththeirparentsorgrandparentsCDifferenttypesoffamilieshavedevelopedasdifferentwaysoflifeareadopted采用DFamilieschangebecausetidesandfashions時尚和潮流alwaysInJuly1994Jupiter,thelargestnetinoursolarsystem,wasstruckby21piecesofacomet（彗星）.Whenthefragment（碎片）landedinthesouthernpartofthegiantnet,theexplosionswerewatchedbyscientistshereonearth.Butwhatifourownnetwashitbyacomet?Theyearis2094.IthasbeenannouncedthatacometisheadingtowardstheEarth.Mostofitwillmissournt,buttwofragmentswillprobablyhitthesouthernpartoftheEarth.Thenewshascausedpanic.On17July,afragmentfourkilometerswideenterstheEarth’satmosphere大氣層)withahugeexplosion().Abouthalfofthefragmentisdestroyed.Butthemajor(thelargest)partsurvivesandhitstheSouthAtlanticat200timesthespeedofsound.Theseaboilsandanenormouswaveiscreatedandspreads.ThewallofwaterrushestowardssouthernAfricaat800kilometersanhour.CitiesontheAfricancoastaretotallydestroyedandmillionsofpeoplearedrowned(被淹死).ThewavemovesintothenOceanandheadstowardsAsia.MillionsofpeoplearealreadydeadinthesouthernpartoftheEarth,butthenorthwon’tescapeforlong.Tonsofbrokenpiecesarethrownintotheatmospherebytheexplosions.Asthesunishiddenbycloudsofdust,temperaturesaroundtheworldfalltoalmostzero.Cropsareruined.Warsbreakoutascountriesfightforfood.Nomorethan10millionpeoplehavesurvived.Coulditreallyhappen?Infact,ithasalreadyhappenedmorethanonceinthehistoryoftheEarth.Thedinosaurs（恐龍）wereontheEarthforover160millionyears.Then65millionyearsagotheysuddenlydisappeared.ManyscientistsbelievethattheEarthwashitbyaspacefragment.Thedinosaurscouldn’tsurviveinthecoldclimatethatfollowedandtheybecameextinct(dieout).Willwemeetthesameend?WhichofthefollowingisNOTTRUEaccordingtotheauthor’sdescriptionofthedisasterinThewhole esextremelyAllthecoastalcitiesinAfricanareThewhole esThevisitofthecometresultsinWhydoestheauthormentiondinosaursattheendoftheBecausetheycouldonlyliveinthewarmBecausetheyoncedominatedtheBecausetheirextinctionindicatesfutureBecausedinosaursandhumansneverliveinthesameInwritingthepassage,theauthorintends giveanaccuratedescriptionofthepossibledisasterintheprovethathumanswillsoonerorlaterbelthehistoricaldevelopmentofthewarnofapossibledisasterintheItcanbeconcludedthatthepassageismostprobablypartof horrornewsresearcharticleofpopularBettyandHaroldhavebeenmarriedforyears.ButonethingstillpuzzlesoldHarold.HowisitthathecanleaveBettyandherfriendJoansittingonthesofa,talking,goouttoaballgame,comebackthreeandhalfhourslater,andthey’restillsittingonthesofa?Talking?Whatintheworld,Haroldwonders,dotheyhavetotalkabout?Bettyshrugs(聳聳肩膀).Talk?We’refriends.Researchingthismattercalledfriendship,psychologistLillianRubinspenttwoyearsinterviewingmorethantwohundredwomenandmen.Nomatterwhattheirage,theirjob,their,theresultswerecompleyclear:womenhavemorefriendshipsthanmen.Morethantwo-thirdsofthesinglemenRubininterviewedcouldnotnameabestfriend.Thosewhocouldwerelikely(possible)tonameawoman.Yetthree-quartersofthesinglewomenhadnoproblemnamingabestfriend,andalmostalwaysitwasawoman.Moremarriedmenthanwomennamedtheirwife/husbandasabestfriend,mosttrusted ,ortheonetheywouldturntohelpforemotionaldistress(感情).“Mostwomen,”saysRubin,“identified(認(rèn)定)atleastone,usuallymore,trustedfriendstowhomtheycouldturninatroubledmoment,andtheyspokeopenlyabouttheimportanceoftheserelationshipsintheirlives.”