雅思閱讀表格填空題講解：AlternativeMedicineinAustralia

雅思閱讀表格填空題講解:AlternativeMedicineinAustralia.雅思閱讀表格填空題講解--AlternativeMedicineinAustralia.alternativeMedicineinAustraliaThefirststudentstostudyalternativemedicineatuniversitylevelinAustraliabegantheirfour-year,full-timecourseattheUniversityofTechnologySydney,inearly1994.Theircoursecovered,amongothertherapies,acupuncture.ThetheorytheylearntisbasedonthetraditionalChineseexplanationofthisancienthealingartthatitcanregulatetheflowof‘Qi’orenergythroughpathwaysinthebody.Thiscoursereflectshowfarsomealternativetherapieshavecomeintheirstruggleforacceptancebythemedicalestablishment.AustraliahasbeenunusualintheWesternworldinhavingaveryconservativeattitudetonaturaloralternativetherapies,accordingtoDrPaulLaver,alecturerinPublicHealthattheUniversityofSydney.‘We’vehadatraditionofdoctorsbeingfairlypowerfulandIguesstheyareprettyloathtoallowanypretenderstotheirpositiontocomeintoit.’Inmanyotherindustrializedcountries,orthodoxandalternativemedicinehaveworked‘handinglove’foryears.InEurope,onlyorthodoxdoctorscanprescribeherbalmedicine.InGermany,plantremediesaccountfor10%ofthenationalturnoverofpharmaceuticals.Americansmademorevisitstoalternativetherapiststhantoorthodoxdoctorsin1990,andeachyeartheyspendabout$US12billionontherapiesthathavenotbeenscientificallytested.DisenchantmentwithorthodoxmedicinehasseenthepopularityofalternativetherapiesinAustraliaclimbsteadilyduringthepast20years.Ina1983nationalhealthsurvey,1.9%ofpeoplesaidtheyhadcontactedachiropractor,naturopath,osteopath,acupuncturistorherbalistinthetwoweekspriortothesurvey.By1990,thisfigurehadrisento2.6%ofthepopulation.The550,000consultationswithalternativetherapistsreportedinthe1990surveyrepresentedaboutaneighthofthetotalnumberofconsultationswithmedicallyqualifiedpersonnelcoveredbythesurvey,accordingtoDrLaverandcolleagueswritingintheAustralianJournalofPublicHealthin1993.‘Abetereducatedandlessacceptingpublichasbecomedisillusionedwiththeexpertsingeneral,andincreasinglyskepticalaboutscienceandempiricallybasedknowledge,’theysaid.‘Thehighstandingofprofessionals,includingdoctors,hasbeenerodedasaconsequence.Ratherthanresistingorcriticizingthistrend,increasingnumbersofAustraliandoctors,particularlyyoungerones,areforminggrouppracticeswithalternativetherapistsortakingcoursesthemselves,particularlyinacupunctureandherbalism.Partoftheincentivewasfinancial,DrLaversaid.1Thebottomlineisthatmostgeneralpractitionersarebusinesspeople.Iftheyseepotentialclientelegoingelsewhere,theymightwanttobeabletoofferasimilarservice.1In1993,DrLaverandhiscolleaguespublishedasurveyof289Sydneypeoplewhoattendedeightalternativetherapists,practicesinSydney.Thesepracticesofferedawiderangeofalternativetherapiesfrom25therapists.Thosesurveyedhadexperiencedchronicillnesses,forwhichorthodoxmedicinehadbeenabletoprovidelittlerelief.Theycommentedthattheylikedtheholisticapproachoftheiralternativetherapistsandthefriendly,concernedanddetailedattentiontheyhadreceived.Thecold,impersonalmanneroforthodoxdoctorsfeaturedinthesurvey.Anincreasingexodusfromtheirclinics,coupledwiththisandanumberofotherrelevantsurveyscarriedoutinAustralia,allpointingtoorthodoxdoctors’inadequacies,haveledmainstreamdoctorsthemselvestobegintoadmittheycouldlearnfromthepersonalstyleofalternativetherapists.DrPatrickStore,PresidentoftheRoyalCollegeofGeneralPractitioners,concursthatorthodoxdoctorscouldlearnalotaboutbedsidemannerandadvisingpatientsonpreventativehealthfromalternativetherapists.AccordingtotheAustralianJournalofPublicHealth,18%ofpatientsvisitingalternativetherapistsdosobecausetheysufferfrommusculo-skeletalcomplaints,12%sufferfromdigestiveproblems,whichisonly1%morethanthosesufferingfromemotionalproblems.Thosesufferingfromrespiratorycomplaintsrepresent7%oftheirpatients,andcandidasufferersrepresentanequalpercentage.Headachesufferersandthosecomplainingofgeneralillhealthrepresent6%and5%ofpatientsrespectivelyandafurther4%seetherapistsforgeneralhealthmaintenance.Thesurveysuggestedthatcomplementarymedicineisprobablyabettertermthanalternativemedicine.Alternativemedicineappearstobeanadjunctsoughtintimesofdisenchantmentwhenconventionalmedicineseemsnottooffertheanswer.真題講解：長難句練習(xí)：‘We'vehadatraditionofdoctorsbeingfairlypowerfulandIguesstheyareprettyloathtoallowanypretenderstotheirpositiontocomeintoit.)