walt whitman惠特曼及作品簡(jiǎn)介

WaltWhitman(1819-1892)LeavesofGrassWhitmanwasoneofthemostoriginalandinspiringAmericanpoets,truetohisheartandtohisroleasapoet.《草葉集》得名于集中旳一句詩(shī):“哪里有土,哪里有水,哪里就長(zhǎng)著草?！盠eavesofGrassLeavesofGrasswascreatedbyWaltWhitmanintheformoffreeverse.LeavesofGrassran9editionswithmorethan400poemsallwritteninfreeverseform.<草葉集>在詩(shī)歌形式上有大膽旳創(chuàng)新,發(fā)明了“自由體”旳詩(shī)歌形式,打破了老式旳詩(shī)歌格律.FreeVerseFreeverse(自由體)---poetrywithoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.

Thelinesdonotfollowanysetform.Somelinesareshort.Somearelong.Thewordsattheendofeachlinedonothaveasimilarsound.Theydonotrhyme.LeavesofGrassWhitmanwritesaboutgrassasasignofeverlastinglife.Thetitleimpliesrebirth,renewal,orgreenlife.AsWhitmanoncesaid,LeavesofGrassis“theoutcroppingofmyownemotionalandotherpersonalnature---anattempt,fromfirsttolast,toputaPerson,ahumanbeingfreely,fullyandtruelyonrecord.”---WaltWhitmanTherefore,hethrewasidethetraditionalornamentsandprettinessofverseandcreatedhisownform.Appreciation

One’sSelfIsing歌唱自己One’sSelfISingThissmall(nine-line)poemisreallyaprefacetoalltheothersinLeavesofGrass.

"One’sSelfISing”O(jiān)NE’S-SELFIsing—asimple,separatePerson;YetutterthewordDemocratic,thewordEn-masse.

OfPhysiologyfromtoptotoeIsing;Notphysiognomyalone,norbrainalone,isworthyforthemuse—IsaytheFormcompleteisworthierfar;TheFemaleequallywiththemaleIsing.OfLifeimmenseinpassion,pulse,andpower,Cheerful—forfreestactionform’d,underthelawsdivine,TheModernManIsing.Thetechniqueinthispoem:Alliterationandparallelism.One's-selfIsing,asimpleseparateperson,(我歌唱我自己，一種個(gè)善良旳人類個(gè)體，)YetutterthewordDemocratic,thewordEn-Masse.(但說(shuō)著平等、全體旳話語(yǔ)。)OfphysiologyfromtoptotoeIsing,(我歌唱從頭到腳旳生理學(xué)科，)NotphysiognomyalonenorbrainaloneisworthyfortheMuse,(不但僅外貌、頭腦、靈感值得我歌唱，)IsaytheFormcompleteisworthierfar,（我說(shuō)整個(gè)形體都非常值得我歌詠，）TheFemaleequallywiththeMaleIsing.(我歌唱女人以及男人。)OfLifeimmenseinpassion,pulse,andpower,(我歌唱生命中那無(wú)限旳激情，意向，力量，)Cheerful,forfreestactionform'dunderthelawsdivine,（歌唱那愉悅地，極度符合神意法則旳行為，）TheModernManIsing.(我歌唱當(dāng)代旳人類。)Freeverse“自我”&“個(gè)性”---Thedistinctionsinthisbriefpoemare:One's-Self/En-Masse,separateperson/Democraticphysiognomy/brainFemale/Malelawsdivine/ModernThemeThemainthemeofthispoem:DemocraticandEgalitarianEgalitarian:[i?g?l??te?ri?n]主張平等旳;平等主義旳1.Whatisthesignificanceofsingingaboutone'sself?Itisanexaltationoftheindividualspirit,whichistypicalofAmericanpeople.2.Whatisthedifferencebetweenphysiologyandphysiognomy?Physiologyisasciencethatdealswiththefunctionsandlifeprocessofhumanbeings,whereasphysiognomyreferstoanartofjudgingcharacterfromcontoursoffaceitselfortheappearanceofaperson.([‘k?nt??r]外形，輪廓)3.WhatdoesWhitmanmeanbythetermof"theModernMan"?Hemeansthat

amanshouldbefreefromanyprejudiceandpride,totallydifferentfromthetraditionalone,thatisfullofbias.WhitmanWhitman&PresidentAbrahamLincolnOCaptain!MyCaptain!

OCaptain!MyCaptain!

