專四語(yǔ)法第5節(jié)

第五節(jié)形容詞、副詞及比較結(jié)構(gòu)一、形容詞概述描述事物的詞，涉及事物的外貌，顏色，大小等屬性。形容詞有不同的種類，在句中可以有不同的功能，有的形容詞有級(jí)的變化。主要包括：形容詞按意義可以分為：屬性形容詞；類別形容詞；兼類形容詞；顏色形容詞；強(qiáng)調(diào)形容詞；按在句中擔(dān)任的成分可以分為：定語(yǔ)形容詞；表語(yǔ)形容詞；兼定語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的形容詞；按構(gòu)詞方式可以分為：普通形容詞；分詞形容詞；復(fù)合形容詞。常見考點(diǎn)形容詞在句中的位置概述：形容詞作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞時(shí)，一般放在被修飾的名詞前。但下列情況，形容詞通常位于被修飾的名詞之后，作后置定語(yǔ)。1?形容詞作定語(yǔ)TOC\o"1-5"\h\zi?形容詞修飾以-thing,-one,-body等結(jié)尾的復(fù)合代詞如something,anything,someone,somebody等時(shí)； i?由前綴a-構(gòu)成的形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)要求后置，這些形容詞包括：afraid,alone,alike,ashamed,asleep,afloat,|awake等； ]I?由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的詞構(gòu)成的形容詞詞組修飾名詞時(shí)。 I多個(gè)形容詞修飾同一名詞名詞中心詞帶多個(gè)形容詞作前置修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)，形容詞大體按一下順序排列限定詞（冠詞/物主代詞/指示代詞）+描述性形容詞（charming/beautiful）+表示大小，長(zhǎng)短，高低的形容詞+表示形狀的形容詞+表示年齡、新舊的形容詞+顏色+表示國(guó)籍、地區(qū)、出處的形容詞+表示物質(zhì)材料的形容詞+表示用途類別的形容詞+名詞中西次。manybeautifuloldEuropeancathedralcitiesalargeantiquebrownandwhiteGermanbeermugacharmingsmallroundoldbrownFrenchoakwritingdesk二、副詞概述副詞（Adverb）是用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞和句子等，以說(shuō)明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度、方式等概念的詞。1.副詞的構(gòu)成本身就是副詞here,there,often,always,very形容詞尾直接加lycareful-carefully,slow-slowly,real-really以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的形容詞要變y為i，再加lyhappy-happily,easy-easily,busy-busily以輔音+le結(jié)尾的詞去e加ysimply-simply,comfortable-comfortably2.副詞的種類種類用法舉例時(shí)間副詞表示時(shí)間now,today,yesterday,then地點(diǎn)副詞表示地點(diǎn)或位置關(guān)系here,there,home,out,anywhere方式副詞一般回答怎樣的這類問題的well,fast,slowly,happily程度副詞表示程度very,too,quite,alittle,enough頻率副詞表示做事情的頻率always,often,never,sometimes疑問副詞用于引導(dǎo)一個(gè)特殊疑問句when,how,where,why常見考點(diǎn)判斷副詞在句中所修飾的成分，副詞在句子中作狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)等。如：That'saveryfunnyfilm.那是一部很有意思的電影。(作狀語(yǔ)，修飾形容詞)Heleftshortlyafterthemeeting.會(huì)后他馬上離開了。(作狀語(yǔ)，修飾介詞)判斷一些特殊副詞的辨析及使用，如already,yet,barely,hardly,quite,enough等；副詞enough作副詞修飾形容詞、副詞或動(dòng)詞時(shí)，一般位于它們的后面；當(dāng)它作形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)，位于名詞之前。E1：Whathehaswrittenisgoodenough.他寫的東西非常好。(修飾形容詞)E2：Thereisenoughfoodinthefridge.冰箱里有足夠的食物。(修飾名詞)三、比較結(jié)構(gòu)概述英語(yǔ)中形容詞與副詞有三個(gè)比較等級(jí),即原級(jí),比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。一般來(lái)說(shuō),表示等于時(shí)用原級(jí)。E1：I'mjustasbusytodayasIwasyesterday.表示二者的比較時(shí)用比較級(jí)。E2：I'mmuchbusiertodaythanIwasyesterday.表示“最”時(shí)用最高級(jí)E3.Thatwasthebusiestdayofmylife.1.形容詞的原級(jí)比較1.1原級(jí)肯定比較1?1?1基本形式“as+原級(jí)+as"結(jié)構(gòu)1.1.2變體as+much/many+名詞+asas+形原級(jí)+a+名詞+asas+形+不可數(shù)名詞+as名詞復(fù)數(shù)+as+形+asthesame+表示度量的名次(height,depth)as/besimilartoE1：Weneedasmanyrecordsas(itis)possible.1.2原級(jí)比較的否定表示“A不及B……”的句型Example:Theydidn'tenjoytheplayas/somuchaswedid.1?3原級(jí)比較帶修飾語(yǔ)帶“as...as..."的詞組可以在其前加倍數(shù)詞和下列詞語(yǔ)修飾：“twice,threetime,half,aquarter,(not)nearly,almost,just,nothinglike,everybit,exactly.”

