2022-2023年四川省達州市大學英語6級大學英語六級

2022-2023年四川省達州市大學英語6級大學英語六級學校:________班級:________姓名:________考號:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20題)1.

Ifagossipbringsgoodtothegossiping,thepeoleinvolvedarelikelytodevelop______.

2.

Thatworkerswillbecomeslavestoautomatedmachinesis______.

3.

TheexamplethatSourwoodchangescolorsbeforeotherspeciesdoillustratethatthetimingofcolorchange______.

4.

Theonlywaytofindoutwhattheworldisreallylikeisto______.

5.

Consideringchanceopportunities,unluckypeopledon'thavebecausethey______.

A.havemissedalotofchances

B.arebornwithmisfortune

C.havelittleabilitiestodealwithproblems

D.havenochanceactually

6.AccordingtoJohnMaynardKeynes,whencangovernmentsusedevaluationofcurrencytotakeinpeople?

A.Whenvalueisinherentinmoney.

B.Whenmetalcurrencybecomesatoken.

C.Whencashcan'tbeusedanonymously.

D.WhenMoore'slawbeginstowork.

7.

Televisionis______theEnglishlanguage.

A.destroyingB.diffusingC.purifyingD.standardizing

8.

AccordingtoBobBernhard,inordertoreduceroadnoise,peoplemustchange______.

9.

Whilegift-givingisanimportantpartofdoingbusinessinJapan,itisnotanormalcustominsuchcountriesas______,______,and______.

10.

Belowthecanopylevelofatropicalrainforestgrowsanoverabundanceofplants.

A.YB.NC.NG

11.

MarkTwainwasnotasuccessful______,buthewasanoutstandingwriter.

12.

Whatisopenlyapprovedbyalmostallpeopleis______.

13.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutsomeexperts?

A.Theyareauthoritiesonlyintheirownfields.

B.Theyaren'teasilyfooledbythetrickytests.

C.Themistakesthey'vemadeareinevitable.

D.Theysometimesfailtodowellasclaimed.

14.

WhatlargelygivesrisetoGoogle's"goodness"?

A.AdamSmith'seconomictheories.

B.Googleaimsatbenefitingthesociety.

C.AusefulserviceGoogleprovides.

D.Googlemakesprofitsforitself.

15.PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)

Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

Who'sAfraidofGoogle?

RarelyifeverhasacompanyrisensofastinsomanywaysasGoogle,theworld'smostpopularsearchengine.Thisistruebyjustaboutanymeasure:thegrowthinitsmarketvalueandrevenues;thenumberofpeopleclickinginsearchofnews,thenearestpizzaparlororasatelliteimageoftheirneighbor'sgarden;thevolumeofitsadvertisers;orthenumberofitslawyersandlobbyists.

Suchanascentisenoughtoevokeconcerns--bothparanoid(偏執(zhí)的)andjustified.ThelistofconstituenciesthathateorfearGooglegrowsbytheweek.Televisionnetworks,bookpublishersandnewspaperownersfeelthatGooglehasgrownbyusingtheircontentwithoutpayingforit.TelecomsfirmssuchasAmerica'sAT&TandVerizonareannoyedthatGoogleprospers,intheireyes,byfree-ridingonthebandwidththattheyprovide;anditisabouttobidagainsttheminaforthcomingauctionforradiospectrum.ManysmallfirmshateGooglebecausetheyreliedonexploitingitssearchformulastowinprimepositionsinitsrankings,butdroppedtotheInternet'sequivalentofHadesafterGooglemodifiedthesealgorithms(運算法則).

Andnowcomethepoliticians.LibertariansdislikeGoogle'sdealwithChina'scensors.Conservativesmoanaboutitsuncensoredvideos.Butthebignewfearistodowiththeprivacyofitsusers.Google'sbusinessmodelassumesthatpeoplewillentrustitwithevermoreinformationabouttheirlives,tobestoredinthecompany's"cloud"ofremotecomputers.Someusersnowkeeptheirphotos,blogs,videos,calendars,e-mail,newsfeeds,maps,contacts,socialnetworks,documents,spreadsheets(電子數據表),presentations,andcredit-cardinformation--inshort,muchoftheirlives--onGoogle'scomputers.