“Ingeneral,”writesRubininhernewbook,“women’sfriendshipswitheachotherareoftenaboutsharingemotionsandsupport,butmen’srelationshipsaremarkedbysharedactivities.”Forthemostpart,Rubinsays,inctions(交往)betweenmenareemotionallycontrolled---agoodfitwiththesocialrequirementsof“manlybehavior.”“Evenwhenamanissaidtobeabestfriend,”Rubinwrites,“thetwosharelittleabouttheirinnermostfeelings.Howeverawoman’sclosestfemalefriendmightbethefirsttolhertoleaveafailingmarriage,itwasn’tunusualtohearamansayhedidn’tknowhisfriend’smarriagewasinserioustroubleuntilheappearedonenightaskingifhecouldsleeponthesofa.”WhatoldHaroldcannotunderstandorexinisthefact heistreatedasanoutsiderratherthanawomenhavesomuchtowomenshowlittleinterestinhefindshiswifedifficulttotalkRubin’sstudyshowsthatforemotionalsupportamarriedwomanismorelikelytoturn A.amale B.afemale C.her D.herAccordingtothetext,whichtypeofbehaviorisNOTexpectedofamanbyEndinghismarriagewithoutgoodSpendingtoomuchtimewithhisCominingabouthismarriageGoingouttoballgamestooWhichofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbythelastMenkeeptheirinnermostfeelingstoWomenaremoreseriousthanmenaboutMenoftentakesuddenactiontoendtheirWomendependonothersinmakingTheresearchdonebypsychologistRubincenters happyandsuccessfulfriendshipsofmenandemotionalproblemsin ctionsbetweenmenandWhenagroupofchildrenpoliystopaconversationwithyou,saying;”Wehavetoworknow,”youareleftfeelingsurprisedandcertainlyuneasy.Afterall,thisisthe1990sandtheideaofchildrenworkingisjustunthinkable.Thatis,untilyouaretoldthattheyareallpupilsofstageschool(表演學(xué)校),andthatthe“work”theygoofftoistogoonthestageinatheatre.Stageschoolsoftenactasagencies(機(jī)構(gòu))tosupplychildrenforstageandevisionwork.Moreworthyofthename“stageschool”arethosefewceswherechildrenattendfulltime,withatrainingforthetheatreandageneraleducation.Avisittosuchschoolwillleaveyouinnodoubtthatthechildrenenjoythemselves.Afterall,whatlivelychildrenwouldn’tsettleforspendingonlyhalfthedayngordinaryschoolwork,andacting,singingordancingtheirwaythroughtheotherhalfoftheday?Thenofcoursetherearetimesforthechildrentomakeanameandmakealittlemoneyinsomebigshows.Somestageschoolsgivetheirchildrentoomuchprofessionalworkatsuchayoungage.Butthelawisverytightontheamounttheycando.Thoseunder13arelimitedto40daysintheyear;thoseover13do80days.Theschoolsthemselvesadmitthatnotallchildrenwillbesuccessfulintheprofessionforwhichtheyatebeingtrained.Sowhathappenstothosewhodon’tmakeit?Whilealltheleadingschoolssaytheycegreatimportanceonchildrengettinggoodstudyresults,thefactsseemtosuggestthisisnotalwaysthecase.Peoplewouldstopfeelinguneasywhenrealizingthatthechildrenthey’retalking attendastagearegoingtothehavegotsomeworktolovesingingandInthewriter’sopinion,agoodstageschool producestarhelppupilsimprovetheirstudytrainpupilsinlanguageandperformingprovideageneraleducationandstage“Professionalwork”asusedinthetext ordinaryschoolstagetrainingatacting,singingordancingafterWhichofthefollowingbestdescribeshowthewriterfeelsaboutstageHethinkshighlyofwhattheyhavetoHefavours(agreeswith)anearlystartinthetrainingofperformingHe fortableaboutchildrenputtingonnightHedoubtsthestandardofordinaryeducationtheyhaveSchooluniformsare