Example:It'snotnearlyascoldaysesterday.1.4比較級(jí)常見表達(dá)較高程度比較“A比B……”形容詞（副詞）比較級(jí)+than—形容詞比較級(jí)+（名詞）+thanthe+形容詞比較級(jí)+of+名詞2.形容詞比較等級(jí)的構(gòu)成構(gòu)成原級(jí)比較級(jí)最咼級(jí)單音節(jié)詞尾加er,estgreatgreatergreatest單音節(jié)詞尾e,加r,stfinefinerfinest閉音節(jié)單音節(jié)詞尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母，雙與輔音字母加er,estbigbiggerbiggest少數(shù)以y,er,ow,ble結(jié)尾雙音節(jié)詞尾加er,est（y前為輔音字母去y加ier,iest）happyhappierhappiestclevercleverercleverest其它雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞，前加more,mostdifficultmoredifficultmostdifficult3.副詞比較等級(jí)的構(gòu)成副詞比較等級(jí)的構(gòu)成大致與形容詞比較等級(jí)的構(gòu)成相同，但以后綴ly結(jié)尾的副詞用more和most。規(guī)則變化hardhardesthardestearlyearlierearliestquicklymorequicklymostquickly不規(guī)則變化原級(jí)比較級(jí)最咼級(jí)原級(jí)比較級(jí)最咼級(jí)littlelessleastoldolder(elder)oldest(eldest)farfarther(further)farthest(furthest)good/wellbetterbestill/badworseworst比較級(jí)常見考點(diǎn)常見比較結(jié)構(gòu)的辨析，如notmore...than...,nomore...than...;notlessthan...,noless...than...,notanymore...than...等；1） morethan…是…而不是，與其說(shuō)是…不如說(shuō)是eg.Sheismorekeenthanwise.2） notsomuch...as與其說(shuō)是…不如說(shuō)是eg.Itwasn'tsomuchthatIdislikedherasthatIjustwasn'tinterested.the+比較級(jí),the+比較級(jí)此句型表示后者隨著前者的變化而變化，意為“越……就越……”，前者相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件句，因此，要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)。Eg：ThebetterIknewhim，themoreIlikedhim.我越了解他就越喜歡他。比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)此句型表示“越來(lái)越…”，單音節(jié)形容詞或副詞用“-er+and+-er”；Eg：Thingsaregettingbetterandbettereveryday.情況一天天好起來(lái)。4?“moreof+a+名詞+than+.?.”=“A比B更…”Sheismoreofamusicianthanherbrother.=Sheismoreamusicianthanherbrother.她比她弟弟更像有音樂天賦。nomorethan與notmorethan兩者均可表示數(shù)量，前者表示“僅僅”、“只不過(guò)”，強(qiáng)調(diào)少；而后者表示“不多于”、“至多”。Eg：Thistesttakesnomorethanthirtyminutes.這個(gè)測(cè)驗(yàn)只需30分鐘。nomore*^than與noless…than前者意為“與…一樣不”，否定兩者；而后者則表示“和…一樣”，肯定兩者。Eg：She'snomoreagreatsingerthanIam.他不是優(yōu)秀歌手，我也不是。nolessthan與notlessthan表示均可表示數(shù)量，前者意為“多達(dá)”、“有…之多”，強(qiáng)調(diào)多；后者表示“不下于”、“至少”。Eg：Hepaidnolessthan$10,000forit.他為此付了10000多美元。四、最高級(jí)概述基本結(jié)構(gòu)：(the+)形容詞/副詞的最高級(jí)+比較級(jí)范圍。最高級(jí)的含義也可通過(guò)more...than,as...as,否定詞+比較級(jí)等結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)。Eg：Thisisthebestpictureinthehall.最高級(jí)比較范圍：用介詞in,over,of,among。in,(all)over用于在某一范圍內(nèi)的比較，如：inChina,allovertheworld.of,among用于在同一群體內(nèi)同類事物的比較，如：amongtheteachers,ofthefourdresses.最高級(jí)意義的其他表達(dá)1.)形容詞/副詞比較級(jí)+than+anyother+單數(shù)名詞形容詞/副詞比較級(jí)+than+anyoftheother+復(fù)數(shù)名詞Eg.Hecheckedthecarenginemorecarefullythananyoftheothermechanics.)