Buttheprivacyproblemismuchsubtlerthanthat.AsGooglecompilesmoreinformationaboutindividuals,itfacesnumeroustrade-offs.Atoneextremeitcoulduseaperson'ssearchhistoryandadvertisingresponsesincombinationwith,say,hislocationandtheitineraryinhiscalendar,toserveincreasinglyusefulandwelcomesearchresultsandads.ThiswouldalsoallowGoogletomakemoneyfromitsmanynewservices.Butitcouldscareusersaway.Asawarning,PrivacyInternational,ahuman-rightsorganizationinLondon,hasberatedGoogle,chargingthatitsattitudetoprivacy"atitsmostblatantishostile,andatitsmostbenignisambivalent".

AndGooglecouldsoon,ifitwanted,compilefilesonspecificindividuals.Thispresents"perhapsthemostdifficultprivacyissuesinallofhumanhistory,"saysEdwardFelten,aprivacyexpertatPrincetonUniversity.Speakingformany,JohnBattelle,theauthorofabookonGoogleandanearlyadmirer,recentlywroteonhisblogthat"I'vefoundmyselfmoreandmorewary"ofGoogle"outofsomeprimal,lizard-brainfearofgivingtoomuchcontrolofmydatatoonesource."

MoreJPMorganthanBillGates

GoogleisoftencomparedtoMicrosoft;butitsevolutionisactuallyclosertothatofthebankingindustry.Justasfinancialinstitutionsgrewtobecomerepositoriesofpeople'smoney,andthusguardiansofprivateinformationabouttheirfinances,Googleisnowturningintoasupervisorofafarwiderandmoreintimaterangeofinformationaboutindividuals.Yes,thisappliesalsotorivalssuchasYahoo!andMicrosoft.ButGoogle,throughthesheerspeedwithwhichitaccumulates

A.enteredadesperatefuture

B.transferredadifferentattitudeonGoogle

C.droppedtothecompetitionofInternet

D.obtainedpredominanceintherankings

16.ManypatientswholackEnglishproficiencyleavemedicalappointmentswithoutunderstandingdoctors'instructionsbecauseinterpretersare______.

17.

Itfoundthatincreasesinairpollutiontendedto______.

18.Peoplecanpasssuperstitionsdownfromgenerationtogenerationbecauseof______.

A.thepowerofluck

B.thepowerofGod

C.thepowerofbelief

D.thepowerofintelligence

19.

Besidesthecontributionactivity,CLTaddressesanotherarea,whichconstantlychallengesteachers,______.

20.Feldmancitedtheexampleofwildanimalstoshowthat______.

A.wildanimalsaregoodatprotectingtheirlife

B.deceivingformedintheprocessofevolution

C.humanbeingslieinthesamewayasanimals

D.modernpeoplearemoreselfishthananimals

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20題)21.聽力原文：Sinceweareallsocialbeings,thequalityofourlivesdependsinlargemeasureonourinterpersonalrelationships.Onestrengthofthehumanconditionisourpossibilitytogiveandreceivesupportfromoneanotherunderstressfulconditions.Socialsupportismadeupoftheexchangeofresourcesamongpeoplebasedontheirinterpersonalties.Thoseofuswithstrongsupportsystemsappearbetterabletodealwithmajorlifechangesanddailyproblems.Peoplewithstrongsocialtieslivelongerandhavebetterhealththanthosewithoutsuchties.Studiesovertypesofillnesses,fromdepressiontoheartdisease,showthatthepresenceofsocialsupporthelpspeopledefendthemselvesagainstillness,andtheabsenceofsuchsupportmakespoorhealthmorelikely.

