城市規(guī)劃原理課件 3 Development of Planning Principles

URBANPLANNINGPRINCIPLEDENGZhaohua,SchoolofArchitecture,SCUTTheDevelopmentofUrbanPlanningTheories&Technologies23.1

BackgroundPostwarKeynesianism(戰(zhàn)后凱恩斯主義)：Resumeproduction&housing；Buildnewcities,reconstructoldcities.GoldenAgeforWesterncityconstruction.Criticism(tooquick,tooradical)!!3WWIIto1960s3.2

TrendNormativeTheory,whatisgoodcity??.Rational&physicalplanning.Politicalangle.BrasiliaBrasilia3WWIIto1960s3.3

GreaterLondonPlan&newtownsModeratedispersal.1944,Abercromby,disperseindustry&pop.fromcentralLondon.

4ringswithin48kmradius,radialroads,differentdensity,greenbelt.Abercromby’sGreaterLondonPlan3WWIIto1960s3.3

GreaterLondonPlan&newtownsFrom1974,UKestablished32newtowns.1946NewTownAct,1stGenerationNewTowns,toresolvehousingproblem.Stevenage(斯蒂文乃奇新城),Harlow(哈羅新城).Densitytoolow,notenoughservice.HarlowNewTown3WWIIto1960s3.3

GreaterLondonPlan&newtowns1960s,2ndgenerationofNewTown,improvepublictransport,denser.1980s,3rdgenerationofNewTown,MiltonKeynes(密爾頓·凱恩斯):well-serviced,largeinsize,futuredevelopmentland.MiltonKeynes3WWIIto1960s3.3

Americansuburbanization&innercityrenewalAmericansuburbanization

：Population,jobs,production,commercial,servicesmovingoutskirt.Butineffectivelanduse,destroynaturalenvironment,emptycity.SuburbofLARun-downindustrialestate3WWIIto1960s3.3

Americansuburbanization&innercityrenewalUrbanRenewal:government-led,rundownofinnercity.TargetoftheUSgovernment:eliminatelowqualityhousing,revitalizeurbaneconomy,reducesocialsegregation.Throughbuyinganddemolishinginnercityland,andtransferringittoprivatedevelopers.Butincreasesocialsegregation,losetheorganicandcontinuousurbanform.Creativedestruction3WWIIto1960s3.4CriticismRationalPlanninggotheavilycriticizedfromthesociologicalangle:lackofknowledgeonthecomplexityofurbanphenomenon,materialdeterminism,tech.standardsinsteadofvalue,blueprintinsteadofprocess.1977,MachuPicchuCharter:cityisamulti-functionenvironment,planningisaprocess.Planner’sambition3WWIIto1960s3.5Systematictheory1969,Urban&RegionalPlanning–ASystemsApproach《城市和區(qū)域規(guī)劃的系統(tǒng)方法》:planningneedstohandleenvironment(cities,towns,region).Makingplans:systematicresearchtounderstandthecity;evaluateeverynewdevelopment;monitorurbandevelopmentprocessdynamicallywithflexibility.Antiblueprintmodel,shouldconsidereconomic&socialaspects.Keeble（1969）Mcloughlin（1969）3WWIIto1960s3.6RationalProcess(理性過(guò)程規(guī)劃理論)AndreasFaludi(安德魯斯·法盧迪)，1973PlanningTheory。Knowing&planningthecityscientifically&objectively,withrationalintegratedchoice(綜合的理性選擇).Five-stepprocess.Socialresponsibilityofplanninger:collectinformation,analyzeinformation,consultant–tellingthetruth(向權(quán)力講授真理).Rationalprocessofplan-making3WWIIto1960s3.7

plannerasanadvocatorAmericanwomenmovement&Civil-rightmovement:thedisadvantageurgedforpersonalright,equity,justice.1965,PaulDavidof,pluralism:plannerstoencouragethedisadvantagetojointheplanningprocess–cooperateplanningtheory.WomenMovementCivil—rightMovement3WWIIto1960s3.7

PublicparticipationArnstein(1969),theladderofpublicparticipation:differentdegreeofparticipation.

ladderofpublicparticipation3WWIIto1960s

4.1thehumanitytrendMachuPicchuCharter:environmentalprotection,humanity,sustainability,urbanrevitalization.JaneJacobs,DeathandLifeofGreatAmericanCities(《美國(guó)大城市的死與生》)——urbancomplexity&directionofurbandevelopment.JaneJacobs41970s

