虛擬語氣、強(qiáng)調(diào)句、倒裝句

高考英語之虛擬語氣歸納整理-高考英語之虛擬語氣歸納整理虛擬語氣是謂語動(dòng)詞的一種特殊形式，用來表達(dá)假設(shè)、主觀愿望、猜測、建議、可能或空想等非真實(shí)情況。如：Heishonest.他很誠實(shí)。（述語氣）Don‘tbelatenexttime.下次別遲到。（祈使語氣）IfIwereyou，Iwouldnotgo.我要是你，我就不會(huì)去。（虛擬語氣）IwishIhadalotofmoney.要是我有很多很多錢就好了。（虛擬語氣）高考英語之虛擬語氣歸納整理-第一類虛擬語氣在條件句中的用法：條件句有真實(shí)條件句和虛擬條件句兩種。真實(shí)條件句所表示的假設(shè)是有可能發(fā)生的，此時(shí)主句不用虛擬語氣；而虛擬條件句則表示一種假想，與事實(shí)相反或不大可能會(huì)發(fā)生，此時(shí)用虛擬語氣。如：IfIhavetime，Iwillgo.假若我有時(shí)間，我就去。（述語氣）IfIwereyou，Iwouldgo.假若我是你，我就去。（虛擬語氣）時(shí)態(tài)類型主句謂語形式條件句的謂語形式例句動(dòng)詞過與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反would/should/could/might+V原去式did*be多用IfIwereyou,IshouldstudyEnglish.IwouldcertainlygoifIhadtime.were與過去事實(shí)相反would/should/could/might+havedone動(dòng)詞過去完成式haddoneIfyouhadtakenmyadvice,youwouldnothavefailedinthetest.IfIhadleftalittleearlier,Iwouldhavecaughtthetrain.與將來事實(shí)相反would/should/could/might+①動(dòng)詞過去式1.Ifyoucametomorrow,wewouldhavethemeeting.①

②shou2.Ifitweretorainld+Vtomorrow,themeetingwouldbeputoff.③②shou2.Ifitweretorainld+Vtomorrow,themeetingwouldbeputoff.③③were+todo*規(guī)律總結(jié)：從句都往過去推一個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)，如：與現(xiàn)在相反的if從句就用過去時(shí)；與過去相反用過去完成時(shí)（即過去的過去）注：特別說明1、lwould/should/could/might主句謂語中的should主要用于第一人稱后；would表示結(jié)果還表示過去經(jīng)常常常做某事，might表示可能性，could表示能力、允許或可能性。比較：Ifyoutriedagain，youwouldsucceed.要是你再試一試，你就會(huì)成功的。（would表結(jié)果）Ifyoutriedagain，youmightsucceed.要是你再試一試，你可能會(huì)成功的。（might表可能）Ifyoutriedagain，youcouldsucceed.要是你再試一試，你就能成功了。（could表能力）2、錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間虛擬條件句即條件從句與主句所指時(shí)間不一致，如從句指過去，而主句即指的是現(xiàn)在或?qū)?，此時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)具體的語境情況，結(jié)合上面提到的三種基本類型對時(shí)態(tài)作相應(yīng)的調(diào)整：Ifithadrainedlastnight,thegroundwouldbewetnow要是昨晚下過雨的話,現(xiàn)在地面就會(huì)是濕的。Youwouldbemuchbetternowifyouhadtakenmyadvice.假若你當(dāng)時(shí)聽我的話，你現(xiàn)在就會(huì)好多了。3、If虛擬條件句的否定（含蓄條件句）?？純蓚€(gè)句型：Ifitweren’tfor…和Ifithadn,tbeenfor…,其意為“若不是（有）” “要不是”。如：Ifitweren’tforwater,noplantcouldgrow.要是沒有水植物就無法生長。Ifithadn'tbeenforyourassistance,wewouldn'thavesucceeded.=Butforyourassistance,wewouldn'thavesucceeded.=Withoutyourassistance,wewouldn'thavesucceeded.4、If虛擬條件句的倒裝形式，即把were,had,should置于句首。例：WereIinschoolagain（=IfIwereinschoolagain）,Iwouldworkharder.Hadyouaskedme,Iwouldhavetoldyou.（=Ifyouhadaskedme,…）高考英語之虛擬語氣歸納整理-第二類使用虛擬語氣的常見結(jié)構(gòu)或從句：.*wish與hope接賓語從句的區(qū)別在于：hope表示一般可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望，賓語從句用述語氣。wish表示很難或不大可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望,賓語從句用虛擬語氣。試比較：Wehopetheywillcome.(Wedon'tknowiftheycancome.)Wewishtheycouldcome.(Weknowtheyarenotcoming.)fonly與Iwish一樣，也用于表示與事實(shí)相反的愿望，其后所虛擬語氣的時(shí)態(tài)與wish后所接時(shí)態(tài)的情況相同：Ifonlyshehadhadmorecourage!她再勇敢一些就好了。IfonlyIhadlistenedtomyparents!我要是當(dāng)時(shí)聽了父母的話就好了。Ifonlyshewouldgowithme!她要是愿意和我一道去就好了！*ifonly通常獨(dú)立使用，沒有主句。