ingmoreandmorepopularacrosstheU.S.A.That’snosurprise,becausetheyoffermanybenefits.Theyimmediayendthepowerfulsocialsortingandlabeling(標(biāo)記)thatcomefromclothing.Ifallstudentsaredressedinthesameway,theywillnotpaytoomuchattentiontotheirclothing,andsomeofthemwillnotbelaughedatforwearingthe“wrong”clothes.Somepeopleareagainstthestrictruleofschooluniforms,buttheydonotrealizethatstudentsalreadyacceptakindofrule---wantingtolookjustliketheirfriends.Thedifferenceisthattheclothingstudentschooseforthemselvescreatessocialbarriers();schooluniformstearthosebarriersdown.Asinotherces,uniformsremindthewearersoftheirpurposesandduties.Forexample,whenamanorwomanputsonauniform,heorshe es,foratime,thesymboloflawandorder.Theuniformmeanstothewearerhisorherspecialdutiesandsendsthesamemessagetoeveryonethewearermeets.Peoplewithdifferentjobswearuniformsofonekindoranother.Forstudents,theschooluniformremindsthemthattheirtaskforthesixorsevenhourstheyareinschoolistogetaneducation.Someparentsareunhappyaboutuniforms,sayingthatschooluniformswillaffecttheirchildren’s“creativity.”First,asnotedabove,theclothesstudentschoosetoweardonotnecessarilyexpresstheirindividuality(個性).Theyjustcopytheirclassmates.Second,studentshavetherestofthedaytobeascreativeastheylike.Whilethey’reinschool,theirjobistomasterreading,writing,andmath;thisshouldtakeupallthecreativitytheyhave.Masteryofthoseskillswillbegoodforthestudentstobuilduptheircreativityineveryway.InParagraph1,theword“benefits”probably A. B. C. D.Fromthepassagewelearnthatuniformsin preventthewearersfrombeinglaughedhelpthewearerskeeptheirdutiesinareseenasasymbolofhelptocreatesocialSomepeopleareagainstschooluniforms theyfailtorealizethatstudentshaveacceptedthetheybelievethatuniformswillmakestudentslesstheydon’tagreethatuniformscanremovesocialtheythinkthatschooluniformsaretooTheauthorwouldprobablyagree itmakesnodifferencewhethertowearschooluniformsorstudents’individualitymaynotcomefromschoolstudents’creativityisrelatedtotheclothestheyschooluniformshelptocreateequalityamongLondon—Amorning’strainrideaway,acrossthechannel(TheEnglishChannel),EnglishkidsdiscussthefactofLiverpool’sfootballteaminaParispub(taxi).SomeParisiansevenstartedtotraveltoworkinInthe19thcentury,CharlesDickenscomparedthetwocities,LondonandParis,in“ATaleofTwoCities”().Thesedays,itmightbe“ATaleofOneCity”.Asjobsgrewscarce(difficulttofind)athomeoverrecentyears,perhaps250,000Frenenmovedacrossthechannel.Withanunderseatunnel,theycouldtravelbetweencitiesinthreehours.TheEuropeanUnion(歐盟)dthemfromimmigrationandcustoms.Paris,richinbeauty,ismorestylish(fashionable).ButLondonfeelsmorefulloflife,andmorefununtilthepubsshutdown.“Forme,thedifferenceisthatLondonisreal,alive,”saidTrevorWheeler,afinancialconsultant.ChantalJaouen,aprofessionaldesigner,agrees.“IamFrench,butI’llstayinLondon,”shesaid.Thereis,ofcourse,theotherview.JulieLenouxisastudentwhomovedtoLondontwoyearsago.“IthinkpeoplelaughmoreinParis,”shesaid.“Bothcitieshavechangedbeyondrecognition,”saidLarryCollins,anauthorandsometimesaLikemostpeoplewhoknowbothwell,hefindsthetwonowfittogether“IfirstfellinlovewithParisinthe1950s.Thingsaresomuchmoreordered,andlifeisButcertainlynotInsomepartsofLondon,rentscanbetwicethoseonAvenueFochinParis.DecidingbetweenLondonandParisrequiresalifestylechoice.LikeDaphneBenoit,aFrenchjournalismstudentwithperfectEnglish,manyyoungpeoplearehappytobecloseenoughsotheydon’thavetochoose.“IloveParis,mylittleneighborhood,thewayIcanwalkaroundacenter,butlifeissoorganized,”shesaid.