Socialsupportcushionsstressinanumberofways.First,friends,relativesandco-workersmayletusknowthattheyvalueus.OurSelf-respectisstrengthenedwhenwefeelacceptedbyothersinspiteofourfaultsanddifficulties.Second,otherpeopleoftenprovideuswithinformationalsupport.Theyhelpustodefineandunderstandourproblemsandfindsolutionstothem.Third,wetypicallyfindsocialcompanionshipsupportive.Takingpartinfree-timeactivitieswithothershelpsustomeetoursocialneedswhileatthesametimedistractingusfromourworriesandtroubles.Finally,otherpeoplemaygiveusinstrumentalsupport,moneyaid,materialresources,andneededservices--thatreducesstressbyhelpingusresolveanddealwithourproblems.

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A.Becausetheycanmakepeoplelivemoreeasily.

B.Becausetheycansmoothawaydailyproblems.

C.Becausetheycandealwithlifechanges.

D.Becausetheycancuretypesofillnesses.

22.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

聽力原文：Recently,(35)researchersinEnglanddiscoveredthatsimplyrinsingyourmouthwithasportsdrinkmayfightfatigue.Intheexperiment,whichwaspublishedonlineinFebruaryintheJournalofPhysiology.eightwell-trainedcyclistscompletedastrenuous,all-outtimetrialonstationarybicyclesinalab.Theriderswerehookeduptomachinesthatmeasuredtheirheartrateandpoweroutput.Throughouttheride,thecyclistswerewithvariousliquidsintheirmouthsbutdidnotswallow.(33)Someofthedrinkscontainedcarbohydrates,theprimaryfuelusedduringexercise.(33)Theotherdrinkswerejustflavored,sugar-freewater.Bytheendofthetimetrials,(33)thecyclistswhohadrinsedwiththecarbohydratedrinks—andspitthemout—finishedsignificantlyfasterthanthewatergroup.Theirheartratesandpoweroutputwerealsohigher.Butwhenratingthedifficultyoftheride,onanumericalscale,theirfeelingsabouttheeffortinvolvedmatchedthoseforthewatergroup.Inaseparateportionoftheexperiment,(34)thescientistsfoundthatareaswithinthebrainthatareassociatedwithreward,motivationandemotionwereactivatedwhensubjectswerewithacarbohydratedrink.Itseemsthatthebrainsoftheridersgettingthecarbohydrate-containingdrinkssensedthattheriderswereabouttogetmorecalories,whichappearstohaveallowedtheirmusclestoworkhardereventhoughtheyneverswallowedtheliquid.

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A.Itspopularity.

B.Itsphilosophy.

C.Itsperspective.

D.Itsbriskness.

23.(40)

24.

【B8】

25.

【B3】

26.SectionC

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthe

AlexisdeTocqueville,theFrenchpoliticalscientistismostfamousforhisfour-volumebook,"DemocracyinAmerica".In1831,hecametoAmericaandafteronlyninemonthshewrotearemarkablebookwhichis【B1】______asaclassic.DeTocquevillehadunusualpowersofobservation.Hedescribednotonlythe【B2】______systemofgovernmentandhowit【B3】______,butitseffectonhowAmericansthink,feel,andact.ManyscholarsbelievehehadadeeperunderstandingoftraditionalAmerican【B4】______andvaluesthananyoneelsewhohaswrittenabouttheUnitedStates.Whatissoremarkableisthatmanyofthesetraitswhichhe【B5】______nearly200yearsagoarestill【B6】______andmeaningfultoday.Hisobservationsarealsoimportantbecausethe【B7】______ofhisvisitwastheeraofthesmallfarmer,thesmallbusinessman,andthesettlingofthewestern【B8】______Hewasaneutralobserverandsawboththegoodandbadsidesofthesequalities.