參考譯文：我們有個傳統(tǒng)，醫(yī)生是相當(dāng)權(quán)威的，我猜他們很不愿意讓那些覬覦他們位置的冒牌貨得逞。知識點(diǎn)：在這句話當(dāng)中，beingfairlypowerful是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語來修飾doctorsoThe550,000consultationswithalternativetherapistsreportedinthe1990surveyrepresentedaboutaneighthofthetotalnumberofconsultationswithmedicallyqualifiedpersonnelcoveredbythesurvey,accordingtoDrLaverandcolleagueswritingintheAustralianJournalofPublicHealthin1993.參考譯文：據(jù)Laver博士和他的同事在1993年的《澳大利亞公共衛(wèi)生期刊》中所說，在1990年所作的報(bào)告中，55萬人對替代療法專家進(jìn)行過咨詢，占據(jù)著這次調(diào)查所涉及到的對醫(yī)療合格人員的咨詢總數(shù)量的八分之一。知識點(diǎn)：這句話的主語是consultations,reported是過去分詞作定語，修飾consultationso謂語是represented,賓語是aneighthofthetotalnumberofconsultations。Anincreasingexodusfromtheirclinics,coupledwiththisandanumberofotherrelevantsurveyscarriedoutinAustralia,allpointingtoorthodoxdoctors’inadequacies,haveledmainstreamdoctorsthemselvestobegintoadmittheycouldlearnfromthepersonalstyleofalternativetherapists.參考譯文：病人從診所中大批離去，加上其他一些相關(guān)的全國性調(diào)查的結(jié)果，矛頭直指正統(tǒng)醫(yī)師的不足之處，這就使得他們開始承認(rèn)應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)一下另類療法醫(yī)師的親切態(tài)度。知識點(diǎn)：exodus以及thisandanumberofotherrelevantsurveys是主語，謂語是haveled---to---,allpointingto---貝U是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，來限定主語。雅思閱讀流程圖填空題講解--__E__EThebirthofmodemplasticsIn1907,LeoHendrickBaekeland,aBelgianscientistworkinginNewYork,discoveredandpatentedarevolutionarynewsyntheticmaterial.Hisinvention,whichhenamed‘Bakelite,,wasofenormoustechnologicalimportance,andeffectivelylaunchedthemodernplasticsindustry.Theterm‘plastic’comesfromtheGreekplassein,meaning‘tomould’.Someplasticsarederivedfromnaturalsources,somearesemi-synthetic(theresultofchemicalactiononanaturalsubstance),andsomeareentirelysynthetic,thatis.chemicallyengineeredfromtheconstituentsofcoaloroil.Someare(thermoplastic’,whichmeansthat,likecandlewax,theymeltwhenheatedandcanthenbereshaped.Othersarethermosetting':likeeggs,theycannotreverttotheiroriginalviscousstate,andtheirshapeisthusfixedforever.Bakelitehadthedistinctionofbeingthefirsttotallysyntheticthermosettingplastic.Thehistoryoftoday'splasticsbeginswiththediscoveryofaseriesofsemi-syntheticthermoplasticmaterialsinthemidnineteenthcentury.Theimpetusbehindthedevelopmentoftheseearlyplasticswasgeneratedbyanumberoffactors-immensetechnologicalprogressinthedomainofchemistry,coupledwithwiderculturalchanges,andthepragmaticneedtofindacceptablesubstitutesfordwindlingsuppliesof'luxury,materialssuchastortoiseshellandivory.Baekeland’sinterestinplasticsbeganin1885when,asayoungchemistrystudentinBelgium,heembarkedonresearchintophenolicresins,thegroupofstickysubstancesproducedwhenphenol(carbolicacid)combineswithanaldehyde(avolatilefluidsimilartoalcohol).Hesoonabandonedthesubject,however,onlyreturningtoitsomeyearslater.By1905hewasawealthyNewYorker,havingrecentlymadehisfortunewiththeinventionofanewphotographicpaper.WhileBaekelandhadbeenbusilyamassingdollars,someadvanceshadbeenmadeinthedevelopmentofplastics.Theyears1899and1900hadseenthepatentingofthefirstsemi-syntheticthermosettingmaterialthatcouldbemanufacturedonanindustrialscale.Inpurelyscientificterms,Baekeland’smajorcontributiontothefieldisnotsomuchtheactualdiscoveryofthematerialtowhichhegavehisname,butratherthemethodbywhichareactionbetweenphenolandformaldehydecouldbecontrolled,thusmakingpossibleitspreparationonacommercialbasis.On13July1907,Baekelandtookouthisfamouspatentdescribingthispreparation,theessentialfeaturesofwhicharestillinusetoday.Theoriginalpatentoutlinedathree-stageprocess,inwhichphenolandformaldehyde(fromwoodorcoal)wereinitiallycombinedundervacuuminsidealargeegg-shapedkettle.TheresultwasaresinknownasNovalak,whichbecamesolubleandmalleablewhenheated.Theresinwasallowedtocoolinshallowtraysuntilithardened,andthenbrokenupandgroundintopowder.Othersubstanceswerethenintroduced:includingfillers,suchaswoodflour,asbestosorcotton,whichincreasestrengthandmoistureresistance,catalysts(substancestospeedupthereactionbetweentwochemicalswithoutjoiningtoeither)andhexa,acompoundofammoniaandformaldehydewhichsuppliedtheadditionalformaldehydenecessarytoformathermosettingresin.Thisresinwasthenlefttocoolandharden,andgroundupasecondtime.Theresul