“InLondon,youcanbewhoyouwant.Noonecares.”Accordingtopeople’sopinions,wecanfindParisiansenjoyEnglishfoodmorethantheirLondonersseldomtraveltoParisonbothcitieshavetheiryoungpeopleprefertoliveinIfmorepeoplemovetoacity,theresultis ecloserthanthe esawonderfuleverythingischeaperthantheyhavetopaymoremoneytoliveinaWhat’sthemeaningofthelastPeoplecandoeverythinginPeoplewillfeellonelyinPeopleinLondonenjoylivingindifferentPeopleinLondonenjoyalawlessWhat’sthebesttitleoftheTheDifferencesBetweenParisandTheComparisonofParisandWhichisBetter,ParisorTragedyattheInyesterday’scircus（馬戲團(tuán)）showatigersuddenlyattackeditstrainerandhadtobeshotdead.Asthecircuspackedupandleft,circusofficialssaidtheshowwouldgoon,evenwithouttigers.Howevertheofficialscan’tsimplyturnablindeyetotheethicalproblemsleftbehind.Evenbeforethistragedy(悲劇),animalrightsactivistsedagainstkeewildanimalsinunnaturalconditionsandforcingthemtosufferfortheprofit(利潤)ofcircusorganizers.ItisnowtimeforustotakeeffectivestepstomakesurethatcircusanimalsaretreatedOurcircusrecentlysufferedamosttragiceventinitshistory.Whilewearethankfulforthepitythepublic,wearealsoastonishedbytheopinionexpressedin“TragedyattheFirstourperforminganimalsarenottakenfromthewild.Astotheethicalproblemswealwaysbelievehumansandanimalscan---andshould---livetogethernicely.Tous,theperforminganimalsarerepresentativesoftheirspecies(物種),andourcircusisoneoftheonlycesleftwillingtosupportthisspecialroleofperforminganimalsintheexistenceofthespecies.Thosewhoarguethatcircuslifeisharmfultoanimalsshowlittleknowledgeofthesefacts.Lifeinthe“wild”isunsafe,butacontinuousstruggleforexistence.Tooverlooktheserealitiesisthegreatestfaultagainsttheanimalkingdom.Thiscircushasproventhatanimalsarestrongerandsmarterthanwecouldimagine.Withinthecircusisajoyfulatmosphereforbothanimalsandhumans:peopleareeducated,andspeciessaved.WhatisthemainpurposeofthefirstToshowpityfortheperformingToexpressworriesaboutanimaltrainers'TodealwiththedifficultsituationsoftheTocallforactiontoprotectcircusWhatwillthecircusmostprobablyTakenonoticeoftheContinueitsUsefewerwildLimititsWhatdoesthecircusthinkofitsperformingTheyareascleverashumanTheystrugglecontinuouslywithhumanbeingsforTheyarehelpfulinsavingtheirTheyhaveequallynaturallivingconditionsaswildWhatisthemostprobablerelationshipbetweenthetwoApublicrequestandanewspaperAnewspaperarticleandareplytoTwopartsofanewspaperWhenIaskedmydaughterwhichitemshewouldkeep:thephone,thecar,thecooker,thecomputer,theTV,orherboyfriend,shesaid“thephone”.ally,Icoulddowithoutthephoneentirely,whichmakesmeunusual.Theephoneischangingourlivesmorethananyotherpieceoftechnology.Point1Theephonecreatestheneedtocommunicate,inthesamewaythatmoreroadscreatemoretraffic.Mydaughtercomeshomefromschoolat4:00pmandthenspendsanhouronthephonetalkingtotheverypeopleshehasbeenatschoolwithallday.Ifthephonedidnotexist,wouldshehaveanythingtotalkabout?Point2Thephonemeansthatweareneveralone.