Thefirstpartof"DemocracyinAmerica"waspublished"in1835.【B9】______.HeattemptedtogetaglimpseoftheessenceofAmericansociety,andpromotehisownphilosophy:theequalingoftheclassesandtheinevitabledepthofaristocraticprivilege.【B10】______Thiswassubstantiallymorepessimisticthanthefirst,warningofthedangersdespotismandgovernmentalcentralization.【B11】______.

【B1】

27.(35)

A.Theimportanceofsilentreading.

B.Theinformationyieldedbybooksandnewspapers.

C.Theeffectsofhealthyreading.

D.Thevalueofdifferenttypesofreadingmaterials.

28.SectionC

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthe

Dr.GregoryConnollyisdirectoroftheofficefornon-smokingandhealthintheMassachusettspublichealthdepartment.HesaidtheU.S.had【B1】______Taiwan,Japan,KoreaandThailandwithtradesanctionsunlesstheyopeneduptheirmarketstoUScigarettesandtobacco【B2】______.

"Wearetradingthemcancerintheform.ofCamelcigarettes",Connollytoldaworldhealthconference."Thatissomethingtobe【B3】______andashamedof."Connollydidnotsaywhenthethreatsweremadeorbywhom.U.S.tobaccocompanyofficialswerenotimmediately【B4】______forcomment.

AmericanCancerSocietychief【B5】______WilliamTippingsaid,"Americancorporationsarethe【B6】______ofanepidemicandourgovernmenthasbecomeawilling【B7】______fortheenforced.exportofthatepidemic.ThoseofusfromAmericacanonlyfeelashamedatouradministration's【B8】______inunderminingworldhealth."

【B9】______.LaterWednesday,theAmericanCancerSocietyannouncedthatitsnewTradeforLifecampaignwouldhelpThailandfightwhatitcalledU.S.movestoforceopentheAsiancountry'smarkettoAmericantobaccocompanies.【B10】______.TippingsaidtheGATTcasecouldsetaprecedentinallowinginternationaltobaccocompaniestoforcetheirproductsandadvertisingondevelopingcountries,【B11】______.

【B1】

29.(26)

A.Hethinksflieswilltakeovertheearth.

B.Hethinkshumanwilldieoffquitesoon,

C.Hethinksmassdiseasecouldbethenextpathtoextinction.

D.Heseeshumanbeingsasdestructive.

30.

【B9】

31.(21)

A.ABritishdoll.

B.Herbestwhitedress.

C.Herson.

D.ApictureofGeorgeWashington.

32.(32)

A.ThespeakermakesfunofthePresident.

B.Thespeakerthinkshighlyofthefilm.

C.ThespeakerisafanofHollywoodcomedies.

D.ThespeakerwishestobecometheAmericanPresident.

33.聽力原文：W:Hey,Joe.What'sallthistalkaboutabenefitwalkathonthisweekend?

M:Don'tyouknow?MostoftheresidentsinParkerHallaregoingtotrytowalkthesevenmilesfromtheEngineeringLibrary,acrosscampus,anddowntoCityHallinanefforttoraisemoneyforthenewchildren'shospital.

W:SoundslikeagoodidealButIdon'tunderstandwherethemoneycomesfrom.

M:Well,afewdaysbeforethewalkathon,eachparticipantgoesaroundaskingpeopletopledgeacertainamountofmoneyforeachmilethatheorsheexpectstowalkintheevent.Thenafterthewalkathonisover,theparticipantsgobacktothosesamepeople,collectthemoneypledged,andsendittothehospital.

W:Soyoumeanifyoupledge,say,adollaramileandyouwalkfivemiles,thenyougetfivedollars.

M:That'sfight.Ofcoursemostofmyfriendsaren'tsuchbigspenders.ThebiggestpledgeI'vegottensofaris25centsamile.

W:Andhowmanypeoplehavemadepledgesforyou?

M:Elevensofar.Say,howaboutmakingitadozen?

W:Sure.Ifyou'lldothesameforme.Thewalkathonsoundsliketheperfectopportunityformetobreakinmynewpairofsportsshoes.