3.lwouldrather后句子用虛擬語氣只分現(xiàn)在和過去在wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon后的that從句中，句子謂語習(xí)慣上要用虛擬語氣，表示〃寧愿做什么〃，具體用法為：①一般過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼脑竿鸌’dratheryouwenttomorrow(now).我寧愿你明天(現(xiàn)在)去。②用過去完成時(shí)表過去的愿望I’dratheryouhadn’tsaidit.我真希望你沒有這樣說過。4.lasif(though)從句用虛擬語氣以asif(asthough)引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句或表語從句，有時(shí)用虛擬語氣，則與wish用法相同，例：Heactsasifheknewme.他顯得認(rèn)識(shí)我似的。TheytreatmeasthoughIwereastranger.他們待我如陌生人。Hetalksasifhehadbeenabroad.他說起話來好像曾經(jīng)出過國。注：兩點(diǎn)說明(1)從句所表示的容若為事實(shí)或可能為事實(shí)，也可用述語氣：Itlooksasifwe’llbelate.我們似乎要遲到了。(2)注意Itisn'tasif…的翻譯:Itisn’tasifhewerepoor.他不像窮的樣子(或他又不窮)。高考英語之虛擬語氣歸納整理-第三類從句中should+動(dòng)詞原形，should可省略.在lest,forfearthat(以免)，incase(以防)引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中的虛擬語氣Shewalkedquietlylestshe(should)wakeupherroommates.她走得很輕以免吵醒她的室友。.表應(yīng)當(dāng)做值得做一類動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句建議advise,suggest,propose,recommend命令order,command請求ask,demand,require,request指示direct敦促urge提議move,vote希望desire堅(jiān)持insist打算intend安排arrange例如：Iinsistedthathe(should)stay.我堅(jiān)持要他留下。HeurgedthattheygotoEurope.他敦促他們到歐洲去。Hesuggestedthatweshouldleaveearly.他建議我們早點(diǎn)動(dòng)身。Heorderedthatit(should)besentback.他命令把它送回去。Iaskthatheleave.我要求他走開。HerequiresthatI(should)appear.他要求我出場。Imovethatweaccepttheproposal.我提議通過這項(xiàng)提案。HearrangedthatIshouldgoabroad.他安排我去國外。Shedesiresthathedoit.她希望他做此事。Thegeneraldirectedthattheprisonersshouldbesetfree.將軍指示釋放那些俘虜。*suggest表“暗示"insist表“堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”不用虛擬語氣比較:HeinsistedthatIhadreadhisletter.他堅(jiān)持說我看過他的信。HeinsistedthatIshouldreadhisletter.他堅(jiān)持要我看他的信。Hesuggestedthatwe(should)stayfordinner.他建議我們留下吃飯。Isuggestedthatyouhadasecretunderstandingwithhim.我覺得你與他心照不色旦。.order,suggestion,idea,plan,proposal,advice,demand等名詞后的表語從句或同位語從句Oursuggestionisthatyou(should)bethefirsttogo.我們的建議是你應(yīng)該第一個(gè)去。.*advice,agreement,command,decision,decree,demand,determination,indication,insistence,order,preference,proposal,request,requirement,stipulation,suggestion,idea,plan,orderl“Itis(was)+緊急重要一帶感情色彩上述demand/suggest等動(dòng)詞過去分詞或important,natural,strange,necessary,surprised,appropriate等形容詞后的主語從句Itisorderedthatthearmy(should)getthereby4a.m.Itisnecessarythatshe(should)besentthereatonce.注：*Itisnecessaryimportant,strangenatural,advisable,anxious,compulsory,crucial,desirable,eager,essential,fitting,imperat絕對對必要，impossible,improper,obligatory,possible,preferable,probable,recommended,urgent,vitaletc.；itisapityItisrequested/suggested/desired/proposed高考英語之虛擬語氣歸納整理-第四類It'stime后的從句用虛擬語氣從句謂語通常用過去式表示（早）該干某事了*有時(shí)也用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)或“should+動(dòng)詞原形”（較少見，且should不能省略）ex.It’stimewewent[weregoing,shouldgo].我們該走了。It’stimeIwasinbed.我該上床睡了。（不用were）It,stime=Itis（thevery/high/right/about）time高考英語之虛擬語氣歸納整理-wish和asif引導(dǎo)的虛擬.