4.2PlanningperformanceCriticizesystematic&rationalprocesstheories.Misunderstanding:goodprocessleadstogoodresult.Needtofocusontheresult&theplanningperformance.英國(guó)城市控制結(jié)果檢驗(yàn)英國(guó)雷丁大學(xué)彼得·霍爾（PeterHall）在1966——1971年之間對(duì)英格蘭城市控制結(jié)果的進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)之后提出，英國(guó)戰(zhàn)后規(guī)劃體系產(chǎn)生了三個(gè)結(jié)果：“城市控制”、“郊區(qū)化”、“造成土地和物產(chǎn)價(jià)格的上漲”。戰(zhàn)后英國(guó)的規(guī)劃使大部分人的絕對(duì)物質(zhì)生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提高了，但是貧富差距越來(lái)越大。皮克萬(wàn)斯（Pickvance）對(duì)規(guī)劃控制在資源分配方面的有效性方面作出評(píng)估之后指出，英國(guó)的規(guī)劃對(duì)于土地資源分配和控制實(shí)際上是順應(yīng)市場(chǎng)趨勢(shì)的結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)劃，因此城市開發(fā)的資源分配更多的是來(lái)源于市場(chǎng)作用而不是規(guī)劃控制。所以70年代的馬克思主義理論學(xué)者認(rèn)為規(guī)劃走不出資本主義制度體系的領(lǐng)地，只能在實(shí)踐中發(fā)揮支持維護(hù)資本主義市場(chǎng)的作用。41970s

4.3thoughtsaffectingplanningtheories（1）NewMarxismLinkphysicalenvironmentwithpoliticaleconomy–planningtousestatepowertoallocateresources.（2）Spatialresourceallocation(空間資源的最優(yōu)配置研究)Location,rent,landuse–BidRentCurve(競(jìng)租曲線).BidRentCurve41970s5.1TrendMulti-dimension

：spatialdevelopment,feminism,sustainabledevelopment…5.2Problem-orientedUrbanrevitalization,socialequity,ecologycrisis,urbanbeauty,localadministration.51980s5.3post-modernurbanismConflict,complex,pluralism,uncertainty5principlesofPMU：(1)socialjustice；(2)respectdifferentgroups；(3)citizenship；(4)society；(5)frompublicgoodstocivilculture。51980s5.4communicatetheoryPlanningiscommunication!51980s5.5FeminismSexualinequity

causestraffic,housingandenvironmentProblems.Rethinkthecityfromfemaleangle.Nottoexcludeothers–equity!51980s6.1BackgroundEconomyglobalization,knowledgeeconomy,peace&development.6.2trendGlobalcitynetworkSustainabledevelopmentFocusonindividualdevelopmentprojects.61990s~nowHierarchyofworldcities

6.3NewUrbanism,CompactCityNU:learnedfrompre-warAmericantown:vibrant,compact,walkable,mix-use,diverse,highquality…TODRegionaltransporthubascentre,allocatedevelopmentdensity,mix-use.TODTND61990s~now7.1fromdesigntoscience7.2fromtechnicalexperttoadvocator7.3theurgeforhighqualityurbanenv.7conclusionforpost-war8.1researchmethodsFieldwork,observation,questionnaire,interview…8planningtech.8.2analysisPopulation,environment,economic…Quantitative,qualitative交通OD分析機(jī)動(dòng)車出行起訖點(diǎn)的分析簡(jiǎn)稱為OD分析，這種分析是為掌握公路總體交通出行特點(diǎn)，為公路網(wǎng)規(guī)劃、路網(wǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整服務(wù)的。通常利用個(gè)人出行調(diào)查和機(jī)動(dòng)車OD調(diào)查等來(lái)獲取OD交通量。這其中又可分為客流OD調(diào)查和貨流OD調(diào)查。OD分析結(jié)果通常用一個(gè)二維表格表示，稱為OD表，也叫OD矩陣。交通OD分析對(duì)遠(yuǎn)景交通量的預(yù)測(cè)、道路類型及等級(jí)的確定、互通立交的設(shè)置、道路橫斷面的設(shè)計(jì)、交通服務(wù)設(shè)施的配置、交通管理與控制、規(guī)劃方案和建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)評(píng)價(jià)、以及財(cái)務(wù)分析等提供了定量依據(jù)，進(jìn)而為交通規(guī)劃的完善和建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的科學(xué)決策奠定了基礎(chǔ)。8planningtech.8.3computer-aid（1）statisticsSPSSEXCELSPSS8planningtech.8.3computer-aid（2）GISOver-lay,spatialimagevspropertiesArcGIS,Mapinfoprofessional,MapGIS.GIS8planningtech

8.3computer-aid(3)SpatialSyntaxSpatialinfo.VSsocial&economicanalysisAccessibility,permeability,citycrime,trafficpollution…SpatialSyntax

8planningtech.-whatarethedifferencesbetweenLeCoubusit’smoderncityandHoward’sGardenCity?-Theimpactsofsystemstheory&rationalprocesstheoryonplanning.-TheimpactofPost-modernismonplanning.-Globalization'simpactonplanning.-Canplanningtechnologiestakeoverhuman’sbrain?Pleaseexplaininplanningterms.-P