“Thesavedmylife,”saysJohnstone.ShehadanaccidentinherVolvoontheA45betweenOtleyandSkipton.Trappedinside,shemanagedtomakethecallthatbroughttheambulancetoherrescue.Point3The removesoursecret.ItallowsMarketingManagerofHabaDeutsch,CarlNicolaisen,toringhissalesstaffallroundtheworldatanytimeofdaytoaskwheretheyare,wheretheyaregoing,andhowtheirlastmeetingwent.Point4Theephoneseparatesus.AntonellaBranmanteinRomesays,“We’veworkedinseparateofficesbutIcouldseehimthroughthewindow.Itwaseasytogethisnumber.Weweresonear---butwedidn’tmeetforthefirsttwoweeks!”Point5Theephoneallowsustoreachoutbeyondourownlives.Todaywecantalktoseveralcompletestrangerssimultaneous同時地onchatlinesatleastmydaughterdoes.Iwouldn’tknowwhattotalkabout).Wecantalkacrosstheworld.Wecaneventalktoastronauts(ifweknowany)whilethey’respace-walking.And,withthephonelinehookeduptothecomputer,wecanaccesstheInternet,thebiggestlibraryonearth.Howdoyouunderstand‘Point1---Theephonecreatestheneedtocommunicate..Peopledon’tcommunicatewithoutPeoplecommunicatebecauseofcreatingofthePeoplecommunicatemoresinceephonehasbeenPeoplecommunicatebecauseofmoretrafficWhichofthefollowingbestshowspeople’sattitude phoneshelppeopledealwiththephonesbringconvenienceaswellaslittlesecrettophonesaresoimportantandshouldbephonesarepartofpeople’sWhichpointsdoyouthinksupporttheideathatphonesimprovepeople’sa.Pointb.Pointc.Pointd.Pointe.PointA.c,B.a,C.a,D.b,Thebestheadingforthepassage PhoneKindsofHowtoUseAdvantagesofIbelongtothatclassificationofpeopleknownaswives.Iamawife.And,notaltogetherally,Iamamother.Nottoolongagoamalefriendofmineappearedonthescenefreshfromarecentdivorce(離婚).Hehadonechild,whois,ofcourse,withhisex-wife.Heisobviouslylookingforanotherwife.AsIthoughtabouthimwhileIwasironing(燙衣服),itsuddenlyoccurredtomethatI,too,wouldliketohaveawife.WhydoIwantawife?IwouldliketogobacktoschoolsothatIcan eeconomicallyindependent,supportmyself,andifneeded,supportthosedependuponme.Iwantawifewhowillworkandsendmetoschool.AndwhileIamgoingtoschool,Iwantawifetotakecareofmychildren.Iwantawifetokeeptrackofthechildren’sdoctor,andtokeeptrackofmine,too.Iwantawifetomakesuremychildreneatproperlyandarekeptclean.Iwantawifewhowillwashmychildren’sclothesandkeepthemmended.Iwantawifewhotakescareofthechildrenwhentheyaresick,awifewhoarrangestobearoundwhenthechildrenneedspecialcare,because,ofcourse,Icannotmissclassesatschool.Mywifemustarrangetolosetimeatworkandlosethejob.Itmaymeanasmallcutinmywife’s efromtimetotime,butIguessIcantolerate(tosuffersomethingorsomeonewithoutcomining)that.Needlesstosay,mywifewillarrangeandpayforthecareofthechildrenwhilemywifeisworking.Iwantawifewhowilltakecareofmyphysicalneeds.Iwantawifewhowillkeepmyhouseclean.Iwantawifewhowillkeepmyclothescleaned,ironed,mended,recedandneeded,andwhocooksthemeals,doesthenecessarygroceryshop,preparesthemeals,servesthempleasantly,andthendoesthecleaningupwhileIdomystudying.IwantawifewhowillcareformewhenIamsickandsympathizewithmypainandlossoftimefromschool.Iwantawifewhowilltakecareofthedetailsofmysociallife.WhenmywifeandIareinvitedoutbymyfriends,Iwantawifewhowilltakecareofthebabysittingarrangements.WhenImeetpeopleatschoolthatIlikeandwanttoentertain,IwantawifewhowillhavethehousecleanedandprepareaspecialmealandserveittomeandmyfriendsandwillnotinterruptwhenItalkaboutthethingsthatinterestmeandmyIf,bychance,Ifindanother moresuitablethanthewifeIalreadyhave,Iwantthelibertytorecemypresentwifewithanotherone.Naturally,Iwillexpectafresh,newlife:MywifewilltakethechildrenandbeonlyresponsibleforthemsothatIamleft.WhenIamthroughwithschoolandhaveajob,Iwantmywifetostopworkingandremainathomesothatmywifecanmorefullyandcompleytakecareofawife’sduties.Thewriteris A. B. C.