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A.Hospitalemployees.

B.CityHallofficials.

C.PackerHallresidents.

D.Theengineeringstudents.

34.【B10】

35.(28)

A.Personaljealousy.

B.Nationalpride.

C.Racialdiscrimination.

D.Politicalprejudice.

36.

【B7】

37.(17)

A.Yes,shecanstudythereifsheiswritingaresearchpaper.

B.Yes,butsheneedstohavetheapprovalofherprofessor.

C.Yes,becausesheisaseniorstudent

D.No,it'sopenonlytoteachersandpostgraduates.

38.聽力原文：W:Billy,haveyouheardthelatestnews?Itappearsthatwewon'tbelaidoffafterall.

M:Oh,sowhat.I'mtiredofworkinghereanyway.

Q:What'stheman'sreactiontothenewsthewomantoldhim?

(17)

A.Heissurprised.

B.Hefeelsveryhappy.

C.Heisindifferent,

D.Hefeelsveryangry.

39.(46)

40.聽力原文：M:Hello,Iwaswonderingifpostgraduatestudentsareallowedtousethecopymachineinthefacultyresourceroom?

W:I'mnotsure,butifyouleavemeyournameandnumber,I'llfindoutandgetbacktoyou.

Q:Whatwillthewomanprobablydo?

(15)

A.Showthemanhowtousethecopymachine.

B.Copythemessagefortheman.

C.Inform.themanaboutthepolicy.

D.Callthemanaftershetalkstothestudents.

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20題)41.

Whatisthebenefitofdiscussingpatientcase?

A.Thestudentscanlearnmedicalknowledgemorebycommunicatingcases.

B.Discussinghelpsmedicalstudentsbuildahighethicstandard.

C.Experiencesharingmakesmedstudentsthinkoftheirprofessionandpatientsmore.

D.Experiencecommunicationhelpstoblurthepersonalandprofessionalline.

42.Mostlarge-scale,objectivemeasuresofmen'srolesshowlittlechangeoverthepastdecade,butmendofeelnowandthenthattheirpositionisinquestion,theirsecurityissomewhatfragile.Ibelievetheyareright,fortheysenseasetofforcesthatliedeeperandaremorepowerfulthantheday-to-daynegotiationandrenegotiationofadvantageamonghusbandsandwives,fathersandchildren,orbossesandthosewhoworkforthem.Menaretroubledbythisnewsituation.

Theconditionsweliveinaredifferentfromthoseofanypriorcivilization,andtheygivelesssupporttomen'sclaimsofsuperioritythanperhapsanyotherhistoricalera.Whentheseconditionsweakenthatsupport,mencanrelyonlyonprevioustradition,ortheirattemptstosocializetheirchildren,toshoreuptheirfalteringadvantages.Suchrhetoricisnotlikelytobesuccessfulagainstthenewobjectiveconditionsandtheclaimsofaggrievedwomen.Thus,menarecorrectwhentheyfeeltheyarelosingsomeoftheirprivileges,evenifmanycontinuetolaughatthewomen'sliberationmovement.

Thenewconditionscanbelistedconcretely,butIshallalsogiveyouatheoreticalformulationoftheprocess.Concretely,becauseoftheincreaseduseofvariousmechanicalgadgetsanddevices,fewertasksrequiremuchstrength.Astothosethatstillrequirestrength,mostmencannotdothemeither.Womencannowdomorehouseholdtasksthatmenoncefeltonlytheycoulddo,andstillmoretasksaredonebyrepairspecialistscalledintodothem.Withthedevelopmentofmodernwarfare,therearefew,ifany,importantcombatactivitiesthatonlymencando.Womenaremuchbettereducatedthanbefore.