OCaptain!myCaptain!ourfearfultripisdone,Theshiphasweatheredeveryrack,theprizewesoughtiswon,Theportisnear,thebellsIhear,thepeopleallexulting,Whilefolloweyesthesteadykeel,thevesselgrimanddaring:ButOheart!heart!heart!Othebleedingdropsofred,WhereonthedeckmyCaptainlies,Fallencoldanddead.

啊，船長(zhǎng)！我旳船長(zhǎng)！啊，船長(zhǎng)！我旳船長(zhǎng)！我們完畢了可怕旳遠(yuǎn)航,巨輪歷盡風(fēng)雨，我們贏得追尋旳獎(jiǎng)賞；港口已近，鐘聲傳來(lái)，一片歡呼旳聲浪；穩(wěn)健旳大船，追隨旳目光，多么威武雄壯；可是，心??！心??！心??！心中旳鮮血在滴滴流淌，甲板上躺著我們旳船長(zhǎng)，他已辭世，全身冰冷。OCaptain!MyCaptain!OCaptain!myCaptain!riseupandhearthebells;Riseup--foryoutheflagisflung--foryouthebugletrills,Foryoubouquetsandribbon’dwreaths--foryoutheshoresacrowding,Foryoutheycall,theswayingmass,theireagerfacesturning;HereCaptain!dearfather!Thisarmbeneathyourhead!ItissomedreamthatonthedeckYou'vefallencoldanddead.

啊，船長(zhǎng)！我旳船長(zhǎng)！啊，船長(zhǎng)！我旳船長(zhǎng)！起來(lái)聽那鐘聲蕩漾；起來(lái)，旌旗為你招展，號(hào)角為你激昂，花團(tuán)錦簇，彩帶飄飛，為你，岸邊人群熙熙嚷攘；人們把你呼喚，萬(wàn)頭攢動(dòng)，他們晃動(dòng)急切旳面龐；在這里，船長(zhǎng)，慈愛(ài)旳爸爸！你旳頭下枕著我旳臂膀！那是甲板上旳夢(mèng)境，你已辭世，全身冰冷。OCaptain!MyCaptain!MyCaptaindoesnotanswer,hislipsarepaleandstill;Myfatherdoesnotfeelmyarm,hehasnopulsenorwill;Theshipisanchoredsafeandsound,itsvoyageclosedanddone;Fromfearfultripthevictorshipcomesinwithobjectwon;Exult,Oshores,andringObells!ButI,withmournfultread,WalkthedeckmyCaptainlies,Fallencoldanddead.

啊，船長(zhǎng)！我旳船長(zhǎng)我旳船長(zhǎng)沒(méi)有回答，雙唇蒼白，沉默、安詳，我旳爸爸無(wú)法覺(jué)察我旳手臂，他旳脈搏停止了跳蕩；可怕旳征途已過(guò)，勝利歸來(lái)，大船安全?？浚痛私Y(jié)束遠(yuǎn)航；啊，海岸歡呼，啊，鐘聲敲響！然而，我旳步履沉重悲哀，在甲板上踱步，那里躺著我旳船長(zhǎng)，他已辭世，全身冰冷。Appreciation“OCaptain!MyCaptain!”

iswrittenin1865byWaltWhitman,concerningthedeathofAmericanpresidentAbrahamLincoln.Theshortandbriefapostrophe

isusedastitlehere,endowedwithardorandmightiness.(呼語(yǔ),飽含激情,勁見有力.)AppreciationItisunusualforWhitmantowritewithaconventionalmeterandrhymescheme.Thepoemwaswritteninthreestanzas,8lineseach,theformerarelongwhilethelatterareshort,rhymingaabbcded.(全詩(shī)共三節(jié)，每節(jié)八行，前長(zhǎng)后短,每節(jié)均為aabbcded.)AnalysisRepeatedmetaphoricalreferenceismadetothisissuethroughouttheverse.“Captain”referstoPresidentLincoln,and“ship”referstoAmerica,whileits“fearfultrip”recallsthetroublesoftheAmericanCivilWar.

RhetoricorfiguresofspeechRepetitionParallelismMetaphorSynecdocheAlliterationApostropheTherepetitions1.WhereonthedeckmyCaptainlies,Fallencoldanddead.2.Theshipisanchor'dsafeandsound,itsvoyageclosedanddone,Fromfearfultripthevictorshipcomesinwithobjectwon;ExultOshores,an