否定詞+(名詞)+ +as+形容詞/副詞原級(jí)+as)否定詞+形容詞比較級(jí))never+so/such+原級(jí)+名詞as+原級(jí)+asever)more+形容詞+than+the+同一形容詞構(gòu)成的名詞三、歷年考題和模擬題Overpopulationposesaterriblethreattothehumanrace.Yetitisprobably athreattothehumanracethanenvironmentaldestruction.(2007)nomore B.notmore C.evenmoreD.muchmore-Heisnotallerthanhistwinbrother.(1998)-Johnis hardworkingthanhissister,buthefailedintheexam.noless B.nomore C.notless D.nosoAnewlaptopcostsabout ofasecond-handone.(2009)thepriceofthreetimesB.threetimesthepriceC.asmuchasthethreetimespriceD.threetimesmorethanthepriceAmericanseat astheyactuallyneedeveryday.(1998.6)

A.twiceasmuchproteinC.twiceproteinasmuchA.twiceasmuchproteinC.twiceproteinasmuch5.ThesquareitselfisA./ B.thatofthesizeofSt.Peter'sinRome.D.proteinastwicemuchthesizeofSt.Peter'sinRome.fivehundredyardswide,fivetimesinwhichisD.ofin6.Theseproposalssoughttoplacegreaterrestrictionsontheuseandcopyingofdigitalinformationthantraditionalmedia.existB.existsC.existingD.toexist7.TheindividualTVviewerinvariablysensesthatheorsheis__ananonymous,statisticallyinsignificantpartofahugeanddiverseaudience.(2001年考研題)everythingexceptB.anythingbutC.nolessthan D.nothingmorethanFatcannotchangeintomuscle___musclechangesintofat.(1999)A.anymorethanB.nolessthanC.nomorethanD.muchmorethanTheheartis intelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.A.notsoB.notmuchC.muchmoreD.nomoreLanguagebelongstoeachmemberofthesociety,tothecleaner totheprofessor.(1998)A.asfaras B.thesameas C.asmuchas D.aslongasIssuesofprice,place,promotionandproductare conventionalconcernsinplanningmarketingstrategies.(2004)A.theseofthemostB.mostofthosenecessaryforanypracticalpurpose.C.amongthemost D.amongthemanyofnecessaryforanypracticalpurpose.D.wereShegavemetheimpressionofhavingmoreteeththanD.wereA.wasB.is C.didB.fantasticnewBritishD.BritishnewfantasticIsawa___film.B.fantasticnewBritishD.BritishnewfantasticA.newfantasticBritishC.newBritishfantastic HowwasyourrecentvisittoQingdao? Itwasgreat.Wevisitedsomefriends，andspentthe___daysattheseaside.A.fewlastsunny B.lastfewsunnyC.lastsunnyfew D.fewsunnylastOnedaytheycrossedthe bridgebehindthepalace.A.oldChinesestone B.ChineseoldstoneC.oldstoneChinese D.ChinesestoneoldWhichofthefollowingwordscanNOTbeusedtocomplete"We'veseenthefilm___"?A.beforeB.recentlyC.latelyD.yetWhichofthefollowingadverbscanNOTbeusedtocomplete" everybodycame"?A.NearlyB.QuiteC.PracticallyD.AlmostWhatdoes"Hewiselyrefusedtospendhismoney"mean?A.Itwaswiseofhimtorefusetospendhismoney.Herefusedtospendhismoneyinawisemanner.Hewasshortofmoneyanddidn'twanttobuyanything.Herefused,inawisemanner,tospendhismoney.Susanisveryhard-working,butherpayisnot___forherwork.A.enoughgoodB.goodenoughC.asgoodenoughD.goodasenoughIfeltthatIwasnotyet