Witheachpassingyear,psychologicalandsociologicalresearchreducestheareasinwhichmenarereportedtoexceloverwomenanddisclosesfarmoreoverlapintalents,sothatevenwhenmalesstillseemtohaveanadvantage,itisbutaslightone.Itisalsobecomingmorewidelyunderstoodthatthepostsingovernmentandbusinessarenotbestfilledbythestereotypicalaggressivemalebutbypeople,maleorfemale,whoaresensitivetoothers'needs,adeptinobtainingcooperation,andskilledinsocialrelations.Finally,inonesphereafteranother,thenumberofwomenwhotry.toachieverises,andsodoesthenumberwhosucceed.

Itcanbeinferredthat'themainsourceofmen'sresistancetowomen'sliberationisthefeelingthat______.

A.womenarenowbettereducated

B.womencannowholdexecutivepositions

C.menarenolongerindispensable

D.menarenolongersuperior

43.

Whatsuggestiondoestheauthorgivetoprogramsforchildren?

A.Eliminatingcartoons.

B.Providingculture.

C.Beingpresentedatcertainperiodsduringtheday.

D.Eliminatingcommercials.

44.

Althoughhedoesnotdirectlysayit,theGalcuttabusinessmanwouldprobablyagreethat______.

A.itisagoodideatoplacemarriageadvertisementsinthenewspaper

B.itisabadideatoplacemarriageadvertisementsinthenewspaper

C.itisembarrassingifanyoneanswerssuchadvertisements

D.itisembarrassingifnooneanswerssuchadvertisements

45.

【C6】

46.ItwaslowtideonCapeCod,andcoastalnaturalistDickHilmerwasgettinghisfeetwetahalfmileofftheBrewstershoreline."CapeCodwasformedbyglaciers18,000yearsago,"hetoldhissmallaudienceofjournalists."Amile-highsheetoficemoveddownfromthetopoftheworld,andasitdroppedrockstheyformedtheCape.Astheglacierwentnorth,amileandahalfofsanddroppedintoCapeCodBay".

AndthatiswhycurrentvisitorstotheCapecanwalksofaroutonthetidalflatsatlowtide,andstrollalong40milesofsandybeachesthatarenowpartoftheU.S.NationalSeashore.Aswewalked,Hilmerpointedoutthelifeallaroundus,fromstrandsofsealettucetohermitcrabstoperiwinkles.Thekidspickeduprazorclams,quahogsandotherephemera,someofitdelightfullyalive.

Redtide(Alexandriumfundyense)ontheCapeandnorthasfarasIsleauHautinMainecausedgreatdamagetomanyofthesesealivesin2005.Itwasthemostwidespreadoutbreaksince1972.Redtideproducesapotentneurotoxinthataccumulatesinthetissueofbivalves(雙殼類),andwhileitdoesn'tharmitshostitcancauseparalysisorrespiratoryproblemsforseafoodfans.Manyclam,oysterandmusselbedswereshutdownasaresult.It'sunclearwhatcausesthephenomenon.

CapeCodextends65milesoutintotheAtlantic,makingitstiptheeasternmostpointintheU.S..It'sshapedlikeabendingarm,anditcovers399squaremileswith15distincttowns.BrewsterisintheLowerCape,onthebaysideoftheCape'selbow.It'shometoOceanEdge,aramblingresorthotelthatemploysHilmertoteachvisitorsaboutthenaturalhistoryoftheregion.

OceanEdgewasoriginallyalavishprivatehomeownedbytheNickersonfamily.Builtin1890andthenrebuiltaftera1906fire.Butnowitthrowsitsdoorsopentovacationingfamilies.

OceanEdgehasitsown18-holegolfcourse(beingrenovatedbyNicklausDesign),biketrails,tenniscourts,swimmingpoolsandprivatebeach).The335-roomfacilityisundergoinga$5millionimprovementprojectthisyear,withtheaimofmakingitattractivetovisitorsinthe"shoulder"seasonsaroundthehighmonthsofJulyandAugust.Two-day"Explore"hotelpackages,includingapairofwhalewatchticketsandbreakfastare$464to$664,dependingontheseason.