表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的愿望構(gòu)成：主語+wish（that）+從句主語+動(dòng)詞過去式（be一律用were）例如：IwishIkneweverythingintheworld.Iwishthattheexperimentwereasuccess.Wewishwehadwings..表示與過去事實(shí)相反的愿望構(gòu)成：主語+wish（that）+從句主語+would/could+have+過去分詞或had+過去分詞例如：Iwishthatyouhadcalledyesterday.IwishthatIcouldhavegonewithyoulastnight.Ididn'tgototheparty,butIdowishIhadbeenthere..表示將來不大可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望構(gòu)成：主語+wish（that）+從句主語+would/should/could/might+原形動(dòng)詞例如：Iwishthathecouldtryagain.wishthatsomedayIshouldliveonthemoon.Wewishthattheywouldcomesoon..ASIF引出的虛擬。Asif….表好像……我們經(jīng)常會(huì)利用一下句型來表達(dá)不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的虛擬狀態(tài)：Itisasif……。（就好象是……）Asif+從句，主句。（好像……Sb.+do…）表達(dá)一種假設(shè)的條件。而Asif之后的假設(shè)容的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和wish虛擬的結(jié)構(gòu)一樣。L.33ADaytoRemember中原句，“Asifthiswerenotenoughtoreduceyoutotears,yourhusbandarrives.”就利用了和現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)虛擬。注：Somethingistohappened，I,mtofaceit。高考英語之虛擬語氣歸納整理-注意事項(xiàng)：使用虛擬條件句時(shí)要注意的幾點(diǎn)：.當(dāng)條件狀語從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致時(shí)，被稱為“錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句”，動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時(shí)間作出相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。如：Ifyouhadfollowedmyadvicejustnow,youwouldbebetternow.Ifyouhadstudiedhardbefore,youwouldbeacollegestudentnow,andyouwouldgraduatefromacollegeinfouryears'time..if省略句在條件句中可省略if,把were,had,should提到句首，變?yōu)榈寡b句式。如:IfIwereatschoolagain,Iwouldstudyharder.一WereIatschoolagain,Iwouldstudyharder.Ifyouhadcomeearlier,youwouldcatchthebus.一Hadyoucomeearlier,youwouldcatchthebus.Ifitshouldraintomorrow,wewouldnotgoclimbing.一Shoulditraintomorrow,wewouldnotgoclimbing.注意：若省略的條件句中的謂語動(dòng)詞是否定形式時(shí)，不能用動(dòng)詞的縮略形式。如：我們可以說：Wereitnotfortheexpense,Iwouldgoabroadnow.但不能說：Weren'titfortheexpense,Iwouldgoabroadnow..用介詞短語代替條件狀語從句。常用的介詞有with,without,butfor。如：Whatwouldyoudowithamilliondollars?(=ifyouhadamilliondollars)Wecouldn,thavefinishedtheworkaheadoftimewithoutyourhelp.(=ifwehadn,tgotyourhelp)Butfortherain(=Ifithadn,tbeenfortherain),wewouldhavefinishedthework..含蓄條件句有時(shí)為了表達(dá)的需要，在虛擬語氣中并不總是出現(xiàn)if引導(dǎo)的條件句，而通過其他手段來代替條件句。Iwasillthatday.Otherwise,Iwouldhavetakenpartinthesportsmeet.（副詞）Hetelephonedtoinformmeofyourbirthday,orIwouldhaveknownnothingaboutit.（連詞）Amanwhostoppeddrinkingwaterwouldbedeadinaboutsevendays.（定語從句)Imighthavegivenyoumorehelp,butIwastoobusy.（連詞）Everythingtakenintoconsideration,theywouldhaveraisertheiroutputquickly.(獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu))混合型與含蓄型虛擬語氣1。混合型虛擬語氣：當(dāng)虛擬條件從句與結(jié)果主語所表達(dá)的時(shí)間不一致時(shí)，被稱為“混合條件句”，這種虛擬語氣被稱為“混合型虛擬語氣”，動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表達(dá)的時(shí)間作相應(yīng)調(diào)整。如：Ifyouhadfollowedthedoctor,sadvice,hewouldbeallrightnow.條件從句表達(dá)的時(shí)間是過去，因此用had+過去分詞；主句表示的時(shí)間是現(xiàn)在，因此用would+動(dòng)詞原形)2.