totravelabroad.A.toostrongB.strongenoughC.sostrongD.enoughstrongShemanagedtosave_ shecouldoutofherwagestohelpherbrother.A.howlittlemoneyB.solittlemoneyC.suchlittlemoneyD.whatlittlemoney22.Thepatient'sprogresswasveryencouragingashecould getoutofbedwithouthelp.A.nearlyB.hardlyC.merelyD.barelyTherearefewelectronicapplications toraisefearsregardingfutureemploymentopportunitiesthanrobots.A.likelyB.morelikelyC.mostlikelyD.muchlikelyDoyouknowTim'sbrother?Heis thanTim.A.muchmoresportsmanB.moreofasportsmanC.moreofsportsman D.moreasportsmanThattrumpetplayerwascertainlyloud.ButIwasn'tbotheredbyhisloudness byhislackoftalent.A.asmuchasB.ratherthanC.asD.thanItwas wehadhoped.A.moreasuccessthanB.asuccessmorethanC.asmuchofasuccessasD.asuccessasmuchasIftapwaterwereasdangerousassomepeoplethink, wouldbegettingsick.(1998.1)A.alotofmoreusB.morealotofusC.alotofusmoreD.alotmoreofusThelittlemanwas morethanonemeterfiftytall.(1995.1)A.nearlyB.quiteC.hardlyD.almostItisnotunusualforworkersinthatregion .(1995.1)A.tobepaidmorethanamonthlateB.tobepaidlaterthanmoreamonthC.topaylaterthanamonthmore D.topaylatemorethanamonthItisreportedthat adoptedchildrenwenttoknowwhotheirnaturalparentsare.(1997.1)A.themostB.mostofC.mostD.themostofWhichofthefollowingsentencesisINCORRECT?HeisaChinesetallintelligentyoungofficer.Thereareafewnewmajorurbanhighways.Sheiswearingaprettypinkwoolensweater.Hestandsonabeautifullittlewhitestonebridge.—Howslimyoursister'sfigureis!—It's minewhenIwasatherage.A.notslimmerasB.noslimmerthanC.notslimmorethanD.nomoreslimmeras“Sheismolessoptimisticthanhereldersister”ThesentencemeansthatSheisnotasoptimisticashereldersister.Sheismoreoptimisticthanhereldersister.Sheisasoptimisticashereldersister.Sheisnomoreoptimisticthanhereldersister.WhichofthefollowingwordscanNOTbeusedtocomplete“ theteacherscame?"A.Often B.Nearly C.Eventually D.AlmostWhichofthefollowingwordscanNOTbeusedtocomplete“I'vedonethis "?A.before B.yet C.recently D.againKateis diligentthanherbrother,butshedidn'tpasstheexam.A.noless B.nomore C.notless D.nosoHebrakedhardand avoidedaparkedvan.A.only B.quite C.narrowly D.seldomYouare carefulthanyoursister.Youtwocaftdotheworkthatneedscareandskill.A.notmoreB.nomore C.notless D.nolessIndoingexperiments,youmustbe theprecisioninstruments.A.morethancarefulwith B.morecarefulthanwithC.carefulmorethanwith D.withmorecarefulthanItisgenerallybelievedthatteachingis itisascience.A.asanartmuchas B.asmuchanartas C. anartmuchas D.muchasan artasTheyaresuchabigfamilythatthisnewhouseisnot forthemtolivein.A.enoughlarge B.toolarge C. largeenough D.solargeTheygained fatasheexpected,anditwasallintheirbellyarea.A.twiceasmuch B.muchtwice C.twichsomuch D.asmuchtwiceIbelievewatchingTV