ThelengthofCapeCodis______.

A.399milesB.amileC.40milesD.65miles

47.Manypeopleseemtothinkthatsciencefictionistypifiedbythecoversofsomeoftheoldpulpmagazines.Thisisunfortunatebecauseitdemeansanddegradesaworthwhileandevenimportantliteraryendeavor.Incontrasttothisunwarrantedstereotype,sciencefictionrarelyemphasizessex,andwhenitdoes,itismorediscreetthanothercontemporaryfiction.Indeed,thebasicinterestofsciencefictionliesintherelationbetweenmanandhistechnologyandbetweenmanandtheuniverse.

Thequestionis:whatissciencefiction?Andtheanswermustbe,unfortunate,thattherehavebeenfewattemptstoconsiderthisquestionatanylengthorwithmuchseriousness;itmaywellbethatsciencefictionwillresistanycomprehensivedefinitionofitscharacteristics.Tosaythis,however,doesnotmeanthattherearenowaysofdefiningnorthatvariousfacetsofitstotalitycannotbeclarified.Tobeginwith,thefollowingdefinitionshouldbehelpful:sciencefictionisliterarysubgenrewhichpostulatesachange(forhumanbeings)fromconditionsasweknowthemandfollowstheimplicationsofthesechangestoaconclusion.Althoughthisdefinitionwillnecessarilybemodifiedandexpanded,andprobablychanged,inthecourseofthisexplosion,itcoversmuchofthebasicgroundworkandprovidesapointofdeparture.

Thefirstpoint--thatSciencefictionisaliterarysub-genre--isaveryimportantone,butonewhichisoftenoverlookedorignoredinmostdiscussionsofsciencefiction.Specifically,sciencefictioniseitherashortstoryoranovel.Thereareonlyafewdramas,whichcouldbecalledsciencefiction,withKarelCapek'sRUR(Rossum'sUniversalRoots)beingtheonlyonethatiswellknown;thebodyofpoetrythatmightbelabeledsciencefictionistheonlyslightlylarger.Tosaythatsciencefictionisasub-genreoftheprosefictionistosaythatithasallthebasiccharacteristicsandservesthebasicfunctionsinmuchthesamewayasprosefictioningeneral--thatis,itsharesagreatdealwithallothernovelsandshortstories.

Everythingthatcanbesaidaboutprosefiction,ingeneralappliestosciencefiction.Everypieceofsciencefiction,whethershortstoryornovel,musthaveanarrator,astory,aplot,asetting,characters,language,andthetheme.Themesinsciencefictionareconstructedandpresentedinexactlythesamewaysthatthemesaredealtwithinanyotherkindoffiction.Theyaretheresultofaparticularcombinationofnarrator,story,plot,character,setting,andlanguage.Inshort,thereasonsforreadingandenjoyingsciencefiction,andthewaysofstudyingandanalyzingit,arebasicallythesameastheywouldbeforanyotherstoryornovel.

Sciencefictioniscalledaliterarysub-genrebecause_______.

A.Itisnotimportantenoughtobealiterarygenre

B.Itcannotbemadeintoadramaticpresentation

C.Ithasitslimits

D.Itsharescharacteristicswithothertypesofprosefiction

48.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Wateristheoldestform.oftransportation.Theoriginalsailingvesselswerereplacedbysteamboatsintheearly1800sandbydieselpowerinthe1920s.Adistinctionisgenerallymadebetweendeep-waterandnavigableinlandwatertransport.DomesticcommercecentersontheGreatLakes,canals,andnavigablerivers.

In1975watertransportaccountedfor22.6percentoftotalintercitytonnage.Itsrelativeshareofintercitytonnagewas33.3percentin1947and31.7percentin1958.Tonnagedeclinedto27.9percentin1965butincreasedby1970to28.4percent.Thisshort-timeincreasedidnotstabilize