含蓄型虛擬語氣：有時(shí)候，虛擬條件不是通過if引導(dǎo)的條件句來表示，而是暗含在上下文中(1).用butfor、without(如果沒有)等來代替條件從句，如Withoutelectricityhumanlifewouldbequitedifferent=Iftherewerenoelectricity,humanlifewouldbequitedifferent(2)用otherwise、or(orelse),eventhough等表示與上文的情況相反，從而引出虛擬語氣。如：Ilostyouraddress.Otherwise,Iwouldhavevisitedyoulongbefore.=Ilostyouraddress.IfIhadn,tlostyouraddress,Iwouldhavevisitedyoulongbefore.(3)虛擬條件通過but暗示出來。如：Hewouldhavegivenyoumorehelp,buthewastoobusy他本來會(huì)給你更多的幫助，但是他太忙了。也就是說，如果那時(shí)他不忙，他可以給你更多的幫助。句中buthewastoobusy實(shí)際上暗示了一個(gè)虛擬條件一一如果那時(shí)他不忙Hewouldloseweight,butheeatstoomuch他本來可以減肥的，但是他吃的太多了。也就是說，如果他吃得不多的話，他是可以減肥的。句中的butheeatstoomuch實(shí)際上暗示了一個(gè)虛擬條件一一如果他吃得不多。強(qiáng)調(diào)句強(qiáng)調(diào)句是一種修辭，是人們?yōu)榱吮磉_(dá)自己的意愿或情感而使用的一種形式。通過各種方式對句子中的某個(gè)部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，從而起到修辭的作用。英語常用的強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)是“Itis(was)+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分(主語、賓語或狀語)+who(that)..."。一般說來,被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人時(shí)用who;指事物時(shí)用that/但that也可以指人。在美國英語中指事物時(shí)常用which來代替that。.述句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型Itis/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分（通常是主語、賓語或狀語）+that/who（當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)主語且主語指人）+其他部分。例子ItwasyesterdaythathemetLiPing..一般疑問句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型同上，只是把is/was提到it前面。例子WasityesterdaythathemetLiPing?.特殊疑問句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分（通常是疑問代詞或疑問副詞）+is/was+it+that/who+其他部分？例子Whenandwherewasitthatyouwereborn?.not…until…句型的強(qiáng)調(diào)句A.句型為:Itis/wasnotuntil+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that+其他部分普通句：Hedidn'tgotobeduntil/tillhiswifecameback.強(qiáng)調(diào)句:Itwasnotuntilhiswifecamebackthathewenttobed.B.注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，till,until可通用；因?yàn)榫湫椭蠭tis/wasnotq已經(jīng)是否定句了，that后面的從句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。.謂語動(dòng)詞的強(qiáng)調(diào)A.Itis/was.that...結(jié)構(gòu)不能強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語，如果需要強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語時(shí)，用助動(dòng)詞do/does或didDositdown.務(wù)必請坐。Dobecarefulwhenyoucrossthestreet.過馬路時(shí)，務(wù)必（千萬）要小心?。.注意：此種強(qiáng)調(diào)只用do/does和did，沒有別的形式;過去時(shí)用did，后面的謂語動(dòng)詞用原形強(qiáng)調(diào)形式常見到的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式，共有以下七類:.用do\does\did+V可表強(qiáng)調(diào)Somepeopledobelievethatnuclearpowerposesathreattotheworldpeace..adv或adj可表強(qiáng)調(diào):Never\only\VeryThisistheveryquestionthatdeservescarefulanalysis..雙重否定可表強(qiáng)調(diào)Takingpart-timejobsisneverwithoutdrawbacks..what引導(dǎo)的主從可表強(qiáng)調(diào)Whatreallymattersiscooperation..倒裝可表強(qiáng)調(diào)（凡是倒裝都可以表示強(qiáng)調(diào)）Littledopeopletakeintoaccounttheseriousnessofthisproblem..比較狀語從句可表強(qiáng)調(diào)Nothingismoreimperativethantolearnfromthepast..強(qiáng)調(diào)句型可表強(qiáng)調(diào)Itis\was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部份+that\who+原句剩余部份Itisstabilitythatdestroyspeople,sambitionandbarricadespeople,ssteps.語法結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的十種結(jié)構(gòu).用助動(dòng)詞“do（does/did）+動(dòng)詞原形”來表示強(qiáng)調(diào)Dowritetomewhenyougetthere.你到那兒后務(wù)必給我來信。.用形容詞very,only,single,such等修飾名詞或形容詞來加強(qiáng)語氣：Howdareyoubuysuchexpensivejewels?你怎么敢買這么貴的寶石呢？.用ever,never,very,just等副詞和badly,highly,really等帶有一ly的副詞來進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)Ireallydon,tknowwhattodonext.我的確不知道下一步該怎么做。.用intheworld,onearth,atall等介詞短語可以表達(dá)更強(qiáng)的語氣（常用于疑問包）：Whereintheworldcouldhebe?他到底會(huì)在哪兒?.用感嘆句來表示強(qiáng)烈的感情，突出說話人的情感Howinterestingastoryitis!這是一個(gè)多么有趣的故事啊！.用重復(fù)來表示強(qiáng)調(diào)Why!why!Thecageisempty!?。“?！箱子是空的。.用倒裝句（也就是將要強(qiáng)調(diào)的句子或被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分置于句首）來加強(qiáng)語氣：Onthetableweresomeflowers.桌上擺著一些花。（強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)）.用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型：“Itis（was）+被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分+that（who）+原句其它部分”來強(qiáng)調(diào)說話人的意愿：ItwasonMondaynightthatallthishappened.所有這一切發(fā)生在周一晚上。.用Jf來表示強(qiáng)調(diào)If從句+Idon,tknowwho/what,etc.does/is/has,etc.主語部分也可以用nobodydoes/is/has,etc.或everybodydoes/is/has,etc.來代替（這里的if從句往往是正話反說，反話正說）:Ifhecan,tdoit,Idon,tknowwhocan.要是他做不了這件事，我不知道還有誰能做。強(qiáng)調(diào)只有他能做）IfJimisacoward,everybodyis.要是吉姆是個(gè)膽小鬼，那么人人都是膽小鬼。（強(qiáng)調(diào)吉姆不是膽小鬼）if從句+itbe主句（此用法可看成是第8中強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的變形，即把所要強(qiáng)調(diào)的容放在itbe的后面，把其它容放在由if引導(dǎo)的從句中）：Ifanyoneknewthetruth,itwasTom.如果說誰了解事實(shí)的真相，那便是湯姆10.用破折號(hào)、黑體字也可以表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，加強(qiáng)語氣It,sbecauseofhardwork—tenyearsofhardwork.那是因?yàn)槠D苦的工作--十年艱苦的工作！HebegantheworkinlateMay.他在五月底開始的這項(xiàng)工作。（強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間）注意事項(xiàng)that后的強(qiáng)調(diào)句如果是原因狀語從句，從句只能用because引導(dǎo)，不能用since,as或why。Itwasbecausethewaterhadrisenthattheycouldnotcrosstheriver。倒裝句英語的基本句型是主語+謂語。如果將主語與謂語調(diào)換稱倒裝句。倒裝句分全倒裝句和半倒裝句。一、 全倒裝：主語與謂語交換位置不需任何助動(dòng)詞，叫全倒裝。全倒裝只用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)。全倒裝有以下三種情況：1、當(dāng)here,there,out,in,up,down等副詞放在句首時(shí)，句子需全倒裝:Theregoesthebell!鈴響了！Therelivedanoldman.Herecomesthebus.注意：①在這種情況下倒裝僅限于不及物動(dòng)詞或be動(dòng)詞，像go,come,mush等。②主語如果是代詞時(shí)不需倒裝如Awayhewent.他走遠(yuǎn)了。2、方位狀語在句首，如：Infrontofthehousestoppedapolicecar.Nearbyweretwocanoesinwhichtheyhadcometotheisland.Underthetreesataboy.3、直接引語在句首，這種情況可倒裝也可不倒裝“Whatdoesitmean?"askedtheboy或theboyasked.二、半倒裝：主語與謂語的助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞交換位置稱半倒裝,如果句中的謂語沒有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，則需添加助動(dòng)詞do,does,did,并將其置于主語前。有以下數(shù)種情況：1,否定意義的詞在句首，句子半倒裝，例如：little,never,not,no,hardly,